';ji:;j.;r;3y,u:j;r,ir,:.S.- .-"-;, THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY \ NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY FX PLIU.ICA I lOX FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM '/.ouLOiACAi. si:rils V..I.. II. CiiKA(;<>, r. S. A. I ()0 I A SYNOPSIS OF THE MAiMMALS ' 'I NORTH AMERICA AND THE ADJACENT SEAS l!V Daniel CjIKai d Ei.i.ioi, I'.R.S.M., etc. Curator of Department. ZOOLOGICAL SF.RIES Vnl.. 11. Chicago, I'. S. A. 1901 I' T ' ' f PREFACE. This Synopsis is an attempt to bring together all the forms of North American Mammals that have been described, and which are generally considered as entitled to some kind of recognition. All those inhabiting North America and its adjacent seas between the North Pole and the United States and Mexican Boundary have been included. It is very manifest to many Naturalists that too many forms have been given distinctive rank, and without doubt a considerable num- ber of the so-called species and subspecies contained in this volume will eventually swell the list of synonyms, already sufficiently for- midable. In late years there has been an evident inclination among some Mammalogists to unduly magnify, as it would seem, trivial dis- similarities observed among their specimens and thus greatly increase the number of slightly differentiated individuals elevated to a separate rank, at the risk of reducing the science to one founded on labels and localities, instead of distinctive and prominent characters, and thus a knowledge of the place where an e.\ample was obtained be- comes at times of more importance for its identification than are the differences that may separate it from its allies. The lack of resem- blances often observed among crania is frequently but the individual variations of a type, and taking these for the characters upon which to establish a new species is apt to lead into error, and in not a few instances too much reliance has been placed upon such slight differ- ences. The same ma\' be said of shades of color, and not a few names in this Synopsis have been given to specimens so closely alike, that one author, in speaking of his Key which was intended to be the means for distinguishing the species, has been obliged to say: "It will be necessary to have both skins and skulls in hand, and even then /'/ U'lN b( impossible to identify some of the forms without actual comparison 'iOilh their nearest allies."* The scientific value of such species (?) can only be very questionable at the best, and the elevation to a separate distinctive rank of such intimately related creatures, can not be con- sidered as helpful or beneficial to Mammalogical Science. It can be safely asserted that there is hardly a genus of North .Vmerican Mam- mals that does not contain too many named forms, and that the science would be benefited if a considerable number were relegated •Bailey; Revision of Am. \"ol<^s of the genus Microtus. K. .^m. Fawn., No. i 7^36C4 to their proper place among the synonyms. The present time can not be supposed as opportune for a final and satisfactory revision of the various groups contained in this Synopsis. That must be the work of some future Mammalogist who can bring to the task not only a thoroughly unprejudiced mind, but who may have acquired a more intimate acquaintance with the quadrupeds of those sections of our country, as yet little known, and whose knowledge of geographical distribution of mammals, the extent of the individual variation of crania, the relationships that apparently different forms have for each other, and the changes in color assumed by the pelage throughout the year, and in some cases adopted by the sexes, has been gained from extensive series of specimens, much greater and more complete than those possessed by any naturalist at the present day. Then only can a list of our mammals be made that will be comparatively permanent and satisfactory. This Synopsis, therefore, may only be regarded as a starting point upon which such a final list may be founded, and does not purport to indicate how many Species of mam- mals there are in North America, but merely to show how many forms are given some kind of a distinctive rank at the present time that are more or less recognizable, but whose ultimate scientific standing is subject to future revision and correction, and in this light the author trusts the book may be useful to his fellow workers. An earnest effort has been made to include all described forms that are entitled to a place in this Synopsis, yet in spite of the utmost care some may have been omitted, but it is hoped they are few in number. In the descriptions of the various species and subspecies, it has been attempted to emphasize the salient characters of each form, when existing, and to contrast them with those of the nearest ally, not always, it must be acknowledged, with signal success, as in not a few instances the characters (?) have been so insignificant and obscure as not to permit of an intelligent comparison, but the best has been done that the circumstances would allow. In certain cases where two or more described forms closely resembled each other, the author's name has been quoted and his description given, so that, whatever " claims " for distinctive rank may be shown to exist, they could be presented in the most favorable light. In some instances measurements have been given of the average of a number of examples; but the majority are those of some selected specimen. As there is, of course, considerable variation among individuals of a species, allowance for this must be made, if the size of an example in hand does not entirely agree with the figures in the description of that species. Unless otherwise stated all measurements are given in millimetres. PREFACE. ^u In the arrangements of the Maninialia in this volume the order of succession has been from the lowest to the highest, and naturally commences with the Marsupials. ORDKR I. Maksi'PIALIA— Marsupials. Fain. I. Didelphyidae— Opossums. ORDER II. EiMCNTATA -Edentates. l-'aiu. I. Dasypodidae — .Armadillos. ORDER III. SiRENlA -Sircnians. Earn. i. Hydrodamalidae — Sea Cow. Earn. 2. Manatidae — Manatees. ORDER IV. Cetacea— Cetaceans. Eam. I. lialaenidae -Baleen Whales. Earn. 2. I'hyseteridae- Sperm Whales. Kani. 3. Delphinidae — Dolphins, Porpoises, etc. ORDER v. Lngui.ata — Hoofed Mammals. Eam. I. Dicotylidae — Peccaries. Eam. 2. Cervidae — Deer. Eam. 3. .■\ntilocapridae Prong-horn Antelope. I'am. 4. Bovidae Cattle, Sheep, etc. ORDER \1. Riidkntia Rodents. Eam. I. Sciuridae — Squirrels, Marmots, etc. Earn. 2. Haplodontidae — Sewellels. Eam. 3. Castoridae — Beavers. Eam. 4. Muridae — Rats, Mice, Voles. Fani. 5. Geomyidae — Pouched Rats. Fam. 6. Heteromyidae — Kangaroo Rats, Pocket Mice. Fani. 7. Zapodidac — Jumping Mice. Eam. 8. Erethizontidac Porcupines. Eam. 9. Ochotonidae — Picas — Chief Hares. Eam. 10. Leporidae — Hares and Rabbits. ORDER \I1. Caknivora — Carnivores. Eam. I. Eelidac — Cats. Eam. 2. Canidae — Wolves and Eoxes. P'am. 3. L'rsidae — Bears. Fam. 4. Procyonidae — Raccoons. Eam. 5. Mustelidae — Weasels, Otters, etc. ORDER \III. PiNMiF.DiA — Sea Lions, etc. I' am. I. Otariidae — Eared Seals. P"am. 2. Trichecidae — Walrus. Eam. 3. Phocidae — Seals. ORDER I.\. Insectivora— Insectivores. Eam. I. Soricidae — Shrews. Eam. 2. Talpidae — Moles. ORDER \. Chiroptera— Bats. Eam. I. \'es]iertilionidae— Common Bats. Fam. 2. Phyllostomatidae — \'anipire Bats. Eam. 3. Xoctilionidae Large-eared Bats. viii PREFACE, North America, as understood in this volume, extends from the North Pole to the boundary dividing the United States and Mexico, and it has not been attempted to give the range of any species south of the Mexican line, although some do pass it, but to restrict the description of geographical distribution to the limits mentioned, as well as to the adjacent seas. Certain forms have been described while the volume was passing through the press, too late for them to appear in their proper position in the body of the book. These will be found in the Appendix. And now I have much pleasure in acknowledging the assistance received from various friends while engaged upon this work, and I desire to express my thanks to Dr. J. A. Allen, Curator of Vertebrate Zoologj' in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; to Dr. C. H. Merriam, Chief of the Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Washington; to Dr. F. \V. -True, Curator, and G. S. Miller, Esq., Assistant Curator of Zoology, United States National Museum, Washington, for the loan of skulls not contained in the Field Columbian Museum. To Witmer Stone, Esq., Curator of Zoology in the Academj' of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; and Dr. A. Woodward, Librarian, and I. N. Sniffen, Esq., Assistant Libra- rian in the New York Museum of Natural History, I am much indebted for information conveyed to me from the volumes in the fine libraries of their respective institutions. The half-tones that illustrate the volume exhibit, with but few exceptions, every genus and subgenus of North American Mammal, and the collection to which each cranium belongs, and its catalogue number, is stated in every instance. D. G. E. 3d Jan'y, 1901. CONTENTS. No. Pac'-e Ordkr I. MARSUPIALIA Marsuwals. 1. Dideliihyiciae ' Order II. EDENTATA -Rokntates. 2. 1 )asypodidae — Armadillos 4 Order III. SIRENIA. Sikenians. 3. Hydrodamalidae — Sea Cow 5 4. Manalidae— Manatees Order I\'. CETACEA— Cetaceans. 5. Balaenidae— Baleen Whales 7 6. Physeteridae — Sperm Whales 14 7. I )elphinidae - Dolphins, Porpoises, etc 18 Order V. L'NC.UL.ATA Hoofed Mammals. 8. Dicotylidae — Peccaries 33 q. Cirvidae — Deer 33 10. Antilocapridae — Prong-horn Antelope 43 11. Hovidae— Cattle, Sheep, etc 44 Order VI. RODENTI A— Rodents. 12. .Sciuridae — S<[uirrels, Marmots, etc 5° 13. Haplodontidae— Sevvcllcls n i 14. Castoridae — Beavers "4 15. .Muridae- Rats, Mice, Voles 117 16. Geomyidae — Pouched Rats 215 17. Heteromyidae — Kangaroo Rats, Pocket Mice 231 18. Zapodidae — Jumping Mice 256 ig. Erethiziintidae — Porcupines 264 20. Ochotonidae — Picas, Chief Hares 266 21. Leporidae— Hares, Rabbits. 269 Order \T1. CARNIVORA— Carnivores. 22. Felidae— Cats 293 23. Canidae — Wolves, Foxes 299 24. Ursidae— Bears .309 25. Procyonidae — Raccoons 3'5 26. Mustclidae — Weasels, Otters 3"? Order \TII. PINXIPEDIA-Sea I. ions, Etc. 27. Otariidae — Eared Seals 355 28. Trichecidae "Walrus 357 29. Phocidae — Seals 359 Order IX. IXSECTI\0R.\— Inskctivores. 30. Soricidae — Shrews •• 3''^ 31. Talpidat — .Moles 386 Order X. CHIROPTERA-Hats. 32. X'espertilionidae — Common Bats 39^ 33. Phyllostomatidae A'ampire Bats 418 34. Noctilionidae — Large eared Bats 420 LIST OF PLATES. To Face I'LATE Page I. Cabassims noveiii-cinctus 4 II. Hydrodamalis gigas 5 III. Manatus latirostris 6 I\'. Hyperoodon rostratus 15 W Delphinaptcrus leucas and Phocaena communis 20 \'I. Orcinus sjladiator and Pseudorca crassidens 22 VII. Globiocephalus melas and Grampus griseus 24 X'lII. Lagenorhynchus acutus 25 I.\. Dclphinus delphis and Tursiops tursio 28 X. Lissodelpliis borealis and Prodelphinus euphrosinae 30 XI. Dicotyles tajacu 33 XII. Cervus canadensis 34 XIII. Ranijifer caribou 35 XI\'. Alces americanus 37 XV. Odocoileus americanus 3g X \' I. Antilocapra americana 43 X\'II. XX. Oreamnus montanus 44 XXI. Ovis ceriina 46 X.XII. Ovibos moschatus 48 XXIII. Bison americanus 49 XXI\'. Plrithizon dorsatus 264 .\X\'. Lepus (Limnolagus) telmalemonus 277 XWI. Lepus americanus and Lepus (Silvilagus) tloridanus 280 X.WII. Lepus (Microlagus) cinerascens and Lepus (Microtolagus) mer- riami 287 XW'III. Felis concolor 293 XXI.X. Canis latrans 299 X.X.X. \'ulpes pennsylvanica 303 XX.XI. Urocyon cinereo-argcnteus 307 X X.XII. Ursus (Thalassarctus) maritimus 310 XXX I II. Ursus (Danis) horribilis 312 XXXIV. Ursus (Euarctus) americanus 313 XXXV. Bassariscus astutus 316 XXX\'I. Gulo luscus 333 XXXX'II. Lutra canadensis sonora 352 XX.X\'III. Latax lutris 354 XXXIX. Eunietopias stelleri and Zaiophus californianus 355 XL. Callotaria ursina 357 .XLI. Trichechus rosmarus 358 .XLII. XLI\'. Macrorhinus angustirostris 359 .XL\'. Cystophora cristata 360 XL\'L Halichoerus grypus and Phoca (Erignathusi barbata 361 XL\"II.-.XL\III. Phoca iHistrinphocaj fasciata 362 -XLIX. Phoca vitulina and Phoca (Pagophilai groenlandica 363 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Page. Didelphys virginiana 2 Balaena glacialis 7 Halaenopti-ra acutorostrata 12 Physetir inacmcephalus 15 Mesoplodon densirostris 17 Monodon moiioceras 19 Phocaena dalli 21 Lagenorhynchus albirostris 26 Prodelphiniis plagiodon 31 Sciurus (Parasciurus) niger 51 Sciurus (Neosciurus) carolinensis 54 Sciurus (Hesperosciurus) griseus 56 Sciurus (Otosciurus) aberti ■. . 58 Sciurus (Araeosciurusi arizonensis 59 Sciurus (Taniiasciurusi hudsonius 61 Tamias (Eutatuiasl dorsalis 68 S[)ermopliilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis 82 Sptrninphilus (Ammospermophiius) leucurus 85 Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) gramniurus 87 Spef mophilus (Colobotis) kadiacensis 90 Speniiopliilu!; (Xcrospermophilus) microspilotus 95 Spermophilus ( Ictidomysi i3-lineatus 99 Cynomys ludovicianus 103 Arclf>niys nionax 105 Sciuropterus volans 108 Haplodontia californica 113 Castor canadensis 115 Mus rattus 118 Onychoniys leucogaster 119 Peromyscus aniericanus 124 Sigmodon hispidus 143 Oryzomys aquaticus 146 Reithrodontoniys k-cnntii 149 Neotonia tloridana 155 Nentoma (Teononia) cinerea 163 Phonaconiys nrnphilus 167 Evotomys gappcri 170 Microtus pennsylvanicus 179 Microtus ( Lagurus] curlatus 194 Microlus ( Pedoniys) austerus 196 Microtus ( Fitymys) pinetoruni 198 Microtus (Chiloius) oregoni 199 Microtus (Arvicola) macropus 201 Microtus (Neoliber) alleni 202 xiv ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Fig. Page. 45. Synaptomys cooperi 204 46. Synaptomys (Mictoniysi iiinuitus 205 47. Lemmus trimucronatus 208 48. Dicrostonyx hudsonius nelsoni 210 4Q. Fiber zibethicus 212 50. Geoniys tuza 216 5 1 . Cratogeomys castanops 221 52. Thomomys bottae 222 53. Didpodomys merrianii 232 54. Perodipus agilis 237 55. Microdipodops megacephalus 240 56. Perognathus flavus 242 57. Perognathus (Chaetodipus I femoralis 251 58. Heteromys alleni 256 59. Zapus hudsonius 258 60. Napeozapus insignis 263 61. Ochotona princeps 267 62. Procyon lotor 318 63. Taxidea americana 320 64. Mephitis mephitica 323 65. Spilogale putorius 328 66. Mustela americana 334 67. Putorius (Leuteola) vison 339 68. Putorius (Cynomyonax) nigripes 342 69. Putorius (Arctogale) cicognani 343 70. Sorex montereyensis 367 71. Microsorex hoyi 377 72. Neosorex palustris 378 73. .\tophyrax bendirii 380 74. Blarina brevicauda 382 75. Blarina (Cryptotis) parva 384 76. Xotiosorex crawfordi 386 77. Xeiirotrichus gibbsi 387 78. Scalops aquaticus 389 79. Scapanus townsendi 392 80. Parascalops breweri 394 81. Condylura cristata 395 82. Antrozous pallidus 397 83. Corynorhinus townsendi 399 84. Myotis lucifugus 401 85. Lasionycteris noctivagans 407 86. Pipistrellus hesperus 408 87. Vespertilio fuscus 411 88. Lasiurus borealis 4 ' 2 89. Dasypterus intermedius 414 90. Nycticejus humeralis 415 91. Nyctinomus brasiliensis 416 92. ^lormops blainviliii 419 93. Otopterus mexicanus 420 94. Promops californicus 422 ERRATA. ILLUSTRATIONS. Page 30I, Fig. 43- for Field Columbian Museum Coll., n-ad Ainer. Museum Nat. History, N. Y., Coll. Page 240, Fig. 55. For Field Columbian Museum Coll., read V. S. Nat. Museum Coll. Page 323. For Fig. 46, read Fig. 64. Page 387, Fig. 77. For Neurotrichus gibbsii, read Neiirotrichus gibbsi. TEXT. Page 33- "th line from top for Incisor, read Incisors. Page 4g. 13th line from top for males, read male. Page I)-. 15th line from top for ^. annectans, read e. annectens. Page 305. Toji line for h. macrurits, read *. macruru. Page 310. yth line from bottom for scarsely, read scarcely. Page 382. 4th line from top for Sorieisais, read Soriciscus. CLASS MAMMALIA. Order I. Marsupialia. Fam. I. Didelphyidae. Limbs rather short: feet with five distinct toes; tail prehensile. Pouch sometimes present. Habits arboreal. 1. Didelphys. I- '—' C. l£i; P. p^^; M. ^=50. Didelphys. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, i, p. 54. Type Z>. marsupialis. Linn. Feet with five distinct toes, all provided with nails except the first toe of the hind foot, which is large, opposed to the others in grasping, and is without a nail. Tail long, prehensile, partly naked. Pouch complete. Long bristle-like hairs mingle with the fur. In- cisors small and pointed, canines large. Premolars with compressed, pointed crowns. I. virginiana. {^Didelphys), Kerr, Linn. Anim. King., 1792, p. 193. Type locality. Virginia. Geogr. Distr. New York on the Atlantic coast to Florida and west to Mississippi and Texas. Genl. Char. Same as those of the genus. Hoary; toes white half way from claws. Color. Under fur white; upper parts covered with black and white hairs, the latter the longer and giving a hoary or whitish appearance; head yellowish white, pure white on cheeks, blackish on top of head and around the eyes; beneath dusky, with white hairs intermixed; legs and feet black; tail black at base, remainder yellow- ish white; ears black with yellow spot on upper edge. Toes of fore feet white halfway from claws; those of hind feet white at base of claws. Measurements. Total length, 736; tail vertebras, 381; hind foot, 75; ear height from crown, 51. a. — pigra. {Didelphys), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 172. DIDELPHYS. Type locality. Oak Lodge, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida and coast of Georgia. Genl. Char. Exactly like the typical species. Tail longer? Color. Same as D. virginiana. Measurements. Total length, 762; tail vertebrae, 330; hind foot, 66. Fig. 1. DiDELPHYS VIRGINIANA. No. 465 Field Columbian Museum Coll. rj nat, size. DIDELPHYS. 3 2. californica. yDidelphys), Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc, if<33. p. 40. Type locality. Northwestern Mexico, adjacent to California. Geogr. Distr. California, Texas, Oklahoma Territory. Mexico. Genl. Char. Black; toes reddish, white half way from claws. Color. Upper parts and side black with occasional white hairs mostly on dorsal region; face and forehead whitish around the eyes, line in the center of the crown black; beneath white shaded with dusky; legs and foet black, toes reddish white half way from claws on fore feet, only at base of claws on hind feet. Tail black at base, remainder white. Measurements. Total length. 640; tail vertebrap. 250; hind foot. 59. Order II Edentata. Fam. I. Da$iypodidae. Bod)' covered with a bony carapace, containing seven to nine movable rings in the center and on the sides; head narrow; snout long, narrow, obliquely truncated; pterygoids meeting below nasal passage; ears long, ovate, erect, placed on occiput, contiguous; body elongate, narrow; tail long, tapering, dermal scutes forming distinct rings. Front feet with four toes, hind feet with five, all with strong, curved, pointed nails. 2. Cabassous. M. ^ or ^=? =32 or 28. Cabassous. McMnrtr. Cuv. Anini. King., Am. ed. 1831, i, p. 164. Type Dasy/'us itni-fimiiis, Linn. ? Taiusia. Less. Man. Mamm., 1827, p. 309. One pair of inguinal, and one pair of pectoral mammre; other characters similar to those of the Family. 3. novem=cinctus. {Dasypus), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 54. octo-iinctits, (Linn). Schrieb. Saugt., 11, 1775, p. 222, tab., Ixxiii, Ixxvi. pcba, Desm. Mamm., 1820, p. 368. lo)igicaudiis, Wied, Breit. Naturg. Bras., 1825, 11, p. 531. mexicanus fenestratus, Peters, M-B. Akad. Berl., 1864, p. 180. leptorhyncha. Gray, Handl. Edent., 1873, p. 14, pi. 2, figs. 3, 4. Type locality. "America meridionali." Geogr. Distr. Texas, south through Mexico and Central America to Paraguay. Getil. Char. Tail as long as body without head; shield with eight movable rings in the middle, and nine on the sides. Tail cov ered by twelve rings, and not enveloped in a cone. Molars 32. Color. Skin of face flesh-color with a few yellowish hairs. Head shield pale brown; shield of back black, with the scales on sides yellowish white. Tail brownish black, anterior half of scales yellowish white. Ears brown; toes yellowish, claws white. Measurements. Total length, 237; tail vertebrae. 90: hind foot. 31; ear, 22; length of shell, 318: width of shell, 394. Field Columbian museum. ZOOLOGY, PL. I. Cabassous novem-cinctus. No. 114 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. LIBRARY Ui^lVERSITY OF ILLINOIS FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM Hydrodamalis GIGAS. No. 22184 U. S. National Museum Coll. > nat. siz Order III. Slreiiia. Fatn. I. Hydrodanialidae. Cervical vertebrae six only; rostrum narrow, formed by union of the premaxilla; in front of the anterior narial aperture; tail rounded; rudimentary nails on fore limbs; no trace of hind limbs externally or internally; fore limbs flattened oval paddles; upper lip cleft in the middle into two lobes independently movable, approaching each other or receding simultaneously. 3. Hydrodainalis. Hydrodamalis. Retizius, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. nya. Handlingar, Stockholm, 1794, p. 292. Type R. gigas, Zimm. Jihy/inds. 111. Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., 1811, p. 141. No teeth: head very small, comparatively; pectoral limbs small. truncated; tail with two pointed lobes; skin naked; epidermis thick, bark-like; vertebra', 60-63. Species extinct. 4. gigas. {Afanatiis), Zimm. Geogr. Gesch., 1780, 11, p. 426, fig. 5. Typt- Unality. Bering Island. Genl. Char. Size very large: fore limb covered with short brush- like hairs. Gt\>gr. Dislr. Copper and Bering Islands, Bering Sea. Cohlle>lts. Total length, 35 to 40 feet. 7. Megaptera. Megaptera. Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1864, pp. 207, 350. Type Af. longimana, Gray. Kyphobahrna. Eschr. Nord. Wallth., 1845. Megapteron. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 61. Megapteropsis. Van Ben. Nouv. Mem. Acad. Brux., 1861. p. 38. 10 MEGAPTERA. Puescopia. Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864. p. 207. Head moderate; baleen short, broad; skin of throat plicated or folded; pectorals long and narrow, one-fourth of the entire length of animal; dorsal low: vertebrfe, 53; cervical vertebra?, free. 11. nodosa. {Bahrn,i), Bonn. Cetol.. 17S9, p. 5. longimana, Rudolphi, Abh. Ak. Berl., 1S29, pis. 1-5. keporkak, Eschr. K. Dansk. Vid. Selskabs. Afh., 1845, xl, p. 239. t. I, 3, 4. americana. Gray, Zoo). Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 17. Geogr. Distr. Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. Genl. Char. Pectorals very long, their margins scalloped. Dorsal fin hump-like. Body short, thick: mandible projecting beyond upper jaw. Color. Above black; beneath white spotted with gray: pectorals white except the base which is black. Aleasuremenis. Total length of female 45 to 50 feet; male smaller. a. — osphyia. (J/egap/era), Cope. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, pp. 178-180. Tjpe loiality. Coast of Maine forty miles from Petit Menan lighthouse. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic Ocean. Genl. Char. Posterior cervical vertebrae with long inferior lat- eral processes; that of the fifth as long as the second; cranium broad, and one-fifth or less of the total length: fins short, one fifth total length. Neural arches and spines of dorsal and lumbar regions greatly elevated, the vertical diameter of the centrum in the 33d vertebra; being 9.75 inches, and the height of the arch and spine 17.87 inches; the position of the zygapophysis measuring half the elevation. Ribs, 14 pairs. Color. Only skeleton preserved. Measurements. Total length, 50 feet. Breadth of cranium from the tips of orbital processes, 6.41 feet; between coronoids of mandi- ble. 5.75 feet: height of scapula, 29.6 inches, breadth, 44.4 inches. 12. versabilis. {Megaptera), Cope. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, P- 15- Type locality. Northwest coast of America. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean, California to Alaska. Genl. Char. Pectoral fins between one-third and one-fourth the total length; pectoral and gular folds 26. Color. Above black, and in the most typical form the belly •• is said to be entirely black " (Cope. 1. c. ) ; external face oj the pectorals black. AGAPHELUS BALAENOPTERA. II 8. Agiiplielus. Agaphelus. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. I'hil., iS6.s. p. 223. Type B. gib/'osus, Erxl. " Fingers four, elongate, cervical vertebra', lumbar and anterior caudal vertebra longer than their greatest diameter. Dorsal fin wanting. Gular and pectoral region without folds. Scapula with well-developed acromion and coracoid. Baleen narrow, short." 13. gibbosus. (Ba/cFHii), Erxleb. S\st. Regn. .\nim. Mamm,, 1777, p. 610. rostrata. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S67, p. 147, (Part). Geogr. Distr. North .\tlantic Ocean, south on North American coast to New Jersey. Genl. Char. Mandibular ramus triangular in section with an inferior angulated ridge and a broad slightly concave face. Lamina tliin, each one having two others supplementary to it, bristles of these last longer and finer; ulna slender with a prominent rounded and flattened olecranon prolonged into a thin cartilaginous plate in the plane of the ulna. Color. Above black, beneath white; sides lead color with longi- tudinal shades of blackish. Fins, basal half, white, remainder black. Baleen creamy white, shaded with purple near the center of the base. yfeasuri-nitnts. Young about 43 feet. Sub. Fam. I. Balaenopteriuae. 9. Balaenoptera. Balaenoptera. Lacep. Hist. Nat. C^t., 1SC4, p. .\.\xvi. Type B. gib- bar. Desm. Fliysalus. Lacep. Hist, des C^tac. , 1S26, p. 37. Bettedenia. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 211. Sibbaldus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 222. Sibbaldius. Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 391. Cuvicrius. Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866, p. 164. Head small, flat, pointed, body elongate; baleen short, broad; pectoral small, narrow, pointed; dorsal small, falcate: cervical ver- tebra- free; skin of throat wrinkled. 14. acuto-rostrata. (Balienoptera), Lacep. Ann. Hist. Nat. Cetac , xii, V. I, 1803-4, p. 197, pi. 8. rostrata, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776, p. 7. minor, Knox. Journ. Inst., 1834, p. 336. mondini, Capell. Mem. Acad. Bologn., 1877, vii, pi. 1-4. BALAENOPTERA. Fig. 3. Tympanic bones of Bal/enoptera acuto rostrata. Inner and outer surface. No. 289 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic, Davis Straits. Genl. Char. Smallest of the species; vertebrae, 48, eleven bearing ribs. Dorsal fin high, far forward on the body. Color. Above grayish black, beneath white including inferior side of flukes; inner sides of pectorals white, and a broad white band on outer side. Baleen yellowish white. Measurements. Total length, 30 feet. 15. davidsoni. {Baleenopiera), Scamni. Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 1872, iv, p. 269. Type locality. Admiralty Inlet, coast of Washington. Geogr. Distr. Mexico to Bering Straits, west coast of North America. Genl. Char. Head pointed, dorsal small, falcate: pectorals small, narrow; baleen pure white. Lamina;-, 270 on each side, not exceeding 10 feet in length. Color. Above dull black, beneath white; pectoral and caudal fins black above, white beneath; a white band across pectorals near their base. Gular folds 70, milky white, interspaces pinkish. Measurements. Total length, 27 feet; pectorals 4 feet i inch wide; height of dorsal 10 inches; width of flukes 7 feet 6 inches. 16. velifera. {Balienoptera), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., i86g. p. 16. Type locality. Shores of Oregon and California. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean; coast of California and Ore- gon, Commander Islands. Genl. Char. Size large, width of flukes one-fourth total length. BALAF.NOPTERA l;j Color. Above black or blackish brown, beneath milky white; baleen light lead color. Mt\xiiircments. Total length, 60 feet. a. — copei. borealis. Cope (nee Auct). in Scammon 303, fig. p. 37. Type locality. Shumagin Islands, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Nortiiern Seas and Aleutian Islands. Genl Char. "Dorsal fin large and high; flukes black in some, white below in others, and in a few, white on external parts of flukes." CoL'r. Black above, milky white beneath. 17. physalus. {Bahena), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 106. hoops, Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 106. rorqual, Lacep. C6t., 1804, pp. 37, 126. dugttidi, Heddle, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 187. communis, Van Ben. Bull. Acad. Brux., ser. i, 1S57, i, p. 403. kno.xii. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 212. Gcogr. Disir. Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, Mediterranean Sea. On North American coast from Greenland to New Jerse)'. Genl. Char. Flippers relatively short; baleen short, narrow. N'ertebr*, 62; ribs 16 pairs. Color. Above grayish slate, beneath white. Baleen slate color variegated with yellow and brown. Measitremen/s. Total length, 65 to 70 feet. 18. bore.ilis. Less. Hist. Nat. C(5t., 1828, p. 342. Gei'gr. Dist. Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans, Mediterranean Sea. Genl. Char. Size less than B. physalus: flippers very small, one- eleventh of total length. Vertebra;, 55; ribs 14 pairs. Colcr. Above bluish black, with light colored oblong spots; beneath white. Flippers and tail black. .Measurements. Total length, 50 feet. 19. musculus. {Bahena), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 106. physalus. Pall. Zoogr. Ross. Asiat., 1830, p. 290. sihbaldi. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1847, p. 92. tectirostris. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, p. 17. T\pe locality. Coast of Yorkshire, England. Geogr. Distr. Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. Genl. Char. Size very large; flippers one-seventh of the total length of body. Dorsal fin small, placed far back on the body. \'ertebraj, 64; ribs 16 pairs. Color. General hue dark bluish gray, with small white spots on the breast. Baleen black. Measurements. Total length, 80 to 85 feet. 14 BALAENOPTERA. PHYSETER. 20. sulfureus. (Sihhii/ifiiis), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, p. 20. Type locality. Northwest coast of America. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, shores of Cali- fornia northward. Genl. Char. Largest of living animals; body slender; pectorals small, short, ends rounded. Dorsal fin small, placed far back; baleen broad at base. Color. Above light brown or brownish black, sometimes whit ish; beneath yellow or sulphur hue. Baleen black or bluish black. Measurements. Total length, 95 feet; circumference, 39 feet; length of mandible, 21 feet; longest baleen, 4 feet; weight of baleen, 800 pounds; estimated weight of animal, 147 tons (Scammon). 21. stynegeri. {Mesoplodon), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 584, Pl- 25- Type locality. Coast of the Commander Islands. Geogr. Distr. Bering Sea. Genl. Char. Skull: "Brain case little less than half the length of the skull. No basi-rostral groove. Premaxillary foramen pos- terior to the maxillary foramen. Premaxillary bones not grooved in front of the foramen, assuming a nearly vertical position anterior to the middle of the back; not greatly expanded laterally back of the nares. Occipital bone plane above the condyles, concave at the vertex. Exposed portion of vomer less than one-fifth the length of the beak." (True, 1. c). Only the skull known. Fam. II. Physeteridae. Upper jaw without functional teeth; those in mandible various, number often reduced. Pterygoids meeting on the median line, and hollowed on outer side. Transverse processes of the arches of dor- sal vertebrae cease near the end of the series and are replaced at a lower level by processes on the body. Costal cartilages not ossified, cranium elevated into a prominent crest behind the nares. Cranium assymmetrical around narial openings. Sub. Fam. I. Physeterinae. 10. Physeter. -^=^ to -^^=^ =40 to 50. 20 — 20 25 — 25 ' -^ Physeter. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 107. Ty^e P. macrocephalus. Linn. Tursio. Fleming, Phil. Zool., 1822, 11, p. 211. Upper teeth rudimentary; lower jaw with 20 to 25 on each side, short conical, pointed and recurved; posterior and lateral edges of LIBRARY UNIVERSIIV Of ILU FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM- ZOOLOGY, F i Hyperoodon rostratus. No. 42 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nearly ? nat. size. Lower Surface. Upper Surf.\ce. PHYSETER. HYPEROODON. 15 cranium raised into a compressed, semicircular crest. Cranium above concave. Rostrum elongated, its base broad and thence tapering to tip. Mandible long and narrow, the sj-mphysis being more than half the length of the ramus. Vertebrae 50. Zygomatic process of jugular, thick, massive. Fig. 4. Physeter macrocephalus — Lower Jaw. No. 2^6 Field Columbian Museum Coll. 22. macrocephalus. {PhyseUr), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 107. Type locality. North Atlantic. Geogr. Distr. All seas. Genl. Char. Size enormous. Head about one-third the length of body, high, truncated, compressed in front ; blow hole longitu- dinal, placed to the left of the median line on the upper end. Color. Above black, shading gradually on the sides into the gray of the under parts. Occasionall)^ specimens are piebald. Measurements. Total length of adult 55 to 60 feet, female much smaller. 11. nyperoodon. Hyperoodon, Lacep. Hist. Nat. Cdt., 1804, p. xliv. Type /i^. hutskopf Bonn.,=/r. rostratus Miill. Upper part of head anterior to blow hole rising abruptly from above the snout ; upper ends of premaxillae rise and expand laterally and overhang the nares ; nasals concave along median line and ante- riorly their outer edges expand over the front of inner border of the 16 HYPEROODON. ZIPHIUS. maxillae, particularlj' on the right side. At base of rostrum are high longitudinal crests on the maxills approximate in middle line and extending backward nearly to the nares. Cervical vertebree coalesced. Vertebrae 45. 23. rostratus. {Balcend), Mull. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776, p. 7. biiientatus, Bonn. C^tol., 1789, p. 25. hutskopf, Bonn. Cetol., 1789, p. 25. anarnacus, Desm. Mamm., 1820, p. 550, No. 780. hunteri, Desm. Mamm., 1820, p. 520, No. 782. latifrons, Graj', Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 27, pi. 4. hyperobdon, Schleg. Zoogd. Nederl., 1870, p. 94, pi. 18. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic, Davis Straits, Hudson Straits. Genl. Char. Contour of head, rounded, high above the beak, and descending abruptly to it anteriorly. In old males the anterior part of the head resembles a flat disc-like surface nearly covering or burying the beak and nearly at right angles to the line of the back. Other characters those of the genus. Color. Old Adult. Yellowish, anterior part of head white, and a white band around the neck; beneath grayish white. Young, black; mature animals, light brown. Measurements. Total length 30 feet, 20 in circumference. 13. Ziphius. 1—1 Ziphius. Cuv. Oss. Foss., 1823, 2d ed., v, p. 352. Type Z. caviros- tris, Cuv. Aliama. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 242. Petrorhynchus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 524. Ziphiorhynchus. Burm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866, p. 94. On either side of the mandible at anterior end is a single conical tooth, directed upwards and forwards. Rostrum triangular, tapering from base to apex; edges of maxillae at base of rostrum raised into roughened tuberosities. " Premaxillae immediately in front of and at the sides of the nares expanded, hollowed and with elevated lateral margins, the posterior ends rising to the vertex and curving forwards, the right being considerably more elevated than the left; the conjoint nasals forming a strongly pronounced symmetrical eminence at the top of the cranium, projecting forwards over the nares, flat above, most prominent and rounded in the middle line in front, and sepa- rated by a notch on each side from the premaxillae. Anteorbital notch not distinct." (Flower.) Vertebrae, 49, the three anterior cer- vicals united. ZIPHIUS. MESOPLOUON. 17 24. cavirostris. {/.iplnus), Cuv. Oss. Foss, 1823, v. 2nd. ec], p. 353. Gio^r. Distr. All seas. Genl. Char. Those of the genus. Color. Spec, from Nice. "Steel gray with nnnierous irregular white streaks, beneath white." Measurement. <:. Total length 16 feet. Color. Specimen supposed to be of the same species taken at Warrington, New Zealand, vide Trans. Zool. Soc, 1889, p. 241. Upper parts, dorsal and flippers and upper part of flukes, purple black; sides of head before eye, and upper lip, dark brown shading below into the white of the throat. Lower jaw dark brown; throat anteriorly brownish. Under side of flukes white. Small white area from angles of mouth backward. Three oblique folds each side of the throat. Measurements. Total length. 15 feet 11 111.; dorsal, 8 in.; widths at bases, i.i; flipper on lower borilt-r, 1.7; width, 5.5. l.'i. 31es()i>lo(loii. Mesoplodon. Gerv. .\nn. Scien. Nat., 1850, 3rd. ser. xiv., p. 16. Type D. soiccrbiensis. Blainv. Mandible with a compressed pointed tooth on either side at some distance from anterior extremity directeti upwards, sometimes back- wards and frequently of large size. Rostrum long, narrow; mesoth- moid ossified in old animals, coalescing with adjacent bones. Region about nares like Hyperocidon, the nasals narrower and more sunken. Vertebra', 46 to 48. Fig. 5. Mesoplodon oensirostris. Skull. From Flower and Lydekkcr "Mammals living and extii 18 MESOPLODON. MONODON 25. bidens. [P/irse/c-r), Sowerby, Brit. Miscell., 1804, i, p. r. sowerbyi and so7verbiensis, Blainv. Nouv. Diet., ix. 181 7, p. 177. epidon, Desm. Mamm., 1821, p. 521, No. 786. dalei, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom., 1825, p. 139. micropteriis, Cuv. Regn. .^nim., 1829, i, p. 288. Type locality. Coast of Elginshire, England. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic. Genl. Char. Head higher than broad, forehead swollen; beak flat and rounded at tip. Eyes large; ear openings very small; pec- toral small, ovate; dorsal elevated, falcate; tail triangular bi-lobed; vertebrae, 38. Color. Brownish lead color, belly bluish ash. Measurements. Total length of male, 16 feet, female 15 feet: length of her head, 2. 7 in. , pectoral, 1.6 in. ; dorsal, o. 10 in., height of dorsal, .11 in. Fani. 111. Delpliiiiidae. F. W. True. A Review of the family DelphinidiC, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mus. 1889, No. 36, p. 1-191, pts. 1-47. Scammon. The Marine Mammals of Northwest North America, 1874, p. 40. Facial portion of skull produced into a beak; teeth numerous in both jaws; anterior ribs articulated to the transverse process by a tubercle; sternal ribs ossified. Lacrymal not distinct from thejugal; pterygoids short, thin, and form with a process of the palate the outer wall of the post palatine air-sinus. Sub Fam. I. Delphinapterinae. 14. Moiiodoii. Monodon. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 105. Type M. monoceras, Linn. Ceratodon. Briss. Regn. Anim., 1762, i, p. 231. Diodon. Storr. Prodr. Mamm., 1780, p. 42. Narvalus. Lacep. Hist. Nat. C6t., 1804, p. 163. Oryx. Oken. Lehrb. Naturg., 1815, p. 672. Teeth produced in two twisted ivory tusks, generally concealed in the female, and in the male only a single tooth is greatly developed, usually the one on the left side, projecting horizontally, pointed and marked with spiral grooves. Head short, rounded; dorsal rudimen- tary; pectoral short, broad. Pterygoids not meeting, but approxi- mating posteriorly. Vertebra- distinct, 50. MONODON. DELPHINAPTERUS. 26. monoceras. (J/('//('i/('«), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. 105. 7'ii/garis, Lacep. Hist. Nat. Cet. , 1804, p. 142. andenoiiii, Lacep. Hist. Nat. C^t., 1804, p. 163, pi. g, fig microcc/'ha/in, Flem. Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1811, t. Type locality. Greenland Sea. Geogr. Diitr. Arctic seas. Getil. Char. Same as those of the genus. Color. Above dark gray, mottled with gray on sides and back; beneath white. Mcasurcmt-nts. Total length, 3915; tip of snout to pectoral, 762; length of pecto- ral, 381; greatest breadth of same, 17. Skull; total length, 54; length of rostrum, 23.7; breadth of same at base, 22; at mid- dle, 13.7: interorbital breadth, 34.4; length of temporal fossa;, 15.2. Developed tooth often reaches a length of seven or eight feet. 15. Delphinapterus. ?^ to ^^^^ = 32 to 40. S— 8 10—10 -■ ^ Oelphinapterus. Lacep. Hist. Nat. Cet., 1804, p. xli. Type D. heluga, Lacep. No dorsal fin, middle of back arched; head globose: pectorals, short, broad, pointed; teeth standing apart, small, coni- cal and pointed, crowns inclined forwards. Skull elongated, depressed, narrow; ros- trum broad at base, narrowing toward tip where it is recurved. Vertebras, 50. 27. leucas. (Z?6-/////«//i), Pall. Raise, Kunl., 1776, III, p. 85, pi. 74. catodon, (Linn.) Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 10. beluga, Lacep. Hist. C(5t., 1804, p. 50. albicans, (Klein). Briss. R. Anim., 17, P- 259- canadensis, Desm 1822, p. 516. Fig. 6. MONODON monoceraS. 2nd Pt., From KloworandLeydekker- Mam- Mamm mals living and e.\tinct. angustata. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1859, p. 25 rhinodon, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 278 20 DELPHINAPTERUS. PHOCAENA, conotta. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 278. declivis. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S65. p. 278. Type loiality. Coast of Siberia. Geogr. Diitr. Arctic and sub-Arctic seas. South to Cape Cod, Mass. Genl. Char. Pterygoids appro,ximating towards their ends, but not meeting: intermaxills broad somewhat convex, sometimes extend- ing to posterior wall of the superior nares. Other characters same as those of the genus. Color. All white. Measurements. Total length 3483; tip of snout to pectoral, 736; length of pectoral, 410; breadth of same, 255. Skull: total length, 53.3: length of rostrum, 26.4: breadth at base, 18.3; at middle, 9.9; interorbital breadth, 27.2: length of temporal fossae, 15.2. 16. Phocaena. 25—25 Phocsena. Cuv. Regn. Anim., 1817, i, p. 279. Type Z>. ///(;<(r//(j, Linn. Rostrum short, broad, tapering towards apex, premaxillas raised into tubercles before the nares: nasals flat: mandibular symphysis short; teeth small, crowns spade-shape, occupying nearly the entire length of rostrum; the neck of each tooth constricted: pterygoids sep- arated on median line: head not beaked: dorsal fin small, blunt spines often seen on the anterior margin: pectoral fins ovate: first to sixth cervical vertebrae coalesced. 28. communis. {Phoaena), Cuv. Regn. .\nim., 1817, p. 279. phocana, {Delphinits), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 77. vomerina, Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 178. brachycium. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scienc. Phil., 1865, p. 279. ? lineata, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scienc. Phil., 1876, pp. 134, 135. Type locality. Coast of Europe. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic to North Pacific Oceans. United States coasts. Maine to New Jersej-. and Puget Sound to Glacier Bay, Alaska. Genl. Char. Slender: dorsal fin anterior to middle of the length, triangular, posterior margin concave, anterior about straight, with sometimes a row of tubercles. Jaws of equal length. Color. Upper parts slate or blackish, grading on sides into the white of lower parts. Sides somewhat tinged with yellow or pink. Narrow dark line from corner of mouth to anterior base of pectoral, and a broad dark band often extends from lower jaw half way to the pectoral. I IRK UN! PHOCAENA. ORCINUS Measurements. Total length, 1727; length of mouth, 121; end of snout to dorsal, 737; length of pectoral, 178; height of dorsal, I02: width of flukes, 31.7. Skull: total length, 293; length of ros- trum, 137; width of beak at base. 85; at middle, 55: interorbital breadth, 137; length of temporal fossa, 6. 2Q. dalli. {Phoctena), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1885. p. 95, pis. 2-6. J'ype locality. Strait west of Adakh Island, Aleutian group. Geogr. Dislr. North Pacific Ocean, Alaska; Aleutian Islands. Genl. Char. Lower jaw longer than upper. Head sloping, dor- sal fin moderate, falcate, placed anterior to middle of total length, anterior margin with small tubercles. Dorsal and ventral margins of body with prominent ridges, teeth small; vertebrao, 97. Fig. 7. Phoccena dalli. From True. Kev. Delphinida-. Drawinn by \V. H. Dall. Color. Black: belly and lower half of sides from anterior margin of dorsal to behind vent, white streaked with fine dark lines. Dorsal tipped with white. Measurements. Total length, 1S29: tip of snout to dorsal, 698; length of mouth, 88: of pectoral, 203; height of dorsal, 152; breadth of flukes, 47. Skull: total length, 333: length of beak, 140: breadth at base, 95; at middle, 57; interorbital breadth, 165: length of tooth line, 127: depth of temporal fossa, 25. 1 7. Orcimis. ■^^'^ =48. 12—12 ^ Orcinus l-'itzin. VViss-Populaire Naturgesch, Siiugeth., i860, vi., pp. 204, 217. Type O. gladiator, Bonnat. 22 ORCINUS. PSEUDORCA, Orca. Gray Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 33 (nee Wagl, 1830). Teeth very large, stout, occupying nearly the entire length of the rostrum which is broad and elongated, flattened above and rounded anteriorly. Pterygoids separate, premaxillse concave before the nares, narrow in the middle and widening towards end. Head depressed; no beak; dorsal large, prominent, pointed; pectoral fins large, ovate. First and second vertebra?, sometimes the third, coa- lesced. Vertebra^, 52. 30. gladiator. {Delphinus), Bonnat. Cdt., 1789, p. 23. arctiais and europaus, Gerv. & Van Ben. Ost. Cet., 1804, p. 314. schlegelii, Lilljeb. Roy, Soc. , 1866, p. 235. latirosiris, Gerv. Ost. C^t. , i858, p. 543. stenorhyncha, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1870. p. 74. Type locality. Coast of Europe. Geogr. Distr. All seas. Genl. Char. Size large, characters those of the genus. Color. Upper portion of head and body, and all of the fins black; under jaw, throat, breast and belly white; a white trident-shaped area extends back to the vent with one tine, the two others passing obliquely upwards and backward on the sides. A large white patch behind the eyes. Behind dorsal fin is a crescentic purple area. Measurtinents. Total length about 16 feet. 31. rectipinna. {Ona), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, p. 22, figs. 15 and 16. atra. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, pp. 22, 58, fig- 17- Type locality. Pacific coast of United States. Geogr. Distr. Pacific Ocean. California to the Aleutian Islands. Genl. Char. Muzzle slightly acuminate, dorsal fin long, "six feet or more in larger males " placed one-third the length from muzzle. Color. Black; white beneath with white lines on the sides from e}'es to hinder margin of dorsal fin. Meastiri'wents. Total length about 20 feet; height of dorsal fin, 6 feet. 18. Pseudorca. ^: = 40. Pseudorca, Reinh. Overs. Dan. Sezsk. Forh., 1S62, p. 151. Type P. irassidcns, Owen. Rostrum short, broad, rostral portion of intermaxilla- truncated at distal end; pterygoids short, approximated on median line; teeth large, roots cylindrical. Vertebrs, 50; the first to sixth or seventh coa- ck, .ed; i6. !67. rom lod- 287; igth !, p. aiU. :on- ysis con- 60. ind; pi. ; and coa- PSEUDORCA. CLOBIOCEFHALUS j:! lesced. Pectoral fins moderate, pointed; dorsal near middle of back, moderate falcate. Head elevated before blow hole, compressed: snout truncated. 32. crassidens. {P/iocie»a), Oweu, Brit. Foss. Mamm. 1846, p. 516. meiidionalis, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 420. destructor. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scienc. Phil., 1866, p. 293. grayi, Burm. Ann. Mus. Pub. Buen. Aires., 1864-69. i, p. 367. pi. xxi. Type locality. Lincolnshire. England. Geogr. Distr. All seas. Genl. Char. Size large. No beak: head sloping gradually from blow hole to end of snout. Dorsal in center of length narrow, mod- erate; pectoral small. Color. All black. Measurements. Skull: total length. 595; length of rostrum, 287; breadth at base, 208; at middle, 18S; interorbital breadth, 333; length of temporal fossa. 191. 19. Globiocephaliis. ^ to "-- - 32 to 48. S— S 12-12 •> ^ Qlobiocephalus. Less. Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim., Mamm., .1842, p. 200. Type Delphinus deductor. Scoresby. — I), melas. Traill. Teeth, only on anterior half of rostrum and mandible, small con- ical, acute, curved. Rostrum short, broad: mandibular symphysis short: pterygoids in contact; skull broad, depressed: premaxilla> con- cave in front of nares; as wide at middle as at base. Vertebra;, 57-60. First five or six cervical vertebra' coalesced. Fore part of head round: dorsal low, triangular. ii. melas. inelphhius), Traill. Nichols. Jour, if^og, xxiii. pi. 3. glol>ree/>s, Cuv. Ann. Mus., 1S12, p. 14, pi. i, figs, i and 2. deductor, Scoresby, Arct. Reg., 1820, i, t, 13, fig. i. intermedius, Harl. Jour. .\cad. Nat. Scien. Phil.. 1829, p. 51, pi. I, fig. 13. incrassatus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1861, p. 309, fig i. macrorhynchus. Hector, (nee Gray), Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.vii, iS6i, pi. 16, figs. 3, 3a. Type locality. Coast of England. Geogr. Distr. North and South Atlantic Oceans, coast of Massa- chusetts and New York, eastern end of Long Island. Genl. Char. Teeth g to ||; vertebra?, 59-60. Maxillaries and intermaxillaries rugose anteriorly; second and third vertebrii coa- lesced. 24 GLOBIOCEPHALUS. GRAMPUS. Color. Black; a white area beneath. Measurements. Total length about 20 feet. 34. brachypterus. {Globioccphalus). Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1876, p. 129, fig. p. 131. Type locality. East coast of Delaware Bay, at the mouth of Maurice River. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic coast of North America, New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico and West Indies. Gcnl. Char. Pectoral fins one-sixth the total length of body; dorsal placed forward of middle length; teeth, %; vertebrae 57. Skull massive. Rostrum broad, the basal width greater than four-fifths total length; temporal fossae large, oval; intermaxillfe large and flat. Color. Entirely black. Measurements. Total length, 4648; tip of snout to dorsal, 1206; length of pectoral, 762; height of dorsal, 356; width of flukes, 1168. Skull: total length, 662; length of rostrum, 333; breadth at base, 288; at middle, 235; interorbital breadth, 45; length of temporal fossa, 163. 35. scammoni. {Globiocephalus), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1869, p. 21. Type locality. Coast of Lower California. Geogr. Distr. Coasts of North and South America from Cali- fornia southward; occasionally going into high northern latitudes. Genl. Char. Similar to G. brachypterus; pectoral fins longer. Skull heavy: intermaxillae not projecting over the lateral margins of rostral portion of maxillae. Superior nares broad and bordered by narrow plates of the intermaxillae; pterygoids short, approximate. Color. Entirely black. Measurements. Total length, 4724; tip of snout to dorsal, 1372; length of pectoral, 864; width of flukes, 1007. Skull: total length. 690; length of rostrum, 340; breadth at base, 308; at middle, 252; interorbital breadth, 487; length of temporal fossa, 148. 30. Grampus. 5=5 to -^^^ = 6 to 28. ■\—-\ 14— u Grampus. Gray, Zool. of Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 30. Type D. griscus, Cuv. Rostrum moderate, expanding in front of ma.xillary notches, and tapering to tip; rostral portion of intermaxillarj' broad and rounded. No teeth in uppsr jaw. Pterygoids in contact, no beak: dorsal fin rather large, falcate: pectorals long, narrow, falcate: verte- brae, 68. LIBKARV UNIVER^illf Or Lagenorhynchus acutus. No. 45 Field Columbian Museum Coll. About V, nat. : GRAMPUS. LAGENORHYNCHUS. 25 36. griseus. {^J)(lphinus), Cuv. Ann. Mus. , 1812, p. 14, pi. 1, fig. i. rissoaniis, Desm. Mamm., 1822, p. 519. iiile-rmfiiiits, Harl. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1829, p. 51. ciivicri. Gray. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1846, p. 85. siearnsii. Dall. Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 1873. v, p. 13. Type locality. Brest, coast of France. Geogr. Dislr. North Atlantic to North Pacific Oceans. Coasts of United States, Cape Cod to Atlantic Cit_v, New Jersey; California. Genl. Char. Head globose; beak indicated; lower jaw the short- er; mouth oblique; dorsal fin high, falcate: pectorals falcate, long. Flukes narrow. \'ertebrae, 68. Prenareal area elevated. Color. Head and anterior half of body light gray tinged with yellow; belly grayish white; body marked conspicuously with fine light-colored irregular lines. Back, dorsal fin and flukes, dark gray or blackish tinged with purple. Measurements. Total length, 2305 ; tip of snout to dorsal, 1270 ; length of pectoral, 604; height of dorsal, 407; breadth of flukes, 736. Skull: total length, 530: length of rostrum, 260; breadth at base, 205; at middle, 128; interorbital width, 342; length of temporal fossa, 133. ^1. Lageuorliyiicliiis. ^—— to ii^-i^ = 88 to 90. 22—22 4=^—45 "^ Lagenorhynchus. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 846, p. 34. Type Drlphinus Uiicopleiirus, Rasch. D. aciitus, Gray. Rostrum broad; rostral portion of intermaxillre flat, sometimes convex; pterygoids in contact or separate; teeth variable in size. \'er- tebrac, 73 to 92. Beak short; dorsal and pectorals moderate, falcate; caudal ridges prominent. 37. acutus. {Delphiiitis), Gray, Spicil. Zool., 1828, p. 2. esilirichtii, Schleg. Abh. Geb. Zool., 1841, p. 23. leucopleiiriis, Rasch. Nyt. Mag. for Naturv., 1843, Iv. p. 97, pis. 2, 3. arcticus. Gray, Syn. Cet., 1868, p. 7. perspicillatiis. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1876, p. 136, pi. 4. giibernalor. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1876, p. 136, pi. 4. Type loealily. Faroe Islands, North Sea. Geogr. Distr. North Atlantic Ocean; northern coast of United States; Cape Cod, Greenland, Faroe Island, North Sea. Ge>il Char. Stout, forehead sloping ; beak a mere rim ; dorsal high, recurved, attenuated distally; pectorals broad at base, pointed; flukes large; caudal ridges greatly developed. LAGENORHYNCHUS. Color. Sides of head and body gra}-: upper jaw, forehtad, back of fins, black: sides of tail above, dusky yellowish ; below dorsal fin on sides, a white oblong area. From base of flukes to the dorsal fin, a narrow black line, and another from base of pectorals to corner of the mouth; orbital ring black, from which a line goes to the beak; vent black; base of flukes beneath and margin of tail whitish. Mar- gin of lower jaw occasionally black. Measiireinents. Total length, 2515: ends of snout to pectoral, 406; to dorsal, 939; length of pectoral, 330 ; breadth of flukes, 635. Skull: total length, 425; of rostrum, 216: breadth at base, 114: at mid- dle, 76: iaterorbital breadth, 216: length of temporal fossa, 84 ; depth, 43. 38. thicolea. {Lageiiorkync/uis), Gra}', Proc. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 2. Type locality. West coast of North America. Geogr. Distr. West coast of North America. Genl. Char. "Rostrum long, narrow, greatest breadth one- fourth the length: intermaxilla^ flat, narrow; temporal fossa small, rounded; margins of proximal half of rostrum thickened; the superior surface of the maxillae in this part at a different angle from the plane of the distal half of the rostral part of the maxillae, which looks down- ward and forward." Only the skull known. Measurements. Skull: total length, 375; length of beak, 210: breadth at base, 97; at middle, 53; breadth of intermaxillae at same point, I'i; interorbital breadth, 163; length of temporal fossa, 56. 39. albirostris. {Delphinus), Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1846, p. 84. ibsenii, Eschricht. Undersogelser over Hvaldyrene 5te Afh., p. 73. Fig. 8. LAGENORHYNCHUS ALBIROSTRIS. I e.v-Liitken. Kgl. Danske.Videnskabs Selskabs Skrifter 6th Koekke IV. 1SS7. pi. 21 LAGENORHYNCHUS. DELPHINUS 27 Type locality. Coast of Norfolk, England. Geogr. Dislr. North Atlantic Ocean, Greenland. North and Baltic Seas, Faroe Islands, Davis Straits. Genl. Char. Similar inform to Z. acutiis, forehead more swollen; dorsal more attenuated and reclined: pectorals larger. Teeth, f|Z-|f ; vertebrae, 88-92. Color. Forehead, except base, back and fins, black: sides gray- ish black; beneath, white. Base of forehead, beak and mandible."^, white tinged with graj'. On sides, three irregular areas, one above base of pectoral, one below insertion of anterior margin of dorsal, and one below the insertion of the posterior margin of dorsal, white mottled with black, gray and brown. Behind the blow hole on back and near the insertion of the flukes on the tail are similar light areas. Flukes beneath, graj'ish. Measuraiu'iils. Total length, 1664; end of snout to base of dor- sal, 762; height of dorsal, 152: length of pectoral, 305: breadth of flukes, 381. Skull: total length, 460: length of rostrum, 229; breadth at base, 152 : at middle, 87 : interorbital width, 235 ; length of tem- poral fossa, 79. 40. obliquidens. {Lagfnorliyiiiliits). Gill, Proc. .•Xcad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865, p. 177. longidfiis. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1866, p. 295. similis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1868, p. 147. Type locality. Coast of California. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean, Monterey to Puget Sound, coast of United States. Genl. Char. Rather stout; dorsal falcate; skull similar to that of /. aculi/s, but narrower, prema.xillae rounded, outer margins not sinuate: pterygoid not meeting on median line, divergent posteriorly: vomer visible in median line of palate. Teeth, f|J^f; vertebrte, 74. Color. Above, black, or greenish black; broad strips of white, gray and black on the sides; beneath, white. Posterior edge of dor- sal and flukes tipped with grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 2210; breadth of flukes, 610: end of snout to anterior base of dorsal, 914. Skull: total length, 413; length of rostrum, 209; breadth at base, 118: at middle, 81; interorbital breadth, 192: length of temporal fossa, 84; depth of same, 68. 22. Delpliiiiu8. i2=i? to ^^= 160 to 240. 40—40 60—60 ' Delphinus, Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 77. Type D. dclphis, Linn. EuJelphinus, Gerv. Ost^og. des C^taces. 1880, p. 600. 28 DELPHINUS. TURSIOPS. Teeth occupj'ing nearh' all the rostrum, numerous in both jaws, conical, acute, curving; rostrum twice the length of brain case; ptery- goids meeting on median line for their entire length; palate grooved deeply laterally; pectoral fin moderate, falcate. 41. delphis. {De/phtiiiis), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 77. fulvo-fasciaiiis, Wagn. Schreb. Saugth., pi. 361, fig. i. novcB-zelandicv, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol., Mam., 1830, p. 149. jaitira, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 41, pi. 23. albritianiis, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., Mam., 1848, v, iii, p. 33. algeriensis, Loche. Rev. Mag. Zool., i860, p. 474, pi. 22, fig. i. forsteri, Gray, Cat. Cat., 1866, p. 24S. major, moorei &= ivalkeri, Gray, Cat. Cat., 1866, pp. 396, 397. poiiii'cgm, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. , 1866, vi, p. 23, pis. 6, 8. hairilii, Dall. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Scien., 1873, v, p. 12. micro/is, Burm. (nee Gray), Desc. Phys. Argent., 1879, in, p. 534. fiisci/s, sowerhianiis, variegaius, batteaius, moschatiis (La Font). Fisch. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., 1881, v, p. 127, pis. 4, 5, 6. marginal iis^ La Font, (nee Pucher). Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., vi, p. 518. curvirostris, Riggio, Nat. Sicil., 1883, 11, p. 157, pi. 3. Type locality. Coast of Europe. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, etc. GcnI. CItar. Body slender, forehead forming an angle to the beak, which is long and slender; dorsal fin in the center of dorsal line, narrow; pectorals three times longer than broad, pointed. Color. Very variable. Upper parts black and blackish gray, beneath white or greenish white; black, gray or greenish band from lower jaw to base of pectoral fin; orbital ring black, from which a black band extends forward to the base of the beak. Margin of lower jaw black. Elongated areas of light festoons of gray on sides trav- ersed by two longitudinal bands of gray or greenish gray. Measuremcnis. Total length, 1382,-2008; length of pectoral, 280,-305; width of flukes, 393,-450: height of dorsal, 177,-203; blow hole to end of nose, 330,-356. 33. Tursiops. ?i=Hto?5=?5 ^ 8 to IOC. 21—21 25 — 25 ^ Tursiops. Gerv. Hist. Nat. Mamm., 1855, 11, p. 323. Type D. tiirsio. Fabric. Tiirsio, Gray, (nee Wagl). Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866, p. 254. Rostrum with moderate taper; no groove in palate; mandibular symphysis short, teeth stout; vertebra, C. 7, D. 13, L. 17, C. 27 = 64. Dorsal lin high, falcate. !ly dis- 3ulf of ne has 'urple, . 232; width length idth of 13- South- unded lower ■gin of iion of maxil- length ), 169. I)- 5- s sep- small, I TURSIOPS. LISSODELPHIS. 29 42. tursiu [/)t-//>/ii»us). Fabric. Faun. Groenl., 1780, p. 49. triincatiis, Montagn, Mem. Wern. Soc, 1821, iii, p. 73. compressicaiiJa, Less. Cut., 1828, p. igg. communis, Fitzin. (nee Cuv). Carr. Dalm., 184b, p. 75. metis. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 38, pi. 17. cymodice. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 38, pi. 17. eurynome. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, pi. 38, pi. 18. Type locality. Coast of Greenland. Geogr. Dislr. Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Seas — wiiiely dis- tributed. .Atlantic coast of .\tlantic states, Maine to Florida; Gulf of Mexico. Genl. Char. Practicall)' those of the genus. Frontal bone has no backward extension and the parietal is broad inferiorly. Co/or. Upper parts of fins plumbeous gray tinged with purple, grading on sides into the pure white of the underparts. Measurements. Total length skull, 432; length of beak, 232; greatest breadth of beak, 108: length of tooth line, 195; width between interorbitals, igi; length of mandible, 365. Total length of animal, 2907; of mouth, 319; height of dorsal fin, 229; breadth of flukes, 612. 43. gillii. (Tursio/>s), Dall, Proc. Calif. Acad. Scien., 1873, v, p. 13. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean and along shores of South- ern and Lower California. Genl. Char. Optic canal not reaching the level of the rounded antero-internal border of the deeply concave frontal, and the lower part of the parietal is a narrow band between the anterior margin of the squamosal, and the posterior margin of a backward extension of the frontal. Color. " Black all over, lightened a little below." .\feasurements. Length of beak, 298: breadth at base of maxil- lary vertebr.T, 141; at the middle, 88; length of tooth line, 254; length of mandible, 427. 2\. Lissoclelphis. idzi! to 44:^4 ^ 1-6 to 182. 44—44 47—47 Lissodelphis. Glog. Hand-u Hilfsbuch d. Xaturgesch., i84i,p, 169. Type /). peronii Lacepede. Tursio, Wagl. Nouv. Syst. Amph. 1830, p. 34 (nee Fleming). Delphinapterus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 35. Dorsal fin absent. Rostrum long, tapering, flat; pterygoids sep- arate; margins parallel; mandibular symphysis short; teeth small, acute. Beak short, narrow; pectoral fins falcate. 30 LISSODELPHIS. PRODELPHINUS. 44. borealis \Dclphinapterus), Peale U. S. Expl. Exp., Mamm., 1S48, p. 35, pi. viii, fig. 2. Crc-oxr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean, San Diego, coast of Cali- fornia to Bering Sea. Genl. Char. Slender; lower jaw longer than upper, decurved at extremity; flukes small, symphysis of mandible not keeled. Geogr. Distr. North Pacific Ocean, coast of California, Japan. Color. Lozenge-shaped area on a line between the pectorals and flukes, end of lower jaw and lower sides of flukes white or clouded with white, remaining parts black. Measurements. Total length, 2464; end of snout to pectoral, 635; length of pectoral. 305; breadth of flukes, 406. Skull: total length, 437; length of rostrum, 240; breadth of rostrum at base, no; at mid- dle. 56; interorbital breadth, 176; length of temporal fossa, 71. 35. Prodelphimis. ^~- tn •°~"° = 120 to 200. 30—30 •■" fo— 50 Prodelphinus. Gerv. , Ostdog., des C^tac^s. 1880, p. 604. Type P. dubius, Cuv. C/ymene, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864. p. 237 (nee Oken et Savi, 1815-17)- Chrnenia, Gray, Syn. Whales and Dolphins, 186S, p. 6 (nt Munst., 1839). Teeth smaller than those of Tursiops. Rostrum long, narrow; no groove in palate. Vertebrs, 73-78. Symphysis of mandible, short. Beak elongated. Dorsal and pectoral fins falcate. 45. euphrosine. {Delpkinns), Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846. p. 40, pi. 22. Styx, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 39, pi. 2. tethyos, Gerv. Bull. Soc. Agr. Herault, 1853, xl, p. 150. pi. i. marginatus, (Duvern). Pucher. Rev. Zool., 1854, p. 547. doreides. Gray, Cat. Cet., 1866, p. 400. euphrosinoides. Gray, Synops. Whales and Dolphins, 1868, p. 6. nova-zelandiiT. Hector, (nee Gray), Trans. N. Z. Inst., v, p. 159. Geogr. Distr. Atlantic Ocean, South Greenland, Mediterranean Sea. Genl. Char. Body stout, beak long; dorsal fin high, falcate; pec- torals small. Color. Above black; sides blackish, beneath white; orbital ring black; black band from eye to vent and one going downward and backward above base of the pectorals; this black band is divided from the dark color above bv a white band which is broadest in the middle LUM8IAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PL. Vv V ^^^BmL; W^ PrODElPHINUS EUFHROSYN,e (GrAY). LlaSODELPHIS BOREALIS. tie (From Gray, Synopsis of Whales and Dolphins, iS6S, pi. 22.) No. 303 Field Columbian Museum Coll. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINUlb URDANA PRODELPHINUS. :U Broad black band from ej-e to base of pectoral with white area in its center that joins the white throat below the eye. Fins black, mar- gined anteriorly with white. .\ft-asitrt-mc-nts. Total length. 2097; end of beak to base of dor- sal. 932; breadth of flukes. 420; anterior margin of pectoral fin, 305. 46. crotaphiscus. (/)c-//>/iifi//s). Cope, Proc. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1865. p. 203. Ty/>r localily. Unknown Type, skull in the museum at Salem. Mass. Geoi^r. Dish-. Unknown. Gen/. Char. Muzzle flat, carina in front of blow holes; small temporal fossa, only a trace of the groove in roof of mouth. Paroc- cipital ala- moderately developed; inner margin of glenoid cavity pro- duced into a lamina; palatines terminating next the orbits, sphinoids in a free keel and with a strong lateral keel. 47. plagiodon. ^Dc/phinus). Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1866, p. 296. Ty/ie locality. Eastern coast of United States. Gedgr. Distr. Atlantic coast of the United States, Cape Hat- teras to Gulf of Mexico. Genl. Char. Dorsal fin high, recurved; pectoral tins broad at base: beak stout. FiG. 9. PrODELPMINUS PLAGIODON. . Dclphinidae, from photo, of specimcQ taken on I'. S. steaii Color, .\bove purplish gray, shading on the sides into the white of the underparts. Upper parts and fins spotted with white or gray; lower parts spotted with dark gray. Measurements. Total length, 2157: length of mouth, 2S0; of pec- toral fin, 304; end of beak to dorsal, 337: height of dorsal, 241; breadth of flukes, 527. 32 PRODELPHINUS. 48. fraenatus. {Dflphinus), Cuv. Mamm., 1825, pi. 426. frontalis, (Duss). Cuv. Regn. Anim., 1829, i, p. 288. doris. Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 39, pi. 20. clymene. Gray, Cat. Cet., 1866, p. 249. normalis. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. , 1866, p. 214. Geogr. Dis/r. Atlantic to Indian Oceans. Genl. Char. Similar to P. plagiodon, but smaller. Vertebrae 70. Color. Above dark, grading on sides into the white of belly; sides and fins spotted. Measurements. Total length 1572; end of beak to dorsal, 858; to pectoral, 390; length of skull, 376; of rostrum, 218; breadth of ros- trum at base, 89; interorbital breadth, 164; length of temporal fossa, 71. LIBRARY b?ilV£K:-,:'V m ir!.||\jO!S DiCOTYLES TAJaCU. No. --.b Field Columbian Museum Coll. '2 uat. ()idic*<>tylidae. Snout elongated, truncated, flat terminal naked surface in which the nostrils are situated. Stomach complex: cifcum present. Sub. Fam. I. Dicotylinae. 2tyles. I. -:zi; C. ~; P. '"'; M. ^^ = 38. 3-3 i-i' 3-3' 3-3 ■' Dicotyles. Cuv. Regn. Anim., i, 1817, p. 237. Incisor rooted; upper canines pointed downwards, with sharp cutting edges. Four toes on fore feet, three on hind feet. Upper outer incisor and anterior premolar of both jaws wanting. Third and fourth metapiodials united at their upper ends. Ears small, erect. Bodv covered with bristly hair. Musky gland in middle of back. 49. tajacu. (.S//J), Linn. Syst. Nat., i, 1766. p. loj. Type locality. Mexico. GfOf;r. Distr. Red River of Arkansas, latitude 34 south through Mexico, Central and South America to the Rio Negro of Patagonia. iienl. Char. A white collar on either side of tlie neck; size small. Color. Hairs bristly, banded with black and white, the tips being always black, making the upper parts and sides appearing a mixed black and white. Black predominates on face, along the mane and the median line of the dorsal region. The throat, underparts, legs. ears and a patch behind ears, nose and hoofs black. Band extend- ing from either side of neck over shoulders and meeting on back whitish; legs dark brown, sometimes the sides of hoofs are horn color. .\fiasiirc-menls. Total length, 865; head, 280; height at shoulder, S13: tail vertebrae, 12. Fam. II. Cerviilae. Antlers solid, always present on the male, sometimes on the female, first molar in upper and lower jaws brachyodont; lach- rymal bone prevented from articulating with the nasals by an exten- sive anteorbital vacuity; lachrymal duct with two orifices at or inside rim of orbit; lateral hoofs nearly always present on all of the feet. Upper canines generally present; no gall bladder. Svib. Fani. I. Cervinae. 27. Cerviis. I. °^; C. '^; P. ■^; M. i=^ = 34. 4-4 0—0 3—3' 3-3 Jt Cervus. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, p. 66. Antlers only present in male, supported by short pedicles, rising at acute angles to the median line of skull; never regularly forked at first division, and furnished with tines; brow tine present; no ridges on frontals; canine teeth large in American species; lateral metacar- pals only represented by the upper ends. 50. canadensis. Erxl. Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 305. s/roi2gyiiH-cros, Schreb. Saugeth., v, p. i, pi. ccxlviii. wapiti. Barton, Am. Phil. Trans., 1869, p. 70. Type locality. Eastern Canada. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico to Brit- ish Columbia, and from the eastern base of the range westward to about i20th meridian. East of the westward borders of the great plains it is practically extinct, although it may still linger in northern Minnesota and possibly in North Dakota. Genl. Char. Size very large; antlers with often more than five tines; curving backwards, flattened in upper portion; fourth tine long- est; brow and bez tines close together and of nearly equal length; crowns sometimes cup-shaped, caudal disk enormous; mane devel- oped, tail short. Tarsal gland absent, metatarsal present. Lachry- mal large, naked. Color. Siimnu-r Pelage. Head, neck and underparts verv dark chestnut brown, sometimes black beneath; sides, back and thighs yellowish gray; a white or straw-colored patch on rump uniting with white between the hind legs, the lower border of this patch being black; legs clove brown. Individuals vary considerably in color. Winter Pelage. Resembles the summer in color, but the hairs are much longer and there is a heavy under coat of fur. Measuremtnts. Height at withers, 1627; total length, 2973; nose to occiput, 558; tail vertebra, 213. The dimensions vary greatly and those of one specimen are hardlj- a criterion for others. Antlers. Length along outside curve from 1448 to 1655; circum- ference about bez tine 183-237; tip to tip, 622-1650; widest inside, 902-1398. a. — orcidenlalis. [Cerrus), Smith, Griff, .\nim. King., 1827, iv, pp. 101-103. roosepelti, Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., [897, p. 271. Tvpe locality. Northwestern America, no definite locality given. FIELD COLUMBIAN Ml :iELO COLUMBIAN MUSEUM, I Cervus canadensis No. 62 Field Columbian Museum Cull. .\bou LlBRm UNimm OF ILLINOIS %"' 4i Rangifer caribou. No. 6i Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nearly J nat. size. CERVUS RANGIFER. SS Geogr. Dish. \'ancouver Island, coast ranges of Washington and Oregon to northwestern California. (i?. /iiroiu/us. Linn. Lateral metacarpals represented only by the lower extremities. Both sexes bearing antlers; brow tines palmated, compressed later- ally, advancing over middle of face and rarely symmetrical; a second or bez tine above the brow tine, also palmated; about midway its length the beams beud forward, and here, posteriorly, is a small tine, and the beam ends in a large palmation with numerous points. Ant- lers of female much smaller, lighter and simpler. Muzzle entirely hairy; ears and tail short: mane on neck. Tarsal gland present, meta- tarsal absent. No upper canines. Hoofs deeply cleft. 51. caribou. {Crmts), Gmel. Syst. Nat., i, 1788, p. 177. Idramhis sy/restris. Rich. Faun. Bor. .\mer. , 1829. p 250. ha.<:/ii/is, .\gass. Sillim. Jour . 1847. p. 436. Tyf't- locality. Boreal eastern North America. Geo,^r. Pistr. Labrador, Lower Canada, south to Nova Scotia, New Brimswick and Maine in the east: west through the districts north of Quebec and Lake Superior to Montana and British Colum- bia, in forest lands. Gen/. Char. Size large: antlers stout, flat, palmation very con- siderable; one brow tine usually simple. Colors dark on body and limbs: no light ring around eye. Color. Summer Pela^^e. Rump, tail, underparts and inside legs p\ire white; outside of legs dark brown: head, neck and remaining p;irts clove brown, sometimes reddish; black patch on cheek and 36 RANGIFER. around eye, and white band above hoofs enclosing lateral hoofs behind. Winter Pehige. Head and neck white, or whitish, rest of coat grayish ash. Measurtimn/s. Total length, 1933; height at withers. 106S: ears, 127. 52. terraenovae. {Ran^i;!/er). Bangs, Boston, Private Pub., 1896, — Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, 1896, p. 233. Type locality. Grand Lake, Newfcflindland (Allen), Codroy, New- foundland (Bangs). Geogr. Distr. Newfoundland. Genl. Char. Antlers massive, points numerous, general shape low, widelv spread and the points directed forward; white ring around eye. Color. .4nti/mii Pelagf. Above grayish brown; neck soiled white; lower part of face, and ring around eye grayish white: rest of head grayish brown, underparts pure white; front of legs brownish grav, feet white; tail drab above, white beneath; ears drab. Measurements. Larger than R. groenlandicus. 53. montanus. {Rangifer), Seton Thompson, Ottawa Natur., i8gg, p. 129. Type loeality. lUacillewaet watershed near Revelstoke, Selkirk Range, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Mountains of British Columbia, north into south- eastern Alaska, east into the Rocky Mountains of Alberta and south into Idaho. Genl. Cliar. Size large, color dark, white mark above hoof nar- row. Antlers not different from the woodland species. Color. Lips, neck, bell}', buttocks and under side of tail gray- ish white; rest of pelage deep umber brown, becoming nearly black over lower part of legs. A light grayish patch over ribs. White mark above hoof, very narrow. Measurements. Total length from end of nose to root of tail, 1930- 2413; tail, 127-177.8; nose to occiput, 502; hind foot, 597-660; ear, 115-120; height at withers, 1081-1397. 54. dawsoni. (Rangifer), Seton Thompson, Ottawa Natur., 1900, p. 260. Type locality. Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands. Geogr. Distr. Queen Charlotte Islands. Genl. Char. Size small, color dark but lighter than R. montanus. Color. General hue mouse color. Measurements. Only those of antlers and part of skull given. , Canada. Coll . V. Shaw Kc-niiudy. Indi AMERICANUS. ■idiial shot Oct Spread ol horns, hi inches. % i RANGIFER ALCES. :tT I'^om burr to tip along outer curve, 283-4 in. (730 mm.); girth above burr. 120; occiput to posterior end of nasals, 166: width across orbits, '53 55. groenlandicus. (Ci-rj'us), Gmel. S)st. Nat., 178S, i, p. 177. Ty/>e locality. Greenland. Gfogr. Distr. Greenland. (.',enl. Chiir. .\utlers long, slender, with but few points; white ring around eye, and white line bordering the hoofs. Color. .Summer Pelage. General character clove brown; around the eye a broadly defined white ring; and the hoofs are bordered by a broad white band. .\feasiirements. Somewhat smaller than R. laribou. 56 arcticus. (Cem/s), Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. , 1829, p. 239. Type localily. Shores of Hudson Bay? Geog. Distr. Barren grounds of Arctic America, north of the tree limit, to the shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean. Genl. Char. Size small; antlers of male long, slender with com- paratively few points; brow and bez tines more or less palmated; back tine usually absent. Color. Summer Pelage. General tint clove brown mi.xed with dark reddish and yellowish browns; neck beneath and underparts white. Winter Pelage. Entire coat soiled white. .Measurements. Similar in size to R. caribou. 29. Alces. T. \~J;. C. „~^; P. ;^; M. ^^ = 34- Alces. If. Smith. Griff. Anim. King., v. 1827. p. 303. Type .-//x/«/Vz«?«, var. , Coues & Yarr. Rep. Geog. Surv. West looMerid.. 1875, V, pp. 72, 75. var Couesi. Rothrock, Rep. Geog. Surv. West 100 Merid., 1875, V, pp. 72, 75- ODOCOILEUS. 41 lype locality. Camp Crittenden, Arizona. (Wheeler Geog. and Geol. Surv. ) Gt-nl. Char. Smaller than O. 7'irgi/u'atti/s; boms similar in shape. Gc-i>gr. Distr. Arizona and Mexico, from the Gila River Vallej' on the north, in the woody mountain regions south to the City of Mexico. Color. Summer Pelage. Above pale dull fawn color tinged with ochraceous, dorsal area, mouse gray; sides tawny or reddish brown; throat, underparts and inner side of limbs and around digits white. Tail above reddish brown, fringed with white, beneath pure white. Measurements. Height at withers, 812; at rump, 902: ears, 197. Skull; occipital condyles to apex of intermaxillaries, 210; width across orbits, 96; interzygomatic width, 90; interparoccipital width, 45; length of nasals, 68; occipital condyles to anterior edge of inter- maxillaries, 210. 60. crooki. (Dorcelaphiis^, Mearns, Proc. I'. S. Nat. Mus., Wash. 1897, p. 468. Type locality. Dog Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. New Mexico, limits of range not defined. Genl. Char. Somewhat similar to O. columhianiis, smaller. Color. Summer Pelage. Female. Reddish fawn, darkest on back; neck grayish drab, sides grayish cinnamon. Forehead black; legs cream color; hairs on metatarsal gland sooty at base, tips white; tail, upperside and tip black, beneath in middle white, naked basally. .Measurements. Total length, 1440; tail vertebra-, 195: ear above crown, 220. 61. columbianus. (^Ceriuis), Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. , 1S29, p. 257. leausi, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped. Mamm., viii, p. 39, fig. p. 43. richanlsoni, Aud. & Bach. Quad. N. Am., iii, p. 27, pi. cvi. punctulatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S50, p. 239, pi. 28. Type locality. Mouth of the Columbia River. Geogr. Distr. British Columbia. V'ancouver Island and west of the Cascade Mountains in Washington, Oregon and California. Genl. Char. Smaller than O. hemionus: ears shorter; metatarsal gland shorter: tail black above. Antlers like those of Mule Deer. Color. Winter Pelage. General color brownish gray mottled with black, darkest on dorsal line forming a streak from occiput to root of tail. Top of head chestnut and black; black stripe over the eyes meeting on forehead, chin white, behind is a black patch; face gray; upper throat, posterior portion of underparts and base of tail white; rest of underparts mottled similarly to the back, chest sooty: legs dark cinnamon; inner side white. Tail above black, shading at base into the color of the back, beneath white. ODOCOILEUS Summer Pelage. General color red or reddish yellow. Measurements. Total length, 1780: tail vertebrse, 152-228: height at withers, 863. a.—sWcensis. {Odocoilens), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., 1898, p. loi. Type locality. Sitka, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Alaska, limits of range not defined. Geril. Char. Similar to O. columbianus; ears shorter. Color. Slimmer Pelage. Fulvous; face grizzled gray; dusky patch from eyes half way to nose; ears mixed gray and dusky; poste- rior part of belly, inner side of thigh and strip on hind part of fore leg white, remainder of underparts pale fulvous; tarsal gland black with fulvous border. Tail above like back at base grading into black, beneath white. Measurements. Female from island near Sitka. Total length, 1297; height at withers. 902; tail vertebr;e, 165. h.—scaphiolui', {Oii)Si/ia/iis, Zimm. Size medium; neck short; muzzle hairy save a naked, triangular space between the nostrils; no face glands; tail rudimentary; hoofs broad, asymmetrical; lateral hoofs large; flesh between hoofs covered with hair. Both sexes horned; largest in male, those of latter in adults, approximating at base, beginning near to the occiput, spread- ing nearly to the eyes, flattened and grooved at base, curving at first outwards and downwards and then upwards at tips. Molars, caprine. Pelage, long, shaggy; uniform coloration. 69. moschatus. (Bos.), Zimm. Geog. Geschichte, 1780, 11, p. 86. pallantis, H. Smith, Griff. Anim. King., iv, 1827, p. 375. pallasi, DeKay, Ann. Lye, New York, 11, 1828, p. 29. caiialiculatus, Fisch. Mem. Acad. Mosc, iii, 1834, p. 287. Type locality. Region about Hudson Bay. Geog?-. Distr. Arctic America from Mackenzie River and north of 60th parallel to the north of Greenland, south to Melville Bay and Sabine Island. Genl. Char. Those of the genus. Color. Dark brown, blackish on head and neck and sides of body in adult males; on middle of back a saddle-shaped patch of yel- lowish white. Measurements. Total length, 1878; height at withers, 1250. Horns. Length along outer curve, 546-755; width at base, 222- 318; tip to tip, 502-762. 35. Bison. I. ?z?; C. °=^; P. 3=3. M. 2^' = 32. 4—4' 0-0' 3-3' 3—3 -' Bison. H. Smith, Griff. Anim. King., 1827, v, p. 373. Type Bos bonasus, Linn. Horns cylindrical, thick at base, short, tapering rapidly to a point, directed outward and slightly upward for half their length, then bending abruptly upwards; widely separated from each other and resting on a ridge below the vertex of the skull. Forehead short and wide; eye sockets not far removed from base of horns, and tubular in shape; nasals short and separated by a wide space from the premax- illag. Neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae, and that of the seventh cervical vertebrae very high but descending rapidly in a curve to the lumbars. These support and shape the so-called "hump." Hoofs .ely find 'ive the me- OD ers, ield ^97. reat ;rid- the ^arly end 602; lorn urve the Ovib spac broa with adul ing I outw Pela 69. of 6c Sabi bodj lowi 318; Biso poin then resti wide shap iUaj. cerv luml broad, short; sides rounded, muzzle broad, naked. Tail moderately long, withers high, hind quarters low, weak; head and shoulders and fore legs to knees covered b}' a shaggy mane. 70. americanus. {Bos), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1788, vol. i, p. 204. Type locality. Texas. Geogr. Distr. Practically extinct in the wild state, a few survive in the Yellowstone National Park, and some are said to be in the Pan Handle of Texas. Genl. Char. Those of the genus. Color. Head, neck, chest and shoulders blackish brown, some- times black without any brown; remainder of coat paler, grading on rump to cinnamon. Muzzle, horns and hoofs black. Mt-asurements. Males. Total length, 2949; height at withers, 1742; girth at shoulders, 3050. Specimen from Kansas in Field Columbian Museum. Measured in the flesh. a.—athabascae. (Bison), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien., Phil., 1897, p. 498. Type locality. Fifty miles southwest of Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake. Geoi;r. Distr. "Wooded uplands of Northwest Territories. For- merly from the east slope of the Rocky Mountains to the 95th merid- ian, and from latitude 63° to latitude 55°; probably south along the Rocky Mountains to the United States." Genl. Char. Larger and darker generally than B. liis,e locality. Carolina. Geoi^r. Distr. Eastern United States from southern New York to northern Florida, and westward south of Pennsylvania to Missouri, Indian Territory and to edge of the plains. Gen/. Char. Medium; colors constant dark yellowish rusty above, white below; pelage soft. Color. Above dark yellowish rusty; hairs of tail yellow at base, then black, and tips white; under parts white; ear yellowish white. Measurements. Total length above, 450; tail vertebra', 212; hind foot, 60.8. a.—leucotis. (.Sciurus), Gapper, Zool. Journ., 1830, v, p. 206. cinereus. Schreb. Siiugth., 1792, iv, p. 766, pi. ccxcii. pennsylvaniius and hiemalis. O'cd, Guth. Geog., 2nd Am. ed., 1815, II, p. 292. niger, Godman, (nee Linn.). .\m. Nat. Hist., 1826, 11, p. 133. vulpinus, DeKay, N. Y. Zool., 1842, i, p. 59, (nee Gmel., nee Schreb). migratorius, Aud. & Bach. Quad. N. Am., 1849, i, p. 265, pi. xxxv. Type locality. Region between New York and Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. Geogr. Distr. Allef;hanies of Pennsylvania north through New York and New England to southern New Brunswick and southern Canada, west to Minnesota. Gcnl. Char. Size large; tail long, bushy. Fig. 11. SCIURUS (NeOSCIRUS) carolinensis. No. 3qS Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Color. Above silvery gray; under parts white, rusty sometimes on neck or chest; tail hairs yellowish at base, then black broadly tipped with white; ears yellowish white. Melanistic individuals not uncommon. Meastir, mints. Total length. 503; tail vertebra?, 230; hind foot, 71. h.—hypophaeus. (Sciurus), Merr. Scien., 1886, viii, p. 351. Ty/ie locality. Elk River, Minnesota. Geogr. Distr. Minnesota forest belt. Range unknown. Genl. Char. Size large; pelage dark, only small white streak on belly. Color. Upper parts dark iron gray mixed with yellow and rusty, under parts similar to back with a central white streak on belly; some- times the chest and neck beneath are yellowish brown; tail iron gray; ear tufts in winter yellowish white. Meaaurctnents. Total leniith about 496; tail vtrtebra-, 220; hind foot, 07. c.—fitli^inosus. {Sciurus)^ Bachni. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1838, p. 96. 7\p( locality. New Orleans, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of Louisiana. Genl. Char. Size large; under parts never pure white, tail only slightly tipped with white. Color. Upper parts yellow ferruginous varied with black; tail dark, subapical band broad, and white tip narrow: under parts from buffy ferruginous to smoke gray. Measurements. Total length, 467; tail vertebra', 219; hind foot, 67. d.—extimus. (Seiurus), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 158. Ty/>e locality. Miami, Dade County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. South Florida. Genl. Char. Smallest of S. carolinensis series; color light; tail short. Color. Upper part yellowish gray; tail light gray; under parts white; ear tufts white. Measurements. Total length, average, 438.4; tail vertebra", 190; hind foot, 47. 0. Hesperosciuras , Nelsou. Premolars, ^. Skull large, long and broad, especially across parietal region, where the brain case is depressed; zygomatic process of squamosal horizontal, arch obliquely ascending but less than in Neosciiirus. Rostrum deep; nasals long, broad anteriorly and ending on a line with the premaxillaries posteriorly. Molar series very heavy. 74. £;riseu5. {Sciurus), Ord, Guth. Geog., 1815, p. 292. fossor, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., Mamm. and Birds, 1848, p. 55. hermanni. LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1852, p. 149. leporinus, Hensh. Ann. Rep. Engin., 1876, p. 25. Type locality. Southwestern Washington, western Oregon, Cali- fornia. Geogr. Distr. Northern California. Oregon and Washington. Genl. Char. Size large; tail vertebra; as long as body and head. Upper molars, five. Skull long, broad, rostrum broad, deep. Fig. 12. SciuRus (Hesperosciurus) griseus. No. b6o8 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Color. Above grizzled bluish gray and black; under parts pure white; tuft at base of ear chestnut; tail mixed gray, white and black, with a white border, beneath grizzled grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 565; tail vertebrse, 257; hind foot, 77; ear, 30^^. a. — ni^ripes. [Sfiurus), Bryant, Proc. Cal. Acad. Scien., 1889, p. 25. Tv/e locality. San Mateo County, California, south of San Fran- cisco. Geogr. Distr. Red Wood belt, coast region of California, south of San Francisco. Genl. Char. Feet dark brown or black; back reddish brown. Color. Differs from 5. griseus in having the back and upper parts generally reddish brown; top of head dark gray tinged with reddish brown, and feet blackish. Tail above blackish, with white exterior border, beneath pale gray in center, bordered with black and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 545 ; tail vertebral', 285; hind foot, 75. b.—anthonyi. {Sciunis), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , 1S97, p. 501. Type locality. Campbell's Ranch, Laguna, San Diego County, California. Geogr. Distr. Interior of Southern and Lower California. Genl. Char. Similar to .S'. i:^riseui, but faintly suffused with brown on back. Color. Above, gray suffused with yellowish brown; orbital ring and under parts white; feet yellowish brown, gray and black mixed, edged with white; ears at base tawny ochraceous. Tail gray above tipped with white, beneath gray bordered with black and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 540; tail vertebr;i', 270; hind foot, 79; ear from crown, 28. D. Otosciurus, Nelson. Premolars, ^. Skull very broad, rather short; brain case depressed posteriorly, inflated laterally; rostrum compressed; nasals narrowing posteriorly and extending beyond the premaxillaries. Molar series very heavy. 75. aberti. {Sciums), Woodh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1852, p. 220. (lorsalis, Woodh. (nee Gray), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1852, p. 110. castanonoius, Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 266. Type locality. San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Arizona, New Mexico and mountains of Colorado. Gen/. Char. Above grizzly gray, median stripe chestnut. Co/i'r. Upper parts grizzled bluish gray; broad dorsal stripe chestnut; black lateral stripe, feet and under parts white; ear tufts glossy black tinged with chestnut. Tail above blackish fringed with white: beneath pure white. Measurements. Total length, 521; tail vertebrre, 229; hind foot, 62; ear, 55. o.—concolor. {.Sciurus), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, p. 241. 'Type locality. Loveland, Larimer County, Colorado. Geogr Distr. Northeastern Colorado. Genl. Char. Similar to .S". aberti, but no chestnut on back; tail same on both sides. FiG. 13. SCIURUS (Otosciurus) aberti. No. 2;2g Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Color. Entire upper parts gray; under surface of bod}- and limbs white; upper part of feet gray, toes white; ears gray with length- ened tufts, black mixed with gray, and chestnut. Tail same above and below, gray bordered with black and fringed with white. Mfasurements. Total length, 495; tail vertebra?, 215; ear from occiput, 22; hind foot, 61. E. Araeoscinrns, Nelson. Premolars, i^. Skull broad, flat, not contracted posteriorly; I— I ' ' '^ -' depressed between orbits; nasals long as interorbital width, extend- ing posteriorly to end of premaxillaries. 76. apache. (Sciiiriis), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 29. griseojlavus, Thomas, (nee Gray), Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 372. Type locality. Northern Chihuahua, Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Chihuahua Mountains, Arizona, south into Mex- ico in the Sierra Madre to Durango. Genl. Char. Size large, back yellowish gray; tail long, bushy, vertebrae nearly equal to head and body. Rostral portions of skull short and broad, nasals little narrowed posteriorly. Color. Summer Pelage. Upper parts, including nose and base of tail, iron gray washed with yellow; crown and back blackish; flanks washed with pale yellowish; sides of head gray mixed with black and fulvous; under parts and feet huffy yellow to orange yellow, sometimes suffused with rusty. Orbital ring varying from buffy white to ful- vous; ears gray tinged with buff; outside of hind legs gray suffused with rusty. Tail above black washed with pale or rusty yellow and fringed with yellowish white, beneath with a median area of ferrugin- ous orange or rusty rufous, bordered with a broad black band and fringed with pale yellowish. Measurements. Average of five adults: Total length, 565.8; tail vertebra', 279; hind foot, 79.2. 77. arizonensis. (Seii/rus). Cones. .\m. Nat.. i V 'T^i^K^WbT ¥ J Fig. 14. SciuRus (Araeosciurus) arizonensis. No. 1705 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. colliaei, Allen, Mon. Rod., 1S77, p. 738, (nee Rich). Type locality. Fort Whipple, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona. Genl. Char. Smaller than .S'. carolinensis; tail as long as head and body; soles naked to heels. Color. Above mixed gray, black, white and tawny; the latter predominating; sides and limbs outside grizzled gray and white. Beneath and inside of limbs pure white. Tail above at base gray and white, remainder black mixed with white and fringed broadly with white; beneath tawny in the center bordered with black and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 478; tail vertebrae, 240; hind foot, 58; height of ear, 20. n.^huachuca. (Sa't/rus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, P- 349- Type locality. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Huachuca Mountains, Southern Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to S. arizonensis, but nearly uniform gray above, only a trace of a fulvous dorsal stripe. Color. Upper parts gray; dorsal stripe nearly obsolete; sides lighter gray; nape patch pale fulvous; tail above black sprinkled with white, and fringed broadly with white; beneath pale chestnut, bor- dered with black and broadly fringed with white. Under parts of body and limbs pure white. Measurements. Total length, 540; tail vertebrae, 265; hind foot, 70; ear, 34. E. Tamiasciunis, Trouess. 1880. J. A. Allen. Revision 0/ the Chickarees or Xorth American Red Squirrels {Subgenus Tamiasciurus). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 249. Premolars, ^^ or ^— i. Skull short, broad, depressed between 1— I • I— I . orbits, superior outline greatly curved, highest point between post orbital processes of the frontal; rostrum short, deep, broad; nasals broad, not equal to interorbital width; squamosal process of zygoma projecting outward, curving gradually downward. Molar series rather heavy comparatively. 78. hudsonius. (Sciurus), Erxleb. Mamm., 1777, p. 416. Type locality. Hudson Strait. Geogr. Distr. Boreal North America, Labrador, west to Rocky Mountains, and Alaska. Fig. 15. SciuRus (Tamiasciurus) hudsonius. No. X202 Field Columlii.in Museum Coll. N.it. size. Genl. Char. Size small, tail short, narrow; a dorsal stripe in winter, chest not rufous; under parts white vermiculated with black. Color. Winter Pcldi^e. Upper parts and dorsal stripe chestnut rufous; sides olivaceous gray: under parts grayish white. Tail above in center yellowish rufous, with a broad border and sub-terminal bar of black fringed with yellowish rutous; beneath yellowish ^'rav bor- dered and fringed as above. Summer Pelage. No dorsal stripe; upper parts yellowish rufous; conspicuous black lateral line; under parts pure white; no ear tufts; tail as in winter, less full. Measurements. Total length, 296-333; tail vertebr;e, 89-134; hind foot, 43-48. a.—iymnicws. [Sciurus), Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. 28. '/ype locality. Greenville, Maine. Gcogr. Distr. Eastern North America south of Labrador to Northern New York, through Canada to Northern Michigan and Northern Minnesota. Genl. Char. Size small: colors dark; beneath gray in winter, tail dark. Color. Winter Pelage. Dorsal band ferruginous; sides and feet above, olivaceous gray; under parts gray and dusky; tail above ferru- ginous, fringed with same and with a subapical black band; beneath tawny fringed and banded as on upper surface. Summer Pelage. Above dull ferruginous, brightest on upper sur- face of arms and feet; olivaceous on sides and face; black lateral stripe; under parts pure white. Measurements. Total length, 300; tail vertebra, 117; hind foot, 47. h. — loquax. {Sciurus), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 161. earolinensis, Ord, (nee Gmel). Guthr. Geog., Am. ed. 1818, 11, p. 292. Type locality. Libert}- Hill, New London, Connecticut. Geogr. Distr. Ontario to North Carolina in the east, and west to Minnesota. Genl. Char. Larger than .S'. liudsonius; tail longer; dorsal stripe in winter bright red; under parts not vermiculated. Color. Winter Pelage. Similar to .S. hudsonius; but dorsal stripe brighter red varying to orange rufous; rest of upper parts more yel- lowish; under parts grayish white. Black on tail narrower; hairs on central part clear red. Summer Pelage. Usually brighter and more red; above reddish yellow; feet ochraceous, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 286-356; tail vertebrs, 92-146; hind foot, 40-52. c—minnesota. (Sciurus), Allen, Am. Nat., 1899, xxxiii, p. 640. Type locality. Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Geogr. Distr. Southern Minnesota and Wisconsin, Iowa? east- ward to Northern Indiana. Genl. Char. Sizes largest of the eastern Chickarees; hind foot large, colors light. Color. Above and sides, pale yellow and black, the tips of the hairs being yellow succeeded by a black band which shows among the yellow. A broad light red band from between the ears along the back to end of tail vertebrae; beneath grayish white. Tail light red above, bordered and tipped narrowl}' with black and fringed with pale yellow; beneath pale \ellow, bordered with black and a pale yel- low fringe. Forehead reddish; sides of face light gray. Measurements. Total length, 345-369; tail vertebra, 137-143; hind foot, 47-50. (h—dakotensis. (Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, P- 325 Type locality. Black Hills, South Dakota. Giogr. Distr. Black Hills of South Dakota and adjoining parts of Wyoming. Genl. Char. Size larger than .S^. h. loqua.x ; colors paler. Color. Winter Pelage. Dorsal line yellowish rufous; rest of upper parts and outside of limbs and feet, yellowish gray; beneath white; tail above like back with narrow black border and fulvous fringe; beneath pale gray in center shading into pale fulvous, bor- dered and fringed as on upper part. Summer Filage. Above yellow olive gray; no lateral line; out- side shoulders, feet and edge of thighs, yellowish rufous; beneath pure white; tail above yellowish rufous, bordered and fringed as in winter, beneath grizzled, yellowish in center. Measurements. Total length, 338-356; tail vertebra% 143-149; hind foot, 50-52. e.—haileyi. (Seiums), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1S9S, p. 261. Type locality. Big Horn Mountains, Wj'oming. Geogr. Distr. Mountain ranges of Central Wyoming and East- ern Montana, north into Alberta, in eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Genl. Char. Pale dorsal band, tail narrowly bordered with black, size large. Color. Summer Pelage. Above yellowish olivaceous; fore legs and feet, edge of thighs and hind feet ochraceous orange; black lateral line; beneath white washed with yellow; tail above cherry red to yel- lowish red, grizzled, bordered with black and fringed with yellow; lower surface pale yellowish gray grizzled with black, bordered and fringed like upper part. Measurements. Total length, 313-359; tail vertebra;, 121-145; hind foot, 49-53. f.—ventorum. (.Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 263. Type locality. South Pass City, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Wind River Mountains north to Mystic Lake, west to head of Snake River in Idaho, south to Wahsatch Range, northeastern Utah. Genl. Char. Dorsal line and back dark red; apical third of tail black; size large. Color. Winter Pelage. Upper parts, legs and feet yellowish gray; dorsal line dark rufous; lateral line dusky; beneath white; tail above yellowish rufous bordered with black and fringed with yellow; beneath grizzled gray. Summer Pelage. Above dark olivaceous, sides of shoulders and edge of thighs reddish fulvous; feet above ochraceous; lateral line obscure; tail like winter but reddish, central area not well defined. Measurements. Total length, 300-350; tail vertebrae, 121-145; hind foot, 49-55. g.—richardsoni. (Sciurus), Bachm., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1838, p. 100. Ty/>e locality. Columbia River, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Western border of northern Montana, central and northern Idaho, northeastern Washington and Oregon, north- ward into British Columbia. Genl. Char. Upper surface of tail mostly black; size large. Color. Winter Pelage. Upper parts, limbs and feet, brownish gray; dorsalb and chestnut rufous; tail on basal half dark rufous in center grizzled with black, remainder all black fringed with yellowish for two-thirds the length; black lateral line present; beneath, yellow- ish gray in center, rest black; under parts white vermiculated with black; ears tipped with black. Summer Pelage. Above rufous olivaceous; fore arm to shoulder, hind limbs to thighs, and feet ochraceous orange; beneath white; black lateral line conspicuous; tail above deep red for two-thirds the length, rest black with rufous fringe on sides, beneath grizzled gray washed with fulvous. Measurements. Average total length, 333; tail vertebra-, 125; hind foot, 51.7. h.—streatori. {Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1898, p. 267. Type locality. Ducks, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Northern Washington from Columbia River to central British Columbia. Genl. Char. Apical third of tail black; size large. Color. Winter Pelage. Similar to S. h. richardsoni, but tail less black. Dark chestnut dorsal band; beneath grayish white. Tail above four-fifths its length rufous chestnut grizzled with black, with the usual black border and pale yellow fringe; apical portion black; below grizzled gray tinged with pale rufous. Summer Pelage. More olivaceous, less rufous; lateral line broad and black; black on tail much reduced; yellow fringe broadened. Measurements. Total length, 280-355; *^'l vertebra;, 105-144; hind foot, 47-54. i. — Vancouver ensis. (Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 165. Type locality. Duncan Station, Vancouver Island. Geogr. Distr. \'ancouver Island north to Sitka, Alaska. Gen/. Char. Apical third of tail black. Size small. Color. IVinler Pelage. Above like .S'. /;. richardsoni; tail has only the apical third black; under parts gray tinged with brown and vermiculated with dusky. Tail like that of .S". /;. streatori. Summer Pelage. Above dark olivaceous, tinged with reddish in some specimens; under parts white tinged with yellow. Measurements. Total length, 290-325; tail vertebra^, 103-132; hind foot, 48-52. 79. douglasi. {Siiurus), Bachm., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1838, p. 99. helcheri. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, p. 263. suckleyi. Baird, Proc. .^cad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 333. Type locality. "Columbus River," Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of Oregon and Washington, from Cape Blanco to Puget Sound. Genl. Char. Tail fringed with yellowish; beneath in summer, orange. Color. Winter Pelage. Dark ferruginous dorsal band; rest of upper parts, limbs and feet, dark gray; under parts ochraceous gray vermiculated with black; lateral line present. Tail above two- thirds its length dark ferruginous and black; black border narrow; subterminal black bar broad; fringe of tail yellowish. Tail beneath grizzled rusty, the black margin apical band and yellow fringe more distinct than above. Summer Pelage. Olivaceous brown tinged with reddish; under parts orange varying in depth; feet orange rufous; lateral line con- spicuously black. Tail as in winter pelage, but thinner. Measurements. Total length, 295-343; '^'' vertebr;f, 1 13-144; hind foot, 47-51. a—moUipilosus. (Sciurus), Aud. & Bach., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 102. orarius, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 281. Type locality. Northern California. Geogr. Distr. Coast of northern California from Sonoma county, into Curry county, Oregon. Genl. Char. White tail fringe; size small. Color. Winter Pelage. Similar to S. douglasi, but dorsal band not so dark, and sides more grayish; under parts buffy gray and black. Tail as in S. douglasi, but fringed with white instead of yellow. .'Summer Pelage. Like .S'. douglasi, but tail fringed with white. Above more olivaceous. Measurements. Total length, 314-347; tail vertebra, 121-148; hind foot, 45-55. h—caxenflennin. {Sciurus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1S98, p. 277. Type locality. Mt. Hood, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington, north into British Columbia. Also coast region from Fraser River to Rivers Inlet north of Vancouver Island. Genl. Char. White fringed tail; size larger than 5. ,/. tiiollipilo- sus. Color. SuiiiiHtr Pelage. More olivaceous above and less deeply orange below than either .S'. d. mollipilosus or .S'. donglasi, varying from yellowish buff to buffy ochraceous (Allen 1. c). Measurements. Total length, 270-34S; tail vertebrae. 102-146; hind foot, 48-52. C — albolimhatus. (.Set//ri/s). Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iSgS, P- 453- californicKS, Allen, Bull. .\m. ^lus. Nat. Hist., 1S90, p. 165. (Pre-occupied). Type locality. Sierra Nevada of northern California:-' Geogr. Distr. Sierra Nevada region of northern California and Oregon east of Cascades to the Maury Mountains, and Strawberry Butte. Genl. Char. Tail fringe white; under parts in summer pale buff. Color. Winter Pelage. Upper parts like 5. d. cascadensis, dorsal band paler chestnut and general color lighter grayish. Outer fringe on tail broader. Under parts grayish white. Summer Pelage. Above like 6'. d. cascadensis: ventral surface pale fulvous: feet, and line on edge of thigh, deep ochraceous. Measurements. Total length, 290-348: tail vertebra^, 1 16-156; hind foot, 47-55. 80. fremonti. {.Saurus). Aud. iV Bach. Quad. N. Am., 1S53. Ill, P- 237. Type locality. South Pass, Rocky Mountains? Geogr. Distr. Mountains of Colorado and Uintah Mountains, Utah, to the southern border of Wyoming. Genl. Char. Dorsal band, pale yellowish rufous. Color. Winter Pelage. Above gray; dorsal band pale yellowish rufous; obscure dusky lateral line; under parts grayish white. Tail yellowish rusty above, bordered with black and fringed with white; beneath pale fulvous gray, bordered and fringed as above. .Summer Pelage. Above yellowish gray; fore arm and upper surface of feet ochraceous; lateral line black: beneath grayish white; tail as in winter, but thinner. Miiisini-mfitls. Total lengtii, 303-345; tail vertebr^r, 102-145; hind foot, 47-52. (/ t)io6i>Uftts.is. (Sciiiriis). Mearns, Bull. Am. Miis. Nat. Hist.. 1887-90, p. 277. J'ype locality. ' Ouaking Asp Settlement, central .\rizona. iiCi'gr. Distr. Higher mountains ami plateaus of central .\ri- 'ona. Giiil. Char. Dorsal hand brighter yellowish rufous than in .V. . »U'll/i. Wiiilii I'liagt'. Like 5. /ri-i/n'/i//,bul the dorsal band is a brighter, iceper tint of yellowish rufous. Suiiinur J'<-lax<'. Like .V. /ri-iiw/iti, but upper parts brighter rufous. Measurfiiunls. Total length, 310 365: tail vertebra-, 126-15^; hind foot, 49-56- /- neonipxicnnitf . (.'^cii/r//.<;), Allen. Bull. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist.. iMy8, p. 291. yV/t' localily. Kayado Canon. Colfax county, New Mexico. G(i'i;r. Dislr. Taos Range, New Mexico. GcnI. Char. Similar to .S. / mogolhnsis, but smaller. Color. IVinltr J't'la^^g. "Similar to S. fremonti, but dorsal band much brighter yellowish rufous, nearly as in S. f. iiiogollensis." Mfasiirements. Total length, 308-330; tail vertebra'. 127-145; hind foot, 45-52 (Allen 1. c). c — ^ruhamensui. (.SV/V//v/j). .Mien. lUill. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1894, P- 350- '/'y/>f loialily. (iraham Mountains, .\rizona. Gioi^r. Dislr. Graham Mountains, southeastern .\rizona. Gtnl. Char. Like .V. /. iiioi^ollensis, but paler. Color. Stimiiier Pelage. More yellow above than .V. /'. mogollen- sis, with tail above ochraceous, and nearly white beneath. Mfasiircnifnls. Total length, 325-340; tail vertebra, 130-140: hind foot. 50-57. :{7. Taiiiias. I. ' ' ; P. ' ", or '"' ; M. ^^- ; = 20 or 22. 1 1 1-1' 11 13 J. .\. .\llen. A rivieiv of some of the Xorth Aiiteritaii i^roiind squirrels. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 45. C. H. Merriam. Xotes on the Chipmunks of the Genus Eutamias. occurring west of the east base of the Cascade Sierra system, ioith descrip- tion of neii' forms. Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash., 1.S97, p. 189. Tamias. 111. Syst. Mamm., 1811, p. 830. Type Sciurus striatus, Linn. Tcnotis, Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, i, p. 362. Eutamias, Trouess. Le Nat., 1880, p. 86. Tail short, not bushy, narrow, cheek pouches large ; ears medium without tufts. Skull narrow anteriorly, superior outline convex, postorbital processes slender, directed backward and downward ; anteorbital foramen oval ; zygomata expanded and depressed anterior- ly; upper premolars either two or one. A. Eutamias. Skull with superior outline highest over parietals ; orbital fora- men a narrow, oval, slit-like opening ; rostrum compressed ; nasals short, narrowing only slightlj' posteriorly ; pterygoid fossa long and wider; audital bullae large. Fig. 16. Tamias (Eutamias) dorsalis. No. 83g Field Columbian Museum Coll. Upper tooth kow. Lower tooth row Enlarged 4 times. Enlarged 4 times. 81. dorsalis. {Tamias), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, P- 332- qiiadrivitatus pallidus, Coues & Yarr. in Wheeler's Rep. Geogr. Expl. & Surv. West of 100 Merid., 1876, v, p. 118. Type locality. Fort Webster, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Northern Utah to Mexico ; west to Sierra Nevada Mountains ; east to the Mimbres in New Mexico. Genl. Char. Single dorsal stripe alone conspicuous. Color. Upper parts hoaiy mixed with rusty and brown ; flanks and hips dull rusty ; dorsal stripe dark brown ; a faint stripe of gray- ish on flanks. L'nder parts dull grayish white. Tail above mixed black, chestnut anil white ; hairs chestnut at base. Face with usual Tamias stripes. Measiiiemenis. Total length, 237 ; tail vertebra', 105 ; hind foot, 22 ; ear, 20. a. utahensi.". (Eu/amias), Merr.,Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 210. jypc Uycality. Ogden, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Northern I'tah and northwestern Nevada through Arizona to New Mexico. Cienl. Char. Similar to, but smaller and paler than T. dorsa/is ; markings less distinct ; tail below fulvous ; not rufous. Color. Winter Pelage. Above hoary butf ; top of head dark : median dorsal stripe noticeable, others nearly obsolete ; sides pale fulvous; post-auricular patch light buff; facial stripes pale. Tail below fulvous, bordered with black fringed with yellowish. Measurements. Average total length, 223.6: tail vertebra^, loa ; hind foot, 32.9. 82. palmeri. {Eulamias), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 208. Type locality. Charleston Peak, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Restricted to type locality. Genl. Char. Resembles T. dorsalis in winter pelage ; dorsal stripes short. Color. Winter Pelage. Above gray : flanks pale fulvous ; light stripes hoary gray, outer ones whitish; dark dorsal stripes pale ferrugi- nous : middle one blackish : facial stripes faint ; feet grayish fulvous. Tail above grayish at base, remainder black, tips of hairs on base and sides yellowish ; beneath rufous bordered witli black, fringed on sides with yellowish. .\feasurements. .Average total length, 219.3 ■ '3'' vertebra', 93.4 ; hind foot, 33.3. 83. townsendi. ( y'aw/ay), Bachm., Jour. .Vcad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 68. cooperi. Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 334. Type locality. Mouth of Columbia River. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, from mouth of Columbia River northward ; east in north- ern Cascades to head of Lake Chelan. Genl. Char. Yellowish brown or olivaceous rufous above ; size large, tail very long, equal to three-fourths the length of head and body, ears large. Color. Post /irciJint^ Pe/ai^i-. General color olivaceous rufous with a 3'ellow tinge ; flanks deeper. Black dorsal stripes five : outer ones shortest : outer pair of light stripes, gray. Facial markings of usual pattern. Ears blackish/ grayish spot behind base of ear. Ven- tral surface grajish white. Tail above black fringed with white : be- neath bright chestnut, bordered with black and fringed with white. Bict'ding Pelage. Tints paler, lightest dorsal stripes, gray. Measurements. Total length, 257: tail vertebrju, 107: hind foot, },^. n. — hindsu. [Tatnias], Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, p. 264. Type locality. Nicasio? California. Geogr. Distr. Coast of California from San Francisco north. Genl. Char. Similar to S. iownscndi. but much darker : lightest dorsal stripes whitish : post-auricular patch conspicuous. Color. Posi-hrceding Pelage. Above cinnamon rufous : median pair of light stripes like ground color, outer pair whitish : \entral sur- face white washed with buff. Breeiling Pelage. Above dark reddish brown, mixed with gray ; brighter red on flanks, darker gray on rump, thighs and shoulders. Dark dorsal stripes five, outer pair usually hardly traceable : median stripe edged with chestnut rufous ; median pair of light stripes mixed rufous and gray : outer pair whitish ; facial stripes strongly contrasted. Ear dusky brown anteriorly, silver}' graj' posteriorly. Post auricular patch small, pale gra}'. Ventral surface white. Tail above blackish, beneath reddish chestnut, bordered with black and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 264: tail vertebra^ no; hind foot, 34 ; ear, 11. b.—pricp.i. [Tamias), .Mien, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 333 Type locality. Portola, San Mateo county, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California from Mountains of San Diego and San Bernardino county north to San Francisco. Gent. Char. Intermediate in size and color between T. liindsii and T. mcrriami. Color. Breeding Pelage. Above grayish brown, varied with hazel. Flanks tawny; dorsal stripes — five hazel and black, four ashy-graj*. Shoulders aud thighs grayish; under parts whitish. Light facial stripes gray; dark ones hazel brown; post-auricular patches small, grayish white. Tail, above mixed clay color, and black and gra3-ish: beneath dark reddish cht-stnut bordered with black and fringed with gray. Measurements. Average total length. 252; tail vertebra.-, 119; hind foot, 35. e-—Ochro^enys. {^Eutamias), Merr. . I 'roc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S97, p. 206. J\pe locality. Mendocino, California. Gfoar. Distr. Cazadero, north of- San Francisco Bay, California, to the mouth of Rogue River, Oregon. Gtnl. Char. Size large; colors dark: similar to /'. mtiriami, but darker. Color. Winter Pelage. Upper parts grizzled olive; sides ful- vous: dark dorsal stripes, black; light ones grayish; sides of face ochraceous. Tail, above black and hoary: below chestnut, bordered with black. Po.<:t-l'ree,li/ig Fela,i;e. Above fulvous, paler on rump: only the median dorsal band clear black, others reddish; inner light stripes tinged with fulvous, outer grayish; under parts washed with fulvous. Measiiremfiits. Total length, 261; tail vertebra-, 113; hind foot, 3S. 84. merriami. (/amias), Allen, Bull. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1S90, P- 84. yy/e locality. San Bernardino Mountains, California. Gcogr. Distr. Mountains of Southern California from San Diego county north to Tulare and Monterey counties. Ge/il. Char. Size large; color pale; facial aiul dorsal marking not strongly contrasted; ears high, pointed. Color. Above dull yellowish gray mixed in places with fulvous; dorsal streaks pale yellowish to fulvous brown; the light ones pale gray; sides and rump pale olivaceous. Tail, above blackish fringed with gray: beneath reddish chestnut, bordered with black and fringed with whitish. Post-breeding PeUii^e. Flanks golden rufous; dark dorsal streaks yellowish rufous; light ones silver gray. Tail, below orange chest- nut; above orange yellow. Measurements. Average total length, 2S5; tail vertebra'. 117; hind foot, 34. 85. quadrimaculatus. ( J'amias), Gray, .\nn. >.V Mag. Nat. Hist., i(S67. P- 435- macrorhahiloles. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iSb4, p. 25, fig. p. 26. Type locality. Michigan Bluff, Sacramento \'alle)-, California. Geogr. Distr. Central California, in the Sierra Nevada, Placer county, to Fort Klamath, Oregon, through the vallej- of the Sacra- mento River. Genl. Char. Ears very large, post-auricular patches very large. Color. Post-breeding Pelage. Head and rump gray; rest of body ferruginous, under parts white, sometimes tinged with fulvous. Five dark dorsal stripes black, those on either side next the center one edged with rufous; median light stripes gray, outer ones white. Dark facial streaks rusty brown; light streaks fulvous white: ears blackish edged with rusty and bordered posteriorly with white. Post-auricular patches large, white. Tail, above blackish fringed with white; beneath orange rufous, bordered with black and fringed with white. Autumn Pelage. Like the above except the whole half of the posterior dorsal region is gray; anterior half rufous; flanks deeper rufous, ears more reddish. Afeasurements. Total length, 249; tail vertebrae, 93; hind foot, 305- 86. senex. [Tamias), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 83. Type locality. Summit of Donner Pass, Placer county, California. Geogr. Distr. Sierra Cascade Mountains from Farewell Bend on the Des Chutes River in Oregon, south to the head waters of the Merced River in Yosemite National Park. Genl. Char. All upper parts gray; ears small. Color. Breeding Pelage. Above gray; yellowish tinge on sides of neck and shoulders; flanks yellowish brown; dark dorsal stripes black to rusty brown, light stripes pale gray. Ventral surface dull white. Facial stripes rusty brown and grayish white. Tail, above blackish; below pale orange, edged with black, hairs tipped with white. Measurements. Total length, 263; tail to end of hairs, 114; hind feet, 35. 87. speciosus. {Tamias), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 86. Type locality. San Bernardino Mountains, California. Geogr. Distr. San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains, Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Size medium or small. Similar to T. inerriami: tip of tail above and below, black. Color. Post-breeding Pelage. Dark dorsal stripes dark brown suffused with ferruginous; outer light stripe pure white; sides ferru- ginous; post-auricular patches very large, white; facial stripes dis- tinct; dark ones dusky, obscured with rusty; light ones white. Tail, bright chestnut above obscured with black, edged with yellowish: beneath chestnut with lateral border and terminal fourth black, fringe yellowish. Breeding Pelage. Above yellowish gray with two broad white stripes. Ferruginous color has nearly disappeared from the dark dorsal stripes and flanks, the latter suffused with pale yellowish brown. Measuremctits. Total length, 234; tail vertebrae, 91; hind foot, 32. 88. callipeplus. yTiimias), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 136. Type locality. Mount Pinos, Ventura county, California. Geogr. Dislr. Mount Pinos and head waters of Yule River, north nearly to the Yosemite Vallej'. Genl. Char. Similar to T. speciosiis, but thighs and rump yellow- ish instead of gray, and inner pair of light dorsal stripes vinaceous drab instead of gray. Color. Winter Pelage. Top of head, nape and inner pair of light dorsal stripes vinaceous drab, shoulders ochraceous, flanks fulvous, thighs and rump yellowish; central dorsal stripe dark umber brown edged with rusty, inner pair dark ferruginous, outer pair ful- vous; post-auricular patches large, white: facial stripes dark; tail orange rufous bordered with black and fringed with yellow; under parts pure white. Afeasiiremenls. Total length, 212; tail vertebra', 91.7; hind foot, 34. a.—inyoensis. {Eutamias), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 208. Type locality. White Mountains, Inyo County, California. Geog. Distr. Summits of White and Inyo Mountains, California. Genl. Char. Similar to T. speciosus, but rump grizzled golden yellow. Color. Top of head grizzled grayish; dark dorsal stripe black and rusty: outer pair light stripes white: sides bright fulvous; back and sides of neck grayish white; rump golden yellow and black; feet fulvous. Tail, above yellow ochraceous and black; below fulvous bordered with black. Measurements. Average total length, 229: tail vertebr;r, 100; hind foot, 33.3. 89. frater. (Tamias), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 88. Ty/>e locality. Sierra Nevada Mountains, Placer county, Cali- fornia. Geogr. Distr. Western Nevada to central California and region of Lake Tahoe. Genl. Char. Size large; post-auricular patches large, white; tail deep orange. Color. Breeding Pelage. .\bove pale gray, darker on lower back and thighs: flanks rusty brown; middle dorsal stripes blackish edged with rufous; outer ones light rufous: light stripes, median pair ashy, outer white. Dark facial stripes black or rusty brown: light ones grayish white or white. Tail, above rusty orange mixed with black; beneath orange bordered and tipped with black, and fringed with pale yellow. Measurements. Average total length, 233; tail to end of hairs, 97.5: hind foot, 32. 90. panamintinus. {Tamias). Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, P- 134- Type locality. Johnson Canon, Panamint Mountains, California. Geogr. Distr. West side of Great Basin in California and Nevada. Genl. Char. Similar to T. speciosns of Lower California, but paler: hind foot very short. Color. Winter Pelage. Top of head and rump ash gray; dark dorsal stripes dull fulvous; inner pair of light stripes vinaceous drab, outer pair dull white; sides gray tinged with buffy ochraceous. Facial stripes indistinct. Tail, above orange rufous bordered with black and fringed with yellowish; beneath similar, the orange rufous deeper. Measurements. Tvpe. Total length. 208: tail vertebra:-, 96; hind foot, 31. •91. amoenus. [Tamias), kW&u, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 90. Type loealitv. Fort Klamath, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Fort Klamath, Oregon, to Placer county, Cali- iornia, and western Nevada about Lake Tahoe. Genl. Char. Similar to T. /rater, but smaller, colors paler. Color. .Spring Pelage. Above vinaceous gray ; flanks ochraceous brown ; dark dorsal streaks seal brown edged with rufous ; others chestnut ; light stripes, pale gray ; outermost ones white. Ventral surface white sometimes tinged with yellow. Tail above black and ochraceous ; beneath pale orange yellow, edged and tipped with black, tips of hairs ochraceous yellow. Brreiiing Pelage. Colors much paler : vinaceous of upper parts gone : the stripes are yellowish : flanks pale rufous : tail above pale buff. Measurements. Total length, 207; tail vertebra, 70; hind foot, 30. ■92. caurinus. ('Tamias), Merr.. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,i8g8, P- 352- Tvpe loealitv. Solduck Trail, Olympic Mountains, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Olympic Mountains, Washington, timber line. Genl. Char. Similar to T. amanus, hind feet longer. C\>/i'r. PiHt-l'iecditii^ Pfhi,i;e. As compared with T. amirnus, post- auricular patches obsolete ; back of neck and sliouldcrs grizzled with fulvous, not hoar)' ; dorsal stripes mixed with fulvous ; tail beneath lilack. border broader, and the central portion mixed with black. Mtiisioemcnts. Total length, 210; tail vertebra'. Njihind foot. 34. 93. cinereicollis. ('J'ai>il,i.<:\, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 94. J r/>c locality. San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. Get\i:;r. Distr. San Francisco and Mogollon Mountains, .\rizona. Gcnl. Char. Allied to T. umbriuiis. but neck and shoulder dif- ferently colored from the flanks. Color. Autumn Fflagf. Above gra\- ; flanks yellowish brown ; thighs and rump pale yellowish brown ; dark dorsal stripes black edged with chestnut brown : inner pair of light stripes whitish gray ; outer pair white. Light facial stripes white ; dark ones rusty brown. Under part of bod}' white. Post-auricular patch light gray. Tail above blackish ; beneath orange rufous, bordered with black and fringed with buff. Bri-filing Pi-laxr. Colors much faded : sides faintly washed with pale yellowish brown or pale buff. Upper parts dull j'ellowish gray. .^/(a.uireiHiiits. Average total length, 247 ; tail vertebra-, ici2 ; hind foot, 35. 94. umbrinus. { '/'amias). .Mien. Bull. \m. Mus. Xat. Hist.. i8go, p. 96. Type locality. Uintah Mountains, Itah, south of Fort Bridger. (/',v';v. ni.f locality. Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Gfogr. Dislr. Upper Mississippi Valley, west of Great Lakes. Genl. Char. Large, stout; black markings pronounced; other colors subdued. Color. Spring Pelage. Above gray and black; forehead chest- nut; lower back and rump ferruginous. Cheeks, flanks, and thighs pale yellowish; under parts white. , Dorsal stripes black, white one on either side, between two outer black ones. Tail, above ferrugi- nous at base, rest mixed black and white: beneath fulvous bordered with black and fringed with white. .Measurements. Average total length, 261; tail vertebr;e, 103; hind foot, 36.3. c.—ucnustus. {Tauiias), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S96, p. 137. Type locality. Stillwell, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. Genl. Char. Size equal to 7". .i,'-;-W(V/.f.- colors bright: dorsal bands short. Color. Upper surface dark gray; limbs chestnut rufous; flanks yellowish gray; under parts yellowish white. Dorsal stripes black, light ones yellowish white; face suffused with chestnut rufous; facial stripes inconspicuous. Tail, above mixed black and white, beneath cinnamon rufous bordered with black and fringed with whitish. .^feasiirements. Total length, 260; tail vertebr;e, 100; hind foot, 37. 88. Sperinophiliis. I. t^; p. IJJ; M. ^:^ = 22. 3permophilus. F. C'uv. Mem. Mus., 1822, vi, p. 293. Type. A/ns citilliis, Linn. Spermatophiliis. Wagl. Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 22. Citilliis. Lichten. Darst. neuer odcr wenig bekannt. Siiugeth., 1827-34, pi. xxxi, fig. 2. 82 SPERMOPHILUS. Colohotis. Brandt, Bull. Classe Ph\s — math. Acad. Imp. Scien. St. Petersb., 1844, 11, p. 360. Otospermophilus. Brandt, Bull. Classe Phys-math. Acad. Imp. Scien. St. Petersb., 1884, 11, p. 379. Otocolobus. Brandt, Bull. Classe Phys-math. Acad. Imp. Scien. St. Petersb., 1844, 11, p. 382. Ictidomys. Allen, Mon. Rod., 1877, p. 826. Avwiospermophilus. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1892, p. 27. Xerospcrmophilus. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1892, p. 27. Callospermophilus. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 189 (note). Body rather slender; tail either long, moderate, or short, vary- ing greatly in its length among the different species; ears large to rudimentary, not tufted; cheek pouches large; skull variable, short and broad like Sc turns, or long and narrow; postorbital processes strong with a downward direction; anteorbital foramen circular, with a well developed tubercle on outer lower border. A. OallospermophiluB. Size large. Skull broad; interorbital space broad; nasals broad longer than premaxillaries; first premolar small. Tail less than half the length of head and body. Fig. 17. Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis. No. 2585 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Enlarged 4 times. SPERMOPHILUS. 83 99. lateralis. (Sc/i/rus), Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1S22, 11, p. 46. T)'/e locality. Arkansas River, Colorado, near Canon City. Geogr. Distr. Colorado, Utah (Uintah Mts.), and Arizona, (White and San Francisco Mts.). Genl. Char. Inner black stripe smaller than outer; back griz- zled brown. Color. Above grizzled yellowish brown, gray and black; top of head chestnut; rump and hind part of thighs chestnut brown, mottled with black and yellow; two black stripes enclosing a white one on each side of body; under parts generally pale brownish gray. Tail below bright chestnut, bordered with black and fringed with yellow, above blackish edged with yellow. Mt-asiiremcnts. Total length, 300; tail vertebra', 93: hind part, 43; ear 29. a.—saturatus. (laz/itas). Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1895, p. 43. T)/>e locality. Lake Kichelos, Kittitas county, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Central Washington, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Size large; tail very long, colors dark. Color. Head, sides of neck and fore legs chestnut shaded with black ; upper parts, flanks and hind legs, grizzled rusty black. Dark stripes on back black, light stripe white ; throat, breast, sides of belly and thighs rusty ; chest and belly grizzled black ; feet pale rusty. Tail above like back on basal third, rest margined with a black band broadening at tip ; tips of hairs rusty, beneath reddish yellow border- ed with black. Measurements. Total length, 317; tail vertebrje. 114: hind foot, 46. 100. cinerascens. {Tamias). Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, i8go, p. 20. Type locality. Helena, Montana. Geogr. Distr. Montana, Idaho and northward into Alberta, British America. Genl. Char. Inner black stripe smaller than outer : general color grizzled ash gray. Color. Above clear ash gray grizzled with black ; head and neck to shoulders chestnut ; black and white stripes both broad and long ; outside of thighs reddish brown ; under parts yellowish white, dusky bases of hairs perceptible. Tail above mixed black and gray fringed with yellowish ; below grayish yellow bordered with black. Measurements. Total length, 322 : tail vertebra-, 108 ; hind foot, 44. St SPERMOPHILU3. loi. castanurus. (Tamias), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, iSgo, p. ig. Type loialily. Park City, Wahaatch Mountains, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Washsatch Mountains, Utah. Genl. Char. Inner black stripe large as outer ; mantle ferruginous chestnut. Color. Head and shoulders ferruginous chestnut, sides of neck lighter ; rump and outer side of leg suffused with reddish brown ; two black and one light stripe on sides; under parts dusky yellowish; feet above whitish. Tail above yellow, black and reddish brown mixed and edged with fulvous ; beneath deep chestnut bordered with black. .\[c'asjireinents. Total length, 284; tail vertebra:, 92; hind foot, 43. 102. chrysodeirus. [Tainias), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. ig. Type locality. Fort Klamath, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, northern California and western Nevada. Gcnl. Char. Inner stripe large as outer ; mantle ochraceous. Color. Top pf head rusty chestnut ; sides of face, neck and shoulders ochraceous ; this color more extensive in some specimens than in others ; back grizzled gray ; rump brownish gray ; two black and one yellowish stripe along top of sides ; flanks pale }'ellow och- raceous ; under parts j'ellowish white, the plumbeous at base of hairs showing through. Tail above black and yellow mixed, fringe yellow- ish ; beneath ferruginous bordered with black and fringed with pale ferruginous. Color of tail beneath varies greatly among individuals. Measurements. Total length, 280 ; tail vertebra, 95 ; hind foot, 41 ; ear, 23. a^ber'nardinu,'!. [Spermophilus), Nelson, Science, 1898, Dec, p. 782. brevicaudus. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 134. Type locality. San Bernardino, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Genl. Char. Similar to T. chrysodeirus, but tail and hind foot shorter. Color. Head and neck to shoulders dull fulvous ; white stripe and two black ones on sides of back ; back and rump grizzled gray with a brown tinge. Tail above, basal half grizzled gray ; remainder black edged with fulvous ; beneath chestnut bordered with black and fringed with fulvous. Hind feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 242 ; tail vertebrae, 77 ; hind foot, 34 ; ear, 16. 103. wortmani. [Tamias), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, P- 335- Type locality. Kinnev Ranch, Bitter Creek, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming, limits of range unknown. SPERMOPHILUS. Genl. Char. Inner black lateral band obsolete. Color. Above yellowish gray mixed with black and tinged with vinaceous; a broad yellowish white line and one of black on each side ; top of head vinaceous : sides of neck and shoulders deep och- raceous ; sides straw yellow ; beneath bufly white, dusky base of hairs showing through. Tail above dusky edged with fulvous ; below pale fulvous bordered with black. Measurements. Average total length, 280; tail vertebra', 95; hind- foot, 42. B. Ammospermophilus. Size small. Skull very broad for its length ; interorbital con- striction very slight ; nasals short, rather broad and equal in length to the premaxillaries. First premolar less than half the second in size. Tail one-third the length of head and body. Fig. 18. Spermophilus (Ammospermophilus) leucurus. .No. 21;; Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. si/e. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Upper tooth rov Knlarged 4 tinu'S. 104. harrisii. {Spermophilus), .\ud. >.V Bach. Oiiadr. , 1854. Ill, p. 267, pi. 144. fig. I. Type locality. Not determined. Geogr. Distr. Southern I'tah and Nevada into California, and south into Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. 86 SPERMOPHILUS. Genl. Char. Ears small; tail short, black dorsal stripe wanting ; angle of mandibular ramus much developed. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown tinged with vinaceous pos- teriorly ; narrow white stripes on sides ; Banks tinged with pale chest- nut ; orbital ring and lower part of body yellowish white. Tail flat, above black and white edged with white ; beneath white bordered with black and edged with white. Some specimens exhibit little or no differences between the upper and lower sides of the tail. Measurements. Total length, 260; tail vertebra;, 88; hind foot, 41. a.—saxicolus. {Spermopkiliis), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 444. Type locality. Tinajas Altas, Gila Mountains, Yuma county, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Gila Mountains in southwestern Arizona, into Sonora. Gejil. Char. Colors pallid; tail rather long. Color. Like 5. harrisii, but all hues much paler, and tail longer. Measurements. Total length, 245; tail vertebra^ 93; hind foot, 40. 105. leucurus. {Tamias), Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 20. Type locality. San Gorgonio Pass, California. Geogr. Distr. California and Utah to Arizona and New Mexico. Genl. Char. Smaller than T. harrisii, tail shorter, below white. Color. Above grizzled gray, vinaceous on head and rump; out- side of legs salmon; white stripe on side of back; under parts white. Tail, above iron gray with indistinct white border; beneath white, bordered with black. Measurements. Total length, 209; tail vertebrae, 69; hind foot, 38. a. — cinnamomeus. (Taimas), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, pp. 51 and 52. Type locality. Echo Cliffs, Painted Desert, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Desert Region, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. Genl. Char. Ears, tail, and hind feet larger than in T. leucurus. Color. Upper parts uniform pale cinnamon, lined with black; paler on shoulders, legs and rump; rest of coat similar to T. leucurus. Measuretnents. Total length, 220; tail vertebra:-, 76; hind foot, 40. 106. interpres. (Tamias), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 21. Type locality. El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Te.xas, limits of range undeter- mined. Color. Winter Pelage. Above grizzled gray tinged with vinace- ous; shoulder, hips and outer surface of legs ochraceous buff; white SPERMOPHILUS. 87 Stripe on eyelids and on each side of back; under parts white. Tail, above grizzled gray tinged with fulvous; edge whitish; beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 226; tail vertebrse, 80; hind foot, 37. 107. nelsoni. {Spermophilus), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash., 1893, p. 129. Type locality. Tipton, San Joaquin Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Central California. Genl. Char. Similar to .V. Icucurus, but larger; above j^ellowish brown. Color. Above yellowish brown; under parts whitish. Tail, above basal third like back, rest black and white with white border, beneath buffy white bordered with black, edged with white. Measurements. Average total length, 228.6; tail vertebr;e, 68.4; hind foot, 40.4. C. Otosperraophilus. " Skull broad, molars small; edge of outer wall of anteorbital foramen not thickened; coronoid processes of lower jaw long and slender; ears very large, tail long, full, bushy." Fig. 19. Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) grammurus. No. 2132 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. 88 SPERMOPHILUS. 108. grammurus. (.SV/V//7/.f ), Saj-, in Long's Exped. Rock\' Mts., 1823, II, p. 72. couchii. Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 311, pi. 81. Type locality. Purgatory Creek, Colorado, Lat. 37^ 32'; Long. 103° 30'. Geogr. Distr. Parks of central Colorado, south to Mexico. Genl. Char. Tail long, full, bushy; earslarge, body large, stout; soles of feet smooth. Color. Above gray mottled with brownish white and black; washed posteriorly with brown; sides of neck and flanks pure gray; inside of limbs brownish white; under parts pale yellowish white, feet gray. Tail grayish white with three black bands. Measurements. Total length, 530 ; tail vertebrae, 200 ; hind foot, 60. a — beecheyi. (Arctomys), Richard, Faun. Bor. Amer., 1829, i, p. 170. californiciis. Less. Mamm. and Ois. Nouv. , 1847, p. 143. Type locality. California. Vicinity of San Francisco or Mon- terey. ? Geogr. Distr. West of Sierra Nevada, northern California. Genl. Char. Size large, ears large, prominent. Tail more than two-thirds length of body. Color. Above mixed black and pale yellowish brown; top of head dark brown; sides of head and neck and patch behind the ear yellowish gray, in some lights nearly white; these patches extend in a more or less slender line on either side above shoulders nearly to middle of body; back indistinctly spotted in buff, arranged in some- what irregular transverse lines. Under parts pale yellowish white, or pale buff. Tail above black sprinkled with yellowish white tipped hairs, and edged with pale yellowish brown, with three black mar- ginal lines, outermost broadest and most distinct, and fringed with yellowish white and tipped with black. Measurements. Total length, 402; tail vertebra, 140; hind foot, 60; ear 34. b.—fisheri. (Spermophilus), Merr.,Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 133. Type locality. Kern Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Western border of Nevada, central and southern California. Genl. Char. Like 5. beecheyi, but paler. Color. Similar to .S. beecheyi, but sides of neck and shoulder stripes silvery white ; body spotted on sides with whitish bordered with dusky ; lower part of face whitish ; under parts and feet buffy. Measurements. Total length, 415; tail vertebrae, 175; hind foot, 58. SPERMOPHILUS. 89 C.—douglasi. {Aritomys), Richardson. Faun. Bor. Amer., 1^29, i, p. 172. Type locality. Plains of the Columbia River, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Northern California, Oregon, (Fort Klamath). Genl. Char. Size intermediate : shoulder patches black. Color. Similar to 5. beecheyi. except that the patch on neck and shoulders is black instead of brown. Tail hoary above and beneath, and three dark bands visible. Affasiirements . Total length, 450; tail vertebra', 210: hind foot, 66. d.—buckleyi. {Spermophilus), Slack. Proc. .\cad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S61, p. 314. Txpe locality. Pack-saddle Mountain, Llano County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Central Texas. Genl. Char. Size large : head and shoulders black : ears small ; soles naked. Color. Head, neck and shoulders above black : the extent of this color varies greatly among individuals ; rest of pelage grizzled white and black. Throat, sides of neck and belly dark ochre : mid- dle of bellv gravish white. Tail grizzled brown and black with irregu- lar, ill defined, black bands. .Measurements. Total length. 513-. tail vertebra% 192; hind foot. 55. D. Oolobotis. Skull abruptly narrowed between orbits: zygomata heavy, spread- ing, flattened transversely ; first premolar large ; tail short, narrow ; ears small, almost hidden by fur. 109. empetra. (Mns), Pall. Nov. Spec. Glir., 177S, p. 74, (Part). .anaJeiisis, Erxleb. Syst. Anim., 1777, p. 363, (Part). parryi, Richard. App. Parrys Sec. Voy. , 1S25, p. 316. kennicotii, Ross. Canad. Nat. ct Geol., 1861, p. 434. phceognathus, Richard. Faun. Bor. .Am., 1S29, p. 161. Txpe locality. Mackenzie River. Geogr. Distr. Arctic America from Melville Peninsula to Icy Cape, Bering Sea : southwest along the Yukon River for a considera- ble distance, and in the east to the verge of the Barren Grounds, Lat. 65 . Genl. Char. Body stout and thick ; tail short and bushy : ears low, broad. Color. Above mixed white, black and yellowish brown, with numerous blotches formed by the white : rest of pelage brownish yel- low, except top of head, which is cinnamon mixed with black. Orbi- SPERMOPHILUS. tal ring pale. Tail above gra)', brown and black intermingled, bor- dered with black and edged with jellowish white ; beneath brownish red bordered with black. Measurements. Total length, 433 ; tail vertebra;, 75. Fig. 20. SPERMOPHILUS (COLOBOTIS) KADIACENSIS. No. u Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. a.—kadiacensis. (Spermophilus'), Allen, Proc. Bost. See, 1874, p. 292. Typt locality. Island of Kadiak, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Kadiak Island only. Genl. Char. Equal in size to 5. empetra, but more gray, white blotches more numerous. Tail shorter. Color. Above mixed gray, brown and black profusely spotted with white ; top of head chestnut ; orbital ring yellowish white ; flanks gray faintly spotted with white ; rest of pelage fulvous or buff ; dark colored bases of hairs on under parts showing through. Tail above at base like back, grading into black and edged with fulvous ; beneath reddish, with black subterminal bar, and fringed with yellowish. Measurements. Total length, 398; tail vertebrae, 108; hind foot, 59. SPERMOPHILUS. 91 iio. beringensis. {S/>ermop>ii/us), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., lyoo, p. 20. Type locality. Cape Lisbourne, Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar to .V. empetra: dorsal vermiculations broken into spots ; tail longer, color deeper. Color. Summer PcUii^e. General color fulvous ; ferruginous on nose and underside of tail ; back spotted with buff)' white ; tail bor- dered with black. Winter Fehn^e. Nose patch bright rusty ; sides of face and neck buffy gray ; back deep fulvous with few white spots ; sides and under parts buffy fulvous. No Measurements given ! 111. osgoodi. (Spermoptiihis), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 18. Type locality. Fort Yukon, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size large ; tail very long ; premaxilla' longer than nasals. Color. Summer relai;e. Top of head deep ferruginous ; neck, shoulders and sides grayish ; flanks deep fulvous ; back fulvous spot- ted with whitish; sides of face, legs, feet and under parts ferruginous. Winter Pela<;e. Similar, but clearer gray on neck and shoulders, thighs and flanks deep ferruginous ; vermiculations on back less broken into spots ; under parts with grayish and fulvous areas. Measurements. None given ! 112. barrowensis. [Spermophilus), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 19. Type locality. Point Barrow, Alaska. Genl. Char. Largest species known ; premaxilla- not so long as nasals. Color. Top and back of head buffy fulvous ; neck and sides buffy and black ; back buffy fulvous speckled with whitish ; beneath, with legs and feet buff)', darkest on breast and belly. Tail above grizzled buffy and black : beneath buffy fulvous bordered with black and fringed with buff. Measurements. Hind foot, 62. None other given ! 113. columbianus. {Arctomus),Ord,G\iih. Geog. 1815, n, p- 292. erythroglutieus, Richard. Faun. Bor. Am., 1829, p. 161. Type locality. Sources of Elk River, Rocky Mountains, lat. 57°. Geogr. Distr. Western Montana to Washington and north through British Columbia and Alaska to Plover Bay in Siberia. Genl. Char. Smaller than S. empetra, ears and tail longer. Color darker. Oa SPERMOPHILUS. Color. Similar to .S'. cmpetra, but there is an obscure brownish streak on back ; upper part of neck blackish ; side of face mixed black and white ; hind parts of hips and thighs brownish red, as are also the feet. Light markings fulvous. Measuremfitls. Total length, 370; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot, 44. 114. richardsoni. i^Arctomys), Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc, 1822, p. 389, pi. 28. guttatus. Rich. Faun. Bor. Am., 1829, p. 162. (nee Tenim). Type locality. Carlton House, Arctic America. Geogr. Distr. From Aberdeen, South Dakota, to North Dakota and Montana, west to Rocky Mountains and north to the Saskatche- wan River to latitude 55°. Genl. Char. Small, tail one-third length head and body ; ear short. Color. Above grayish buff mixed with black and dotted with buff ; neck, shoulders and under parts light buff, shading gradually into the color of upper parts. Tail above rusty brown and black, edged with yellowish white ; beneath buff. Measurements. Average total length, 311; tail vertebrae, 82; hind foot, 46. 115. townsendii. (Sperinophilus), Bachm. Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 61. Type locality. Plains of Columbia near mouth of Walla Walla River. Geogr. Distr. Nebraska westward to Plains of Columbia River, and from Wyoming and Utah to Montana, Idaho and Oregon. Genl. Char. Small ; ears very small ; tail short ; colors dark. Color. Above gray and black mixed, with a wash of dark reddish brown along back, and all indistinctly mottled. Rump and outside of legs reddish brown ; under parts grayish white tinged with brown- ish yellow. Tail above black, edged with yellowish white ; beneath reddish. Measurements. Total length, 305; tail vertebrae, go; hind foot, 37. 116. mollis. {Spermophilus), Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1863, p. 158. Type locality. Camp Floyd, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah and Nevada, exact range not determined. Genl. Char. Form stout ; muzzle short, compressed, ears rudi- mentary ; feet large, claws weak, compressed. Color. Above variegated silvery gray, yellowish brown and black; under parts silvery gray washed with creamy yellow. Tail above SPERMOPHILUS. 03 yellowish brown, mixed with black, bordered and tippetl wiili white ; below reddish brown fringed with white. Mt-asuremcnts. Total length, 208 : tail vertebra', 45. a. — stephensi. {.S/c-rmo/'/it/us), Merr. , Proc. Biol, Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 69. Type locality. Queen Station, Owens \'alley, Nevada, 6,000 feet. Gcogr. Distr. Nevada. (/'('///. Char. Similar to 5'. mollis, but head and shoulders pinkish buff. Color. Summer Pclagi'. Head and neck to shoulders pinkish buff ; below yellowish buff ; rest of upper parts vinaceous buff mixed with brown ; under parts buffy. Tail above and below grizzled buff, fringed with buff. Measurements. Total length, 209; tail \ ertebrjc. 49; hind foot, 32. I), -yakimensis. {Spcrmophilus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 70. Type locality. Mabton, Yakima Countv, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Washington. Gcnl. Char. Like S. tiiollis, but grayer anti tail shorter. Nasals long. Color. Above grizzled buffy gray ; cheeks and sides of neck grayish tinged with yellowish : under parts pale buff. Tail grizzled fulvous, like S. mollis. .Measurements. Total length, 215; tail vertebra:, 41S ; hind foot, 34.2. c.^canus. (Spermophilus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., i8g8, p. 70. Type locality. Antelope, Wasco County, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Northern Oregon, range not determined. Geitl. Char. Similar to .*>■. mollis, but smaller ; shorter hind feet and tail. Color. Above grizzled graj- and dusky : cheeks and sides of neck grayish ; thighs dark, suffused with fulvous : under parts grizzled buffy gray. Tail grayer than in »S". mollis. .\feasuremcnls. Total length, igS : tail vertebra', 40 : hind foot, 30.3. 117. armatus. (.Spcrmophilus), Kennicott. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1863, p. 15S. Type locality. Fort Bridger, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah, Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, precise range not determined. Genl. Char. Stout: ears large; feet large; tail short, bushy; pelage soft. SPERMOPHILUS. Color. Above dark gray and black, washed with dark brown on middle of the back; shoulders, rump and thighs ochraceous brown. Under parts silvery gray tinged with yellowish, dark bases of hairs showing through. Tail, above and below mixed gray and black, sub- terminal black border, and black tip edged with gray. Measurements. Total length, 254; tail vertebrae, 50. 118. elegans. (Speniiophilus), Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1863, p. 158. richardsoni var. townsendi, Allen, Mon. Roden., 1877, p. 848 (nee. Bach.). Type locality. Fort Bridger, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming and Utah. Range undetermined. Genl. Char. Slender; head narrow, tapering; ears rounded, dis- tinct; tail flat, short; feet moderately large. Color. Above pale dusky gray mottled indistinctly with dark brown and washed with brownish; under parts grayish white tinged with pale yellowish brown; rump and thighs yellowish brown; chin, throat, and inside of limbs white. Tail, above like back, but tinged with yellowish brown, and with a subterminal border and bar of black edged with whitish; beneath yellowish brown with an indis- tinct border and bar of black, edged with whitish. Measurements. Total length, 177-255; tail to end of hairs, 88-114. 119. beldingi. [Spermophilus), Merr. , Ann. Acad. Nat. Scien., 1888, P- 317. fig- Type locality. Donner, California. Geogr. Distr. California. Genl. Char. Size equal to 5. townsendi; claws long, strong, nearly straight; hind feet with posterior third of sole, hairy; tail not bushy; ears large. Color. Dorsal band bright rufous; sides and under parts grizzled yellowish gray; tail chestnut beneath, subterminal band black, better shown beneath than above; upper part rufous bordered with black and yellowish. Top of head rufous, chin and throat whitish. Feet light yellowish gray. Measurements. Total length, 275-300; tail vertebrae, 76-89; hind foot, 45; ear 6. 120. oregonus. {Spermophilus). Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 69. Type locality. Swan Lake Valley, Klamath, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality. SPERMOPHILUS. 05 Gcnl. Char. Similar to A', beldingi, but gray and without red dor- sal area and head patch. Color. Above grizzled buffy gray, inclining to fulvous on back; under parts buff, feet whitish buff. Tail like back at base; remainder black and fulvous, edged with hoary and tip black; below chestnut bordered with black and fringed with hoary. MinsHremeiils. Total length, 265; tail vertebra-, 57; hind foot, 42. E. Xerospennophilus Size small. Skull short, broad, interorbital space broad, con- striction one-third less the widest part; nasals broad, not so long as prema.\illaries. First premolar one-third the second in size. Tail one-thirtl the length of head and bodv. Fig. 21. SPERMOPHILUS (Xerospermophilus) microspilotus. No. 703 Field Columbian .Museum Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. 121. obsoletus. (Spermophilus), Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien., Phil., 1863, p. 157. Type locality. Nebraska. Geogr. Distr. Black Hills, South Dakota, into Nebraska, and westward to Utah. Genl. Char. Head narrow, nose long, pointed; tail short, ears small. Color. Above sandy gray grizzled with white, spotted indis- tinctly posteriorly with whitish; stripe under eye, nose, and edge of 90 SPERMOPHILUS. ears light reddish brown; under parts wliitish tinged with sandy brown. Tail, above like back, mixed with black, bordered and tipped with whitish; beneath light reddish brown, indistinct subter- minal black border and tipped with whitish. Measurements. Total length, 205; tail vertebra;, 50. 122. spilosoma. (^Spennophilus), Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. , 1833, p. 40. mexicaniis, And. & Bach. Quad. N. Am., 1853, iii, p. 42, pi. cix. Type locality. California, near Mexican boundary. Geogr. Distr. Southern California to New Mexico (Fort Stan- ton) and El Paso, Texas, south into Mexico. Gent. Char. Size small; ears verv short, tail about half the length of body. Color. Above reddish brown spotted with white, bordered with black posteriori}' in the young; under parts yellowish white. Tail, above like back, with subterminal black bar, tip yellowish brown; beneath brownish yellow, bordered with black and fringed with yel- lowish. McasKreiiu-nts. Total length, 255; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 32. a.~-inicrr)/ii///s), Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 3, i8go, P- 55- Tj/c' locality. San Francisco Mountain, northwestern Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Cedar Belt, northeast of San Francisco Moun- tain, Arizona. Genl. Char. Dark form of Spotted Spermophile. Similar to .V. s. pratensis, longer hind feet and tail, and colors darker. Color. Above dull sepia brown; dorsal spots whitish. Measurements. Total length, igo; tail vertebr;e, 65; hind foot, 33. e.—annectans. (.S/>frmop/n7i(s), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 132. Type locality. Padre Island, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Mustang and Padre Islands, Texas; the former island probably the northern limit of the subspecies. Genl. Char. Similar to .S". .f. major, but graj'er. Color. Above grayish brown spotted with buff}', margined pos- teriorlv with dusky; under parts whitish. Tail like back, apical two- thirds bordered with black, tips of hairs buffy ochraceous. .Measiirrmcnts. Total length, 220; tail vertebras 60; hind foot, 36. 123. cryptospilotus. {Spcniiophilus). Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890. p. 57. Type locality. Tenebito Wash, 25 miles east of the Little Colo- rado, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Painted Desert, Arizona. Genl. Char. Color pale, dorsal spots absent in worn pelago. Color. Above buffy clay color, sometimes tinged with vinaceous cinnamon. Tail like back above, yellowish below with indistinct subterminal black band. .\feasurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebra', 60; hind foot, 32. 124. canescens. {.Spcrmophilt/s), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 38. Type locality. Wilcox, Cochise county, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to .S". spilosoma, ground color drab gray, no fulvous; dorsal spots inclining to coalesce laterally. Color. Above drab gray and hoary; head and face hoary; back covered with elongate whitish markings forming transverse bars. 98 SPERMOPHILUS. Eyelids and under parts white. Tail, above grizzled grayish drab, terminal third blackish, bordered with buff: beneath buff with sub- terminal black band. Measuremerits. Total length, 156; tail vertebrae, 60; hind foot, 28. 125. mohavensis. {Spermopliihis), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, P- 15- Type locality. Mojave River, California. Geogr. Distr. Mojave Desert, California. Genl. Char. Size equal to S. tereticaudus: tail about half the length of body; feet large; ears rudimentary. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown; beneath whitish; tail above like back mixed with black, bordered with white; below white, bordered by black. Measurements. Total length, 230; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot. 38. 126. tereticaudus. {Sper/no/'liilus), Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, P- 315- Type locality. Fort Yuma, California. Geogr. Distr. Central California to Southern Arizona on Tucson Plain. Genl. Char. Tail as long as four fifths head and body; no spots on body, feet broad, soles hairy. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown; beneath brownish white. Tail like back, brown at end, tip yellowish. Measurements. Total length, 248; tail vertebrae, 112; hind foot, 35. 127. neglectus. (Spermophilus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 17. Type locality. Dolan's Springs, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to .V. /<'/r/;Vtf«ermop/nlus), Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 291. Type locality. Plains of lower Yellowstone River. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming south to Texas and east to Missouri, on the plains and desert regions. Genl. Char. Small; colors pale; light stripes white and wide. Color. Very similar to ^. /. olivaceus, possibly slightly paler; tail, above black and white mixed, narrowly bordered and tipped with whitish; below chestnut; subterminal indistinct black bar, sides fringed with whitish; tip same hue. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 75;hiDd foot, 32. h.—olivaceus. (Spermophilus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 337- Type locality. Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geogr. Distr. South Dakota. Genl. Char. Similar to S. t. pallidus, but darker. Color. Above dusky or blackish brown; flanks, stripes and spots pale buff, tinged with olive; beneath buff. Basal half of tail above black and white mixed, narrowly bordered and tipped with whitish; below dark buff, subterminal black bar; sides fringed with whitish, tip same hue. Measurements. Average total length, 252; tail vertebras, 89; hind foot, 34.5. c— parvus. {Spermophilns), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, P- 337- Type loealitv. Uncompahgre Indian Reservation, northeastern Utah. SPERMOPHILUS. 101 iieogr. Distr. Utah and Wyoming. Gen/. Char. Smaller than S. ij-lineatm, or .V. /. olivaccus. Color. Brc-cding Pelage. Above deep russet and blackish: spots and stripes grajish white tinged with cream color; feet anil under parts white with dark bases of hairs perceptible. Measuremfnts. Average total length, 204: tail vertebra', 80: hind foot, 30.6. d. fil/eni {.Sfiermophi/iis), Merr., Proc. Biol. See. Wash., 1S95, p. 71. 7ype loeality. Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming, range not determined. lifnl. Char. Small; colors dark, stripes and spots less reddish than in .V. ij-ltneatiis. Color. Similar to .S". ij-lincatus, but nearly as small as .V. /. par- vus. Above as in species compared; light spots and dorsal rows longer than in .S". rj-lineaius, and tail darker and less reddish. Measvrements. Total length, 211; tail vertebra, 74; hind foot, 32. e. texensh. {Spermophiliis), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc, i8g8, p. 71. Type locality. Gainsville, Cook County, Te.xas. Geogr. Distr. Northern Texas and Oklahoma Territor) . range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to .V. jj-lineatiis, but smaller. Color. Winter Pelage. Above deep ferruginous, grizzled with black; sides of neck, feet and under parts buffy; dorsal stripes and spots buffy white. Tail beneath rusty, mixed and edged with buff, subterminal black bar, tip buff. Above dark buff bordered with black and fringed with buff. Measurements. Total length, 270; tail vertebra', 92; hind foot. 33. f. -hariius. (.Spermophiliis). Bangs, N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. i. Type loeality. Statesbury, Missouri. Geogr. Distr. Missouri, range undetermined. Genl. Char. Larger than 5. /. texensis, colors darker. Color. Winter J'elage. Above chestnut; stripes and spots buff: rest of pelage buff, hairs of under parts plumbeous at base. Tail above chestnut, below ferruginous bordered with black and edged with buff. M,asiire>iients. Total length, 276: tail vertebra", 98.4: hind foot, 35. 130. franklini. (Arctomys), Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc, 1822, p. 587, pi. 27. Type locality. Carlton House, Saskatchewan River, Manitoba. 102 SPERMOPHILUS. CYNOMYS. Geogr. Distr. Valley of Saskatchewan, and through those of the Red River and Mississippi, to the Dakotas and central Kansas. Eastern limit western Indiana. Genl. Char. Size rather large; tail more than half the length of head and body; ear very small. Color. Above yellowish brown spotted obscurely with black; top and sides of head and neck, rump and thighs gray; beneath whitish. Tail grayish white, with three black lines, outermost broad and fringed with white. Measurements. Total length, 378; tail vertebra^, 139; hind foot, 52. 39. Cyiioniys. I. Iizl; P. izl-^ M. 2=i = 22. Cynomys. Rafin. Month. Mag., 1817, ii, p. 45. Type .irctomys ludovUianus. Ord. .Anisony.x, Rafin. Month. Mag., 1817, II, p. 45. Cheek pouches shallow; ears rudimentary; tail very short, flat; feet with claws on all five toes; pollex large, nail well developed: pelage short; dentition very heavy; molars large with three trans- verse grooves on their crowns; first and second premolars nearly equal in size; outline of molar series curved, divergent anteriorly, approximating posteriorly; postorbital processes strong, well devel- oped, decurved; anteorbital foramen large subtriangular, the tubercle at end large and visible when viewed from above, and projecting be- yond the superior outline of skull; palate greatly contracted pos- teriorly; occipital and saggital crests present. 131. ludovicianus. {Arctomys), Ord., Guth. Geog., 1817, p. 292. socialis, Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, II, p. 45. grisea, Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, II, p. 45. missouriensis,V^3.iden, Descrip. Etats-Unis, v. 1820, p. 627. latrans, Harlan, Faun. Am., 1825, p. 306. Type locality. Plains of the Upper Missouri. Geogr. Distr. Western Texas to 49th parallel, and western Kan- sas to eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. Genl. Char. Body stout; tail short; ears very small; claws long. Color. Summer Pelage. Above reddish brown, varied with gray and black hairs; beneath yellowish white. Tail like the back with the apical third black. Winter Pelage. Above pale vinaceous buff, grizzled and mixed with black; below pale buff. Measurements. Total length, 393; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot, 57. Fig. .''3. Cynomys ludovicianus. No. 3745 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. 132. gunnisoni. {Cynomys), Baird, Proc. .Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1-^55. P- 334- Ty/>e locality. Cooachetope Pass. Rocky Mountains. Geogr. Distr. New Mexico and Arizona. Gen/. Char. Smaller than C. ludovicianusy tail one-sixth length of body. Color. Summer Pelage. Above tawny fulvous, mixed with black; 104 CYNOMYS. ARCTOMYS. under parts pale fulvous; tail like back on basal half, rest mixed black and white bordered and tipped with white. Winter Pelage. Above pale buff, mixed with black; under parts pale yellow to fulvous. Measurements. Average total length, 360; tail vertebrae, 69; hind foot, 60. 133. lewisil. {Arctomys), Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. .\m.. Ill, i«53, p. 32, pi. cvii. leucurus, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 33. Type locality. Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming, Utah in llncompahgre Indian Reser- vation. Genl. Char. Similar to C'. gunnisoni, but two-thirds of tail white. Color. Above grizzled; grayish buff mixed with black on rump; black patch over eye and a black and buff one below the eye; thighs buff; under parts buffy white. Tail, basal half like back; terminal half white. Measurements. Total length, 335; tail vertebrae, 53; hind foot, 58. 134. arizonensis. Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., i8go, p. 305. Ty/ie locality. Point of Mountain, near Wilcox, southern Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Southern Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large; tail nearly twice as long as E. giinni- soni. Color. Summer Pelage. Above vinaceous-cinnanion; below whit- ish; tail with a narrow subterminal bar of broccoli brown. Winter Pelage. Above pale sandy buff; below white tinged with buff. Measurements. Average total length, 376; tail vertebras, 84; hind foot, 61. 40. Arctoniys. I. iz:!; p. ^JZl- M. ^^ - 22. Arctomys. Schreb. Saugeth., 1792, p. 770. Type.-/, marmotta, Linn. Mus. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, i, p. 601 (Part). Glis. Erxleb. Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 358 (Part). Form stout, heavy, legs short; tail short, stout, hairy; cheek pouches small; fore feet with a rudimentary poUex having a flat nail. Skull heavy; superior outline nearly straight to posterior portion of nasals when it curves downward; interorbital region depressed; post- orbital processes broad at base, stout, decurved, and at right angles to axis of skull; zygomata expanded; molar series with two trans- verse grooves across their crowns, nearly parallel, barely converging I ARCTOMYS. posteriorly. First premolar slightly smaller than the second; palate broad, of nearly equal width throughout its length: bulla' inflated, moderately large. Fig. 24. Arctomys wonax. No. .445 Field Columbiao Museum Coll. ■; nat. size. 135. monax. {.Vus), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1758, i, p. 60. /j/f' locality. Maryland. Geof^r. Distr. From New York to Georgia, west to the Dakotas, intergrading in the Alleghanian and Canadian fauna- with next three species. Gt-nl. Char. Bod>' robust, heavy; ears large ami rounded; tail less than half the length of body, bushy. Color verging from almost black to yellowish or whitish gray. Color. Crown and upper parts usually brownish black; nose and chin gray; cheeks and throat yellowish white; under parts brown- ish chestnut; feet black or dark brown. Tail black. .\fciuureni(nts. Total length, 484; tail vertebra,-. 114; hind foot, 80. st. Xat., 1776, i, p. ,S5, (Mus, nee Sciu- rus, p. JSS). 7lera), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. i8g6, p. 166. Type locality. Citronelle, Citrus count)-, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Peninsular Florida to southern Georgia; west to Louisiana? Genl. Char. Similar to .S. volans, more uniform russet, under parts and tail beneath washed with same color. Color. Upper parts russet, grading to yellowish drab, feet and hands above sooty gray; edge of wing membrane black; under parts white tinged with pinkish russet. Tail, above smoky gray tinged with rusty, beneath pinkish buff. .\feasurements. Total length, 237.66: tail vertebra, 102.66; hind foot, 31.33. b.—aliiinus. {Fteromys), Rich. Faun. Bor., 1S29, p. 195, pi. 18. Type locality. Head waters of Elk River, N. W. Alberta. Geogr. Distr. From the Mackenzie River along east side of the Rocky Mountains to United States border. Genl. Char. Head and feet larger than .V. sahrinus: tail longer, elliptical; membrane less full, border straight. Color. Upper parts yellowish brown, tail blackish brown: under parts grayish white, tail beneath pale brown. Measurements. Total length. 280; tail vertebra', 108. 110 SCIUROPTERUS. c. calif ornic US. {Siii/rop/erus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1897, p. 323. Type locality. San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino county, California. Geogr. Distr. Mountain range, southeastern California. Genl. Char. Smaller than .S'. v. alpinus, color pale. Color. Upper parts between drab gray and wood brown. Basal third of tail like back, remainder dark smoke gray. Sides of face and neck pale ash gray, orbital ring mouse gray. Under parts yellowish grav, except throat, inner fore legs and inner margin of thighs, which are white. Tail beneath pale drab. Measurements. Type. Total length, 286; tail vertebrae, 127; hind foot, 38; ear from crown, 16; length of carpal fascia, 24. d. — nre^onensis. [J^teromys), Bachm.]ourn. Ac. Phil., 1S39, viii, p. loi. Type locality. " Pine woods of the Columbia near the sea." Geogr. Distr. Southern Alaska to northern California, at lower elevations of the Pacific slope. Genl. Char. Intermediate in size between .S". v. alpinus and 5. volans; tail long, slender; colors dark. Color. Above Mars brown with a russet shade, tinged with clay color, hairs black tipped; upper parts of feet, shoulders, membrane, ears and tail, seal brown to slate black; under parts isabella color tinged with rusty. Fore legs beneath, spot on chin, and median line from breast to vent, whitish. About mouth and eyes blackish. Measurements. Type. Total length, 302; tail vertebra>, 132; hind foot, 39; ear from crown, 15; carpal fascia, 23.5. e.—olympicus. (Sciuropterus), Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., 1899, i, p. 250, Zoology. Type locality. Happy Lake, Clallam County, Olympic Moun- tains, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Northwest Washington, higher parts of the Olympic Mountains. Genl. Char. Similar to S. r. fuliginosus Rhoads, but larger and darker. Color. Upper parts blackish slate, hairs tipped with rust color; membranes jet black on outer half edged with white, inner half like back; tail above grayish fawn, dark smoky gray at tip, beneath buff; under parts bright buff; legs and feet dark reddish brown; ears dark brown; nose, stripe to e3'e and orbital ring, black. Measurements. Type. Total length, 346; tail, 164; hind foot, 38; membrane across shoulder, 200. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 41; greatest width, 19; nasals, 12; tooth row, 9. SCIUROPTERUS. f. —fuliginosus. {SL-iurofiicrus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1897, p. 314. Type locality. Martin Station, Kittitass county. Cascade Moun- tains, Washington. Gtogr. Distr. Cascade, Coast, and Sierra Nevada Mountains, at high elevations. Genl. Char. Like S. i'. alpiniis in size, but color darker. Color. Upper parts with under fur slaty drab, hairs tipped with broccoli brown, giving a mottled slaty drab appearance. Upper half of tail like back, rest slaty gray, end blackish slate. Upper surface of membrane slaty drab. Tail beneath smoke gray, bordered with blackish. Under parts light drab gray, tinged with brown on throat at base and lower margin of membrane; orbital ring black. Lower margin of membrane white. Mtasurcmcnts. Tj'pe. Total length, 317; tail, 153: hind foot, 40; ear from crown, 18; length of carpal fascia, 25. g.—klaniafhenxis. i^Sciuro/'tfrus), Merr. . Proc. Biol. See. Wash., 1897, p. 225. Type locality. Fort Klamath, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, range not determined. Genl. Char. Similar to S. v. fuliginosiis, but smaller; tail paler above. Color. Upper parts drab brown; tinged with fulvous brown; under parts yellowish buff. Tail above like back, beneath deep buff; cheeks pale yellowish gray. Top of head grayish fulvous, ears pale. Measurements. Type. Total length, 329; tail vertebra;, 138; liind foot, 38. 142. Stephens!. Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1900, p. 151. T\pe locality. Sherwood, Mendocino county, California. Genl. Char. Similar to 5. klamathcnsis, but smaller and darker. Color. "In coloraHdn' this subspecies resembles klamathensis much more closely than oregoncnsis, but it is slightly darker than klamathensis and has much smaller ears and audital bullae. Under parts and under side of tail without trace of fulvous suffusion." (Merr. 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 277: tail vertebrif, 131 ; hind foot, 37. Fam. II. Haplodoiitidae. Form stout, heavy; limbs short: head broad, Hat, triangular: no neck apparent; tail short, terete, hairj'; ears moderate; eyes minute; feet plantigrade, five-toed, upper surface hairy, palms and soles naked, claws long, thumb short. Skull massive, depressed, triangu- 11-2 SCIUROPTERUS. HAPLODONTIA. lar, broad posteriorly, no postorbital processes; zygomata widest pos- teriori}'; anteorbital foramen oval, obliquely placed; nasals broad; mandible heavy, strong, descending ramus twisted into the hori- zontal plane; coronoid falcate. 42. *Hai)lodoiitia. I ~i; P- T~' M- i=^; = 22. Aplodontia! Rich. Zool. Jour., iv, 1829, p. 334. Type A. leporina. Rich. = Anisonyx nifa. Rafin. Anisonyx, Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, p. 45. (Part.) Molars rootless, prismatic, pattern unique, with a prominent salient angle having a cavity on either side, this angle being external on upper molars, internal on the lower. Molar series nearly parallel; first upper premolar very small; incisors rounded anteriorly; palate broad, of about equal width throughout its length. Auditory bulla; small, with tubular meatus projecting beyond posterior angle of the zygoma. Superior outline of skull flat; base horizontal. 143. rufa. {Anisonyx), Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1817, u, p. 45. leporina. Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. , 1829, p. 211, pi. 18C. Skull and feet. Type locality. Cascades of Columbia River. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Washington and Oregon. Color. Above chestnut or reddish brown; beneath plumbeous; feet and ears whitish. Tail like back. Measurements. Total length, 305; tail vertebras, 25; hind foot, 54. a.^californica. {Haplodontia), Peters, Monstab. K. P. Akad. Wis- sench. zu Berlin, 1864, p. 179. major. Merr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Scien., 1886, iii, p. 316. Type locality. California. Geogr. Distr. California, range not defined. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown; under fur plumbeous; rump and belly grizzled mouse gray; patch of white on anal region; sooty brown stripe from nose to between eyes. Measurcmi-nts. Length of head and body, 340; hind foot, 53; ear, 10. 6. — raineri. {Aplotlontia.'), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 21. Type locality. Paradise Creek, Mt. Ranier, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Washington. Range not determined. ♦The specific values of the forms of this genus as here given cannot be said to be satisfac- torily determined. More specimens and a better knowledge of their distribution must be obtained. HAPLODONTIA. Fig. 26. HAPLODONTIA californica. \o. 515 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. s Gcnl. Char. Similar to H. r. californica, but paler and grayer. Skull: incisive foramena shorter and slightly more open; basi-occi- pital notch shallower; jugal narrower and more slender. Color. Like H. r. californica, but of a pale and more grayish hue J 14 HAPLODONTIA. throughout, especially on the under parts and region around mouth; whiskers mainly white, instead of black. (Vide Merriam, 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 375; tail vertebrae, 33; hind foot, 62. 144. pacifica. {Aplodontia!), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 19. Type locality. Newport, Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, limits of range undetermined. Genl. Char. Size small; ear long; colors dark. Color. Winter Pelage. Above fulvous brown mixed with black; head and rump bister; cheeks suffused with fulvous; under parts plumbeous, washed with fulvous; legs, feet and tail grizzled grayish dusky. Afeasiireiiients. Total length, 304; tail vertebrte, 22; hind foot, 48. 145. phaea. {Aplodontia.'), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 20. Type locality. Point Reyes, Marin County, California. Geogr. Distr. Unknown. Genl. Char. Size small; ears short. Color. General hue uniform bister brown. Measurements. Total length, 330; tail vertebrae, 30; hind foot, 55. 146. olympica. {Aplodontia.'^, Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 20. Type locality. Queniult Lake, Olympic Mountains, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Olympic Mountains, Washington, range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to ff. rufa but larger and darker. Color. Above rufous mixed with black hairs; rump grayish; under parts gray tinged with rufous. Lips white, and some speci- mens have white spots on the chest and behind ears, but in others these are absent. Base of ear blackish. Skull: " Jugal not obliquely expanded but developing a postorbital ridge or process which forms the only upward projection from the arch — the posterior projection in rufa, formed by the thickened anterior end of the squamosal, being absent." (Merr.) This process in a modified form is present in H. r. californica, and is of varying dimensions in a series of IT. olympica: in some being almost obsolete. Measurements. Total length, 350; tail vertebrae, 35; hind foot, 35. Fam. III. Castoridae. Skull massive, no postorbital processes, superior outline nearly straight; molars single rooted with re-entering of enamel folds, and decrease in size posteriorly; the molar series is not parallel but con- verges anteriorly and the palate is arched, contracted anteriorly. HAPLODONTIA. Lower jaw massive; angle of niandiblo rounded. Incisors large, powerful, the lower much longer than the \ipper, with chisel-like edges, and deep orange-red color exteriorly. ■lli. Castor. Castor, Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 78. Type. C. fiber, Linn. Feet four-toed, hind feet large, webbed; upper molars subequal, with one inner and two outer enamel folds; tail broad, flat, scaly. Molars with dentinal pulp persisting to quite late in life. Fig. 27. Castor canadensis. No. 88 Field Columbian Museum Coll. ■< Nat. 147- canadensis. {Castor), Kuhl. Beit. Zool., 1820, p. 64. anieruaniis^ Penn., Arctic Zool., 1784, i, p. 98. F. Cuv. Mam., pi. 274, 1825. Type locality. Hudson Bay. Geogr. Distr. Northeastern North America from northern tree limit to United States, and west to Cascade Mountains. Genl. Char. Size smallest of American species: scaly portion of tail twice as long as wide. Color. Winter Pelage. General color blackish brown, hairs tipped with chestnut; top and sides of head and neck, rump and thighs chestnut. Ears black. Feet, legs and under parts seal brown. Measurements. Total length, 1130; tail vertebra-, 410: hind foot, 176; length of skull, 132, breadth, 93;' length of nasals, 46, breadth. 21.4. a.—caroUnensis. (Castor), Rhoads, Proc. .\m. Philos. Soc, i8g8, p. 420. Ty/e locality. Dan River, near Danbury, Stokes count)', North Carolina. Geogr. Distr. North Carolina west to Louisiaaa. Genl. Char. Size larger than C. canadensis; tail broader. Color. Above hazel; under fur seal brown; lower part of back and rump cinnamon rufous; ears blackish; sides of head hair brown. Under parts, throat to vent broccoli brown; vent burnt umber; feet bister. Measurements. Total length, 1130; scaly part of tail, 279 x 158; hind foot, 184. Length of skull, 148, breadth, 107; length of nasals, 43.5, breadth, 29. h.~fondatnr. (Castor), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897, p. 5. Ty/e locality. San Pedro River, Sonora, Mexico. Near Mexi- can boundary monument No. 98. Geogr. Distr. From Mexico to Wyoming and Montana, inter- grading into the other forms wherever the limits of their dispersions meet. Genl. Char. Size large; scaly portion of tail less than twice as long as wide. Skull massive; rostrum short and wide; nasals tumid. Color. Above russet, chocolate at root of tail; grayish cinna- mon to ferruginous beneath tail; sides wood brown varied with tawny olive; feet burnt sienna. Measurements. Total length, 1070; tail vertebrae, 360: scaly portion of tail, 290x125; hind foot, 185. Length of skull, 133: breadth, 99. c. pacificus. {Castor), Rhoads, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 1898, p. 422. Typi- locality. Lake Kichelos, Kittitass county, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Pacific slope; California to Alaska. Genl. Char. Size largest of species; tail long; scaly portion more than twice as long as wide. Skull with narrow long rostrum; nasal extending beyond premaxillaries. Color. Above reddish chestnut; under fur seal brown; sides of body and legs and top of head walnut brown; under parts broccoli brown, under fur drab gray; hind feet seal brown; fore feet dark wood brown. Ears black. .\feasitrements. Total length, 1143; tail Vfrtebra'. 330; scaly por- tion of tail, 295x122; hind foot, 185. Skull: length, 142: breadth, loi; length of nasals, 53.6, breadth, 24. F'am. IV. ^Iiiridae. Lower incisors compressed: premolars none; molars with or without roots, tuberculate, or with enameled folds; frontals con- tracted; jugal splint-like between zygomatic processes of the maxilla and squamosal; infraorbital vacuity wider above than below. Sub. Fam. L Muriiiae. Molars rooted, tubercular; root of under incisor creating a swell- ing on outer side of mandible between processes of the condyle and coronoid; descending process of mandible below the plane of the molars. Palate nearly Hat. 44. Mus. L '"'; M. 2=-' = 16. !-■ 3-;- Mus. Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 79. Type. Mus rattus. Ears large, prominent; tail long, scaly; nose acute; molars with transverse series of tubercles, three in a series, longitudinal. 148. rattus. {Mus\ Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, i, p. S3. Type locality. Sweden. Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan. Genl. Char. Tail little longer than head antl body. Color. .Above sooty black; beneath plumbeous: feet brown. Measurements. Total length, 368; tail vertebra-, 190. 149. decumanus. {.Mus), Pall. Glir.. 1778, p. gi. Type locality. Kussia. Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan. A. Epimys. Trouess. 1881. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Fig. 28. Mus RATTus. No. 4670 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Genl. Char, Tail little shorter than head and body: sparsely haired; annuli about two hundred. Color. Above rusty grayish brown; sides grayer; beneath ashy white. Tail above dusky, beneath paler. Measurements. Total length, 310; tail vertebra", 146; hind foot, 38. 150. alexandrinus. (Mus), Is. Geoff. Descr. Egypt, ii, p. 733,1812, Atlas, pi. V, fig. I. tectorum, Savi. Nov. Giorn. di Lett., 1825. Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan. Genl. Char. Smaller than M. decitmanus; tail considerably longer than head and body; annuli about 240. Color. Above yellowish brown tinged with reddish; flanks grayish. Under parts and upper surface of feet, yellowish white. Tail dusky. Measiirenieiits. Total length, 356; tail vertebra-, 198; hind foot, 35. 151. musculus. [Mus), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1766, p. 83. Type locality. Sweden. Geogr. Distr. Cosmopolitan. Genl. Char. Tail longer than body; soles naked. Size small. Color. Above grayish brown lined with blackish; beneath ashy plumbeous tinged with reddish. Tail dusky; feet ashy brown. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebra, 83; hind foot, 18; ear, 13.5. ONYCHOMYS. Sub. Fain. 11. Cricetinae. 45. Oiiychoiiiys. I. '—' : M. ^^ = i6. i-i 3-3 Onychomys. Baini, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 458. Type //. Uiko- gasier. Max. HypudiBiis, Max. Reise, N. Am., 1841, 11, p. 99. (nee Auct). "Form arvicoline; tail less than half the body in length; claws \ery large, fossorial, the anterior longest. Soles with only four tubercles, the two posterior of the other groups wanting: the pos- terior two-thirds of the soles densely furred. Skull without orbital crest; the upper margin of orbit sharp." ^gyf ,mm i '^1^^^ *^ n}?s ^.x^ 1 Fig. 29. Onychomys leucogaster. No. 1632 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. 152. leucogaster. {.Hypudiens), Wied., Reis. N. Am., 1841.V0I. 11, p. 99. missouriensis, Aud. & Bach. Quad., 11, 1851, p. 327, pi. 100. Type locality. Fort Clark, Dakota. Geogr. Distr. Dakota, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Indian Territory and Texas. Genl. Char. Fore feet very strong, hind ones smaller; tail short, thick at base, tapering rapidly to a point, and covered with short hairs. 120 ONYCHOMYS. Color. Above grayish brown lined with black, passing on the sides into a yellowish red and graduating into a line of fulvous. Under parts, feet and outside of fore leg white. Tail blackish brown for seven-eighths the length; tip and under side white. Measurements. Total length, 160, tail, 44; hind foot, 22.5. ri .—brevir.nuda . {Onyehomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, i8gi, p. 52. Type locality. Blackfoot, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, northwestern New Mexico? Genl. Char. Similar to O. leucogaster, but smaller with shorter tail and longer ears. Color. Upper parts drab gray washed with pale cinnamon tawny, especially over rump and flanks. Under parts and fore legs pure white, the white reaching well up on the sides. Tail whitish with an ill-defined dark stripe on proximal two-thirds of upper sur- face. Measurements. -'Total length, 139; tail vertebrae, 38; hind foot. 19.5; ear from crown, 12." (Merriam, 1. c.) b.—lnn^ipes. (Onyeliomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., 1889, No. 2, p. i. Type locality. Concho county, Texas. Geogr. Distr. West central Texas. Genl. Char. Size larger than that of the other known repre- sentatives of the genus, with larger and broader ears, and much longer hind feet. Ears less hairy than in O. leucogaster, with the lanuginous tuft at base less apparent; tail longer and more slender. Color. Above mouse gray, sparingly mixed with black tipped hairs, and with a narrow fulvous stripe along each side, between the gray of the black and white of the belly, extending from the forelegs to the root of the tail; under parts white. Measurements. Total length, 190; tail, 48; hind foot, 25; ear from crown, 13. (Dry skin.) (Merriam, 1. c.) C. ^ melanophrys. {Onvchomvs), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 2. Type locality. Kanab, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah, range unknown. Genl. Char. Size of O. leucogaster. Ear a little smaller. Hind feet furred to base of toes. Color. Above rich tawny cinnamon, well mixed with black tipped hairs on the back, and brightest on the sides; a distinct black ring round the eye, broadest above. This ring is considerably broader and more conspicuous than the very narrow ring of O. leucogaster. ONYCHOMYS 121 Miasurements. Total length, 154; tail, 41: hind foot, 2t. Ear from crown, 10. (Merriam, 1. c.) d. — pallescens. {Onycfiomys), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 3, i8go, p. 61. Type locality. Moki Pueblos, Apache county. Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Northeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large, exceeded only by O. longi/>i\< of Concho county, Texas: ears, feet and tail much as in O. melanophrys ; fur full, long and soft; orbital ring absent or inconspicuous: lanuginous tuft at base of ear well developed. Color. Above pale tawny cinnamon, palest anteriorly, and brightest on the flanks and rump, not noticeably mixed with black tipped hairs. Below, white to the roots of hairs. Measurenifnts. Total length, 168; head and body. 125; tail, 45: hind foot, 22; ear from crown, 12: from anterior root, 16.5. (Mer- riam, 1. c. ) '53' arcticeps. {Onychomys)^ Rhoads, Proc. .Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.. 1898, p. 194. Type locality. Clapham. Union county^ New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Northeastern New Mexico. Gcnl. Char. Size of O. leucogaster: tail longer; cranium narrow: rostrum, long, slender. Supraorbital bead wanting. Palate with convex edge posteriorly. Color. Above ochraceous butt, lined with black; darkest on top of head and about eyes. Black spot on outer margin of ears. Sides, rump and thighs ochraceous buff; beneath tawny white. Tail white, on upper proximal third a narrow stripe of blackish buff. .Measurements. Total length, 150: tail vertebras 45: hind foot, 21: ear from crown, 11. 154. longicaudus. (Onychomys), Merr. N. .\m. Faun., No. 2, 1899, p. 2. Type locality. St. George, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah, range undetermined. Genl. Char. Similar to O. leucogaster, but smaller, with longer and slenderer tail. Pelage longer but not so dense. Color. Cinnamon fawn, well mixed with black tipped hairs. Measurements. Total length, 145: tail. 55; hind foot, 20; ear from crown, 10. 155. ramona. {Onychomys), Rhoads, Am. Natur., 1893. p. ^33. Type locality. San Bernardino Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern California. Genl. Char. Larger than O. lorridus, with larger ears. 122 ONYCHOMYS. Ci>/or. Similar to O. hmgicaiufiis. Above grayish vinaceous buff; dorsal part darker; beneath white. Tail bicolor, dark above, lighter below. Measurements. Total length, 147: tail vertebra?, 48; hind foot, iS: ear. 12. 156. torridus. [Onychomys). Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 1S3. Type locality. Camp Grant, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Between Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains. Upper Missouri. Red River of the North, Wyoming, Kansas, Ari- zona. Geni. Char. Similar to O. leucogaster, tail longer; ears longer; colors more yellowish. Color. General color more yellowish than O. leucogaster, no dorsal stripe, feet and under parts tawny white. Tail above dusky, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 143; tail vertebra?, 50; hind foot, 20; ear, 18. a —arenieolo. [Onyc/wmys), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xix, 1897, p. 139. Type locality. Rio Grande, near El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Texas. Genl. Char. Similar to O. torridus, but slightly smaller, with relatively smaller ears and a very much paler coloration. Color. Above drab gray, inclining to fawn color on sides; dor- sals area with very little admixture of black-edged or black-tipped hairs, with a conspicuous tuft of white hairs at anterior base of ears: dark spot on anterior band of ear, drab (not black); whiskers more white than black; under parts, feet and end of tail white; basal two- thirds of upper side of tail drab, some of the hairs with hoary tips. Measurements. Total length, 137; tail vertebrae, 53 (to end of pencil. 57); hind foot, 21. Skull, 25.5 by 13.5. (Mearns, 1. c.) b.— prepallidus. {Onyehomys), Mearns, U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xix, 1897, p. 140. Type locality. Colorado River at Monument No. 204, Mexican boundary line. Geogr. Distr. Gila City, across Yuma and Colorado Deserts to Coast Range of mountains. Genl. Char. Larger than O. torridus, with relatively larger ears, longer tail and a much paler coloration. Color. Above drab-gray, becoming more cinereous anteriorly; sides and rump barely tinged with fawn color; dusky line on basal ONYCHOMYS. PEROMYSCUS. 123 three-fourths of tail much obscured by whitish hairs, nearly obsolete: ears less densely clothed than in the remaining forms of O. torridus, and without a well defined dusky spot; whiskers mostly white or colorless: under parts, feet and end of tail, white. Afcasurfrnenls. Total length, 157: tail vertebra', 57: ear from crown, 16: hind foot, 22; skull, 26 by 13.7. (Mearns, 1. c.) 157. fuiiginosus. {Onvc/wmys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 60. Type locality. Tank lava beds, northeast of San Francisco Moun- tain, Arizona. Cifogr. Dis/r. Painted Desert and high mesas, northeastern Arizona. (jtnl. Char. Size rather large: tail and liintl feet short; ears rather large with lanuginous tufts at base scantily developed; pelage coarser than in the O. mt-lanophrxs group. Color. Above blackish slate, darkest along the middle of the back, faintly tinged with fulvous on the sides: under parts white, the hairs of the belly plumbeous at base. Tail dusky above, except the terminal fourth which is whitish like the under side; a ring of dusky surrounds the base of the tail. The color of the upper parts is more extended than in any of the known forms. It completely covers the sides, coming down to the belly, from which it is separated by a very sharp line of demarcation; it also completely covers the posterior and outer aspects of the hind legs to the ankles, where it ends ab- ruptly. Measurements. Total length, 160: tail vertebra-, 47; hind foot, 21.5. Ear from crown, 12.5: ear to anterior root, 16. (Merriam, 1. c. ) 46. *Peroniyscus. I. Illi; M. -^-3 = 16. I— 1 .'—.1 Peromyscus. Gloger, Handb. und Hilfsb. Naturgeschichte, 1842, p. 95- Type. Cricetus myoides, Gapper; = /'. americanus, Kerr. Calomys. Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., 1851, 11, p. 303 (nee. Waterh. P. Z. S., 1837, p. 21.). Vespcrimys. Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 178. Baiomys. True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1894, 16, p. 758. Trinodontomys. Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, P- 257- Size moderate, eyes rather prominent: face ratiier long, nose pointed. Ears thin, rather rounded, in some species very large. ' The members o( this genus require a very careful and strict revision, for many of them probablv should more properly grace the list of synonyms than hold a specific or sub-specific rank. 124 PEROMYSCUS. Feet small, digits slender, palms naked. Hind feet long, soles with six tubercles. Tail terete, tapering, slender, hairy, sometimes longer than head and bodj' and occasionally tufted. Pelage soft, frequently glossy. Skull thin, papery; brain case broad, rather flat; superior outline curving both ways from highest point just behind orbits. Zygomata slender, thread-like and dip midway to level of the palate Arch composed mainly of processes of the maxillary and squamosal; orbital foramena just above the level of the alveolus. Interorbital constriction considerable, but wider than nostrum. Nasals and imer- maxillaries project beyond the incisors. Auditory bullae small, thin, and obliquely situated. Lower jaw straight, coronoid very short. Molar series short, narrow, the teeth decreasing in size from front to rear. Upper molars with three roots each, lower with two; the unworn teeth have a double series of conical tubercles, which grad- ually are reduced by abrasion and the pattern varies constantly. Fig. 30. Peromysi-us No. 3644 Field Columbian Musci Lower tooth row Enlarged 6 times. iMERICANUS. m Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth Enlar^-ed 6 tin 158. americanus. {AJiis agraiius), Kerr., Anim. King., i, 1792, p. 231. leucopus. Rafin. Am. Month. Mag., 1818, vol. iii, p. 446. Type locality. Tennessee, or Kentucky? Geogr. Distr. New Jersey to South Carolina, east to Missis- sippi, north to Minnesota. Genl. Char. Larger than domestic mouse. Tail nearly as long as body; soles hairy. Color. Above and sides pale yellowish brown: dorsal area darker, sometimes nearly black, outer surface of hind legs like back; rest of PEROMYSCUS. 125 pelage white. Tail, above like dorsal stripe, below white. Feet white. Measurements. Total length, i68; tail vertebr;i', 74: hind leg, 21. a.—noveboracensis. {Mus), Fischer, Syn. Mamm., 1829, p. 318. myoides. {Cricetus), Gapper, Zool. Journ., 1830, 5, p. 204. mvodes.' {Peroiiiyscus /eueo/e locality. " In Novo Eboraco." Geogr. Distr. From Lake Simcoe, Ontario, and Digb\', Nova Scotia, south through New York, except in the boreal area of that State. Genl. Char. Similar to /'. americanus, dorsal stripe darker, and narrower; and tail more hairy. Color. Like P. americanus, but the colors are brighter and the dorsal stripe is usually narrower and darker, being occasionally quite black. Tail bicolor, above black, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 178; tail vertebra-, 76: hind foot, 20. Specimen from Hastings, New York. b. — deserticolus. {Hesperomys), Mearns, Bull. Aiu. Mus. Nat. Hist., II, 1890, p. 285. Type locality. Mojave Desert, California. Geogr. Distr. Desert region of Arizona and California. Genl. Char. Ears medium; tail long; pelage short. Color. Above pale cinereous drab, slightly darker on median line, light fulvous on sides and rump; tail narrowly striped above with dark brown. Measurements. Total length, 16S; tail 78.7; hind foot, 20.8. c.sonoriensis. (Hesperc>mys), Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 413. Type locality. Santa Cruz, Sonora; near boundary line of Mexico and United States. Geogr. Distr. Arctic regions to Mexico west of Rocks Moun- tains. Genl. Char. Medium, tail short, colors pale. Color. Above dark cinereous, mixed with brownish gray ; under parts whitish; feet brownish white. Tail, above dark brown, beneath paler. Measurements. Total length, 166; tail vertebra, 69: hind foot, 21.5; ear, 20. d.—ari zonae. (Sitomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894. p. 321. Type locality. Fairbank, .Arizona. 128 PEROMYSCUS. Geogr. Distr. Mountains of Arizona, White, Chiricahua and Graham Ranges. Genl. Char. Similar to P. gain/'eli, but smaller, longer ears and shorter tail. Color. Above dark plumbeous slate; below whitish. Tail bi- color. Measurements. Totallength, 158; tail vertebra;, 67; hind foot, 24. e.—artemesiae. {Si/omys). Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 260. Type locality. Ashcroft, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Southern Idaho, Western Washington and Ore- gon to British Columbia. Genl. Char. Size large. Tail short, hardly equaling body without head. Ears medium. Color, .\bove tawny ash, darkest on median line and inclining to fulvous on sides and rump. Under parts white; tail, above sooty, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae, 70; hind foot, 20. 159. tornillo. {Peromysius), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 445. Type locality. Rio Grande si.x miles above El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northern Texas, range not known. Genl. Char. " Similar to P. a. arizome, but paler, ears smaller, body stouter. " (Mearns, 1. c.) Color. Above light broccoli brown; feet and under parts pure white; tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 192; tail vertebra;, 90; hind foot, 23; ear, 12. 160. rufinus. [Hesperomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 65, pl- 3- Type locality. San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Arizona to New Mexico, Utah and Colorado. Genl. Char. Similar to P. amcricanus, but with larger ears and shorter tail. Color. Above tawny brown, darkest on dorsal region; flanks brighter brown; remaining parts white. Tail dusky above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length, 168; tail vertebra?, 69; hind foot, 19. 161. gossypinus. {Hesperomys), Le Conte, Proc. .\cad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 411. PEROMYSCUS. 1-j iognalt4S, Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., ib55, p. 442 megacephalus, Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 254 Type locality. Riceboro, Libertj' county, Georgia. Gcogr. Distr. North Florida to Bertie county, North Carolina west to Alabama and Mississippi. Genl. Char. Tail shorter than head and body: size of body large hind foot large. Color. Above dark brown; much darker on median line; orbital ring black. Beneath smoke gray; feet grayish white. Tail dusky above, grayish white below. Measurements. Average total length. 177.66; tail vertebra-, 70.25; hind foot, 22.35. a.- mississippiensis. {Peromysci/s), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1896, p. 189. Type locality. Samburg, Redfoot Lake, Tennessee. Geogr. Distr. Mississippi bottoms in Tennessee: range un- known. Genl. Char. Similar in size to /'. i^ossypinus: tail longer; hind foot larger; colors paler: dorsal band less marked. Color. Above from cinnamon brown to russet; middle of back darker; under parts grayish white; tail dusky above, white below; feet grayish white. Measurements. Average total length, 1S3; tail vertebra-, 79. 5; hind foot, 24.45. b.—palnuirius. {Peromyscus), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 124. Type locality. Oak Lodge, Brevard county, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Peninsular Florida. Genl. Char. Similar to P. gossypinus : hind foot shorter; colors paler; no defined dorsal band. Color. Above bright russet to wood brown; orbital ring black: under parts grayish white. Tail dusky above; white below. Feet grayish white. Measurements. Average total length, 181; tail vertebra-, 71.88; hind foot, 21.55. c.—ni^riculus. (Peromyscus). Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 124. Type locality. Burbridge, Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Bayou region, Louisiana coast. Genl Char. Small: colors very dark. Color. Above vandyke brown to sepia; dorsal band almost black: a black orbital ring; under parts grayish white, base of hairs plumbe- 12S PEROMYSCUS. ous: ears black. Tail black above, grayish white below; feet grayish white. Mfiisur ements. Average total length, 168.33; tail vertebrae, 76.66; hind foot. 22. 162. anastasiae. {Peromyscus), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc, i8g8, p. 195. Typt loiality. Point Romo, Anastasia Island, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Anastasia Island, Florida. Genl. Char. Size small, colors pale. Color. Above brown mixed with buffy; cheeks and lower sides buff; beneath grayish white; tail above at base buff; rest dusky; beneath white; feet white; ears dusk}'. Measurements. Total length. 165; tail vertebrae, 69.5; hind foot. 21 ; ear. 16.5. 163. insulanus. (Peroiiiysius), Bangs. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898. p. 196. Type locality. Cumberland Island. Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Cumberland, and Ossabaw(?) Islands. Georgia. Genl. Char. Size small: tail short; hind foot large. Color. Above drab, or yellowish drab, darkest on dorsal region; beneath white; tail dull gray above, white below. Feet white; ears dusky. Measurements. Total length, 168: tail vertebra;, 68; hind foot, 22: ear from notch, 17. 164. canadensis. (Pitomys), Miller. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, P- 55- gracilis/ Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien, 1855, p. 442. myoides, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 472. Type locality. Peterboro, Madison county, New York. Geogr. Distr. Spruce forest of New Brunswick, south to central New York and western Massachusetts. Genl. Char. Larger than P. americanus : longer, more hairy tail, and less russet coloration. Color. Above wood brown, tinged with yellow; under parts whitish; tail Vandyke brown above; whitish beneath. Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebra^, 100; hind foot. 21.4. a. — abietorum. (Peromvscus). Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 49. Type locality. James River, Nova Scotia. Geogr. Distr. Nova Scotia, range not defined. Genl. Char. Similar to P. canadensis, but color uniform. PEROMYSCUS 120 Color. Uniform dark smoke gray above, darker along median line: under parts and feet white; tail black above, white below. .\ftasutfments. Total length, 200; tail, 103; hind foot, 20. b. umbrinui. [Feromysciis), Miller, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1897, p. 23. 'jypf locality. Peninsula Harbbr, northwestern extremity of Lake Superior, Ontario. Gcogr. Dislr. Not determined. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. caiiadi-nsis, but the proportions similar; skull more slender, rostrum lighter and longer, and thezj'go- mata less flaring. Color. Back and sides light yellowish brown, suffused with black, darkest on median line of back; orbital ring and patch at base of whiskers black; ears nearly black; tail well haired, black above, white beneath; under parts and feet white. Measurements. Average total length, 175; tail vertebr;p, 88.2; hind foot, 19.2; ear, 17.6. c. — rmbiterrne. [Peromyscus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1896, p. 187. Type locality. Roan Mountain, MitchellCounty, North Carolina. Gcogr. Distr. Summits of Southern AUeghanies? Genl. Char. Smaller than P. americanus : tail longer, color darker. Color. Aliove cinnamon, with median black stripe from crown to root of tail. Beneath white, base of hairs soot}-. Ears dusky. Space around eyes sooty. Tail above sooty brown, below white. .\feasiiremcnls. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae', 87; hind foot, 20.5. 165. akeleyi. {^Peromyscus), ^XWoK, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, I, p. 253. Zoology. Type locality. Johnson's Ranch, Elwah River, Clallath County, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Region of Olympic Mountains, Washington. Genl. Char. Boylii group, but of smaller size: ears smaller; tail shorter. Color. Above brownish fulvous; brightest on llanks; dorsal area darker; legs, feet and under parts pure white. Ears nearly naked, purplish brown; indistinct black orbital ring. Tail above dark brown, below white. Measurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebra, 99; hind foot, 21 : car, 15. 130 PEROMYSCUS. i66. texensis. (/e.xanus.'. Hesperomys), Woodh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 242. Type locality. Rio Grande near El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Indian Ter- ritories. Genl. Char. Small, tail equal to head and body; ears small. Color. Above cinereous mixed with pale brown; lower sides, feet and under parts white. Tail above brown, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 117; tail vertebrae, 53; hind foot, 44; ear, 9. a.—Jnedius. {Peromyscus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, p. 446. Type locality. Nachoguero Valley, Lower California. Geogr. Distr. Southern and Lower California. Genl. Char. Paler than P. gambeli and smaller; ear larger; tail shorter. Color. Above wood brown, darker on dorsal tract, mixed with black, shading to russet on flanks; feet and under parts pure white; tail above white on sides and beneath. Measurements. Total length, 160; tail vertebrae, 70: hind foot, 21 ; ear, 17. h.— dementis. {Peromyscus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 446. Type locality. San Clemente Island, California. Geogr. Distr. From type locality only. Genl. Char. Much blacker than P. t. medius, and of a more red- dish coloration, save on the head. Color. Top of head drab gray; upper parts drab tinged with burnt umber; ears black; feet and under surface white; tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 177; tail vertebra?, 77; hind foot. 21; ear 17. c. — (Sanibeli. {Hesperomys), Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857. p. 464. Type locality. Monterey, California. Geogr. Distr. California, Nevada. Oregon and Washington. Genl, Char. Ears large; tail shorter than body. Color. Above yellowish brown; flanks paler; under parts and feet white; tail bicolor; dusky above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 163; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot, iS. d .—nebracensis. {Hesperomys), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 287. T\pe locality. Custer County, Montana. PEROMYSCUS. 131 Geogr. Distr. The Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska and Kansas. Genl. Char. Size rather largo; tail short, pelage long. Color. Above grayish fulvous, lined with black; white patcli in front of ear; under parts white. Tail above black, rest white. Measurements. Total length, 159; tail to end of hairs, 56; hind foot, 20. e.^saturatus. {Peroinyseus), Bangs, Am. Nat., 1897, p. 75. Ty/'t locality. Saturna Island, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Saturna Island, British Columbia. Range not determined. Genl. Char. Size as in P. t. gambeli : color darker. Color. Above sepia brown, mixed with sooty black, paler on sides: indistinct lateral cinnamon band; under parts grayish white; orbital ring black, ears black. Tail black above, white below; feet white. Measurements. Average total length, 180.95; tail vertebrae, 76.20; hind foot, 21.25. f.—arcticus. (Hesperomys), Mearns, Bull. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist., i88g, p. 285. Type locality. Fort Simpson, Hudson Bay. Geogr. Distr. Hudson Bay to Rocky Mountains, Arctic America. Genl. Char. Tail long, ears medium; pelage long and dense. Color. Above dark grayish brown, mixed with black on median line; feet and under parts white; no white spot at base of ear. Tail, bicolor, black on top, white below. Measurements. Average total length, 160; tail vertebra-, 73.5; hind foot, 20.3. ^.—subarcticus. {Feromyscus), Allen, Bull. .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 15. Type locality. Deerlodge County, Montana. Geogr. Distr. From Utah and Colorado, through Wyoming, the Dakotas and Montana to the Saskatchewan \'ailey. Alberta. Color. Above dusky brown, tinged with pale fulvous, blackish on median line; fulvous on flanks; feet and under parts white. Tail, above blackish brown, sides and beneath white. .Measurements. Total length, 165; tail vertebra-, 66; hind foot, ig. 167. maniculatus. {Hesperomys) Wagn. Archiv. Naturg., xi, 1845, p. 148. Bangs, Am. Nat., 1898, p. 496. Type locality. Moravian Settlements in Labrador. 132 PEROMYSCUS. Geogr. Distr. Labrador, limits not determined. Genl. Char. Skull large, broad, brain case flat; rostrum heavy. Color. " Supra fulignoso-bruneus, subtus abrupte albus; auri- culis elongatis; pedibus albentibus; cauda supra nigra, infra abrupte albida." Jfc-tisiiremc/i/s. " Korper 3" 2'"; Schwanz 2" 5"'." "Total length, 166; tail vertebrae, 74; pencil, 5; hind foot, 19. 5." (Bangs.) 168. austerus. [Hes/>t'romys), Baird, Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, P- 336- Type localily. Spokane Plain, Washington. E.xact locality not named. Geogr. Dislr. Pacific Coast, California to Washington. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. americaniis, feet smaller. Color. Sooty brown, tinged with yellowish brown on cheeks and sides; feet and under parts white: tail above blackish, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 151: tail vertebrae, 70; hind foot, 19. 169. mearnsi. (Vesperiinus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 300. Type locality. Brownsville, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas to Arizona. Genl. Char. Ears large, naked. Fawn spot on breast; tail less than head and body. Color. Above dusky grayish brown tinged with fawn; flanks fawn; beneath pure white. A pale fawn spot on the center of the breast. Ears dusky, edged with white. Tail, dusky gray above, lighter beneath. Feet grayish white. Measurements. Average total length, 178.6; tail vertebrae, 80; ear, 13; hind foot, 20.8. 170. canus. [Peromysciis), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1895, p. 445. Type locality. Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas and Oklahoma Territorj-. Genl. Char. Similar to F. mearnsi, but smaller, tail shorter. Color. Above drab gray, median line blackish; feet and under parts pure white. Tail, blackish above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 175; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 21 ; ear, 1 1.5. 171. boyiii. {Hesperomys), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, P- 355- gilherti, Allen, .\m. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 188. PEROMYSCUS. 133 Type locality. American River, Eldorado County, California. Geogr. Distr. Central and eastern California. Gt-nl. Char. Body stout; ears very large; tail longer than the bod}'. Color. Above mixed glossy brown and pale yellowish brown; feet and lower parts white; white on sides bordered by a line of red- dish buff, which grades into the color of the upper parts. Tail, above dusky, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 22S; tail vertebra-, 97; hind foot, 22. a . penicillatu?. (Ferotnyscus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1896, p. 139. Ty/e locality. Franklin Mountains, near El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Texas. Ge»l. Char. Nasal bones of skull truncate posteriorly, and end- ing in front of the posterior ends of premaxillaries. Color. Above drab gray tinged with ochraceous buff on rump and sides. Feet and under parts pure white. Tail, dusky drab above, white below. Measiirements. Total length, 202; tail vertebr;r, 115; hind foot, 22; ear, 14. 172. keeni. (Sitoi/iys), Rhoads, Proc. .\cad. Scicn. Phil., 1S94, p. 258. TY/ie locality. Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Type locality only, so far as known. Genl Char. Size larger than J', aiistcnis; ears smaller; tail more than head and body in length. Skull: brain case inflated above plane of orbits. Color. Above uniform grizzled blackish brown; feet and lower parts ashy white; orbital ring and ears, sooty black. Tail, above sooty black; below whitish. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebra', HS; hind foot, 24; ear, 10.5. 173. macrorhinus. {Sitomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 259. Type locality. Skeena River, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. British Columbia, south, possibly into northern Washington. Genl. Char. Tail longer than head and body; feet large; ears medium; rostrum relatively very long, longer than post-orbital region, /. e., from greatest constriction to frontals. Color. Resembles P. keeni, but grayer and lighter above. Tail more coarsely haired, and with a pencil. 13-t PEROMYSCUS. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 112; hind foot, 20: ear, 15. 174. sitkensis. {Peromysciis), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., 1897, p. 223.. Type locality. Sitka, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Baranof Island, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size large; tail long; ears small; colors dark. Color. Above brown, russet on rump; orbital ring dusky; feet and under parts white. Tail blackish above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 222; tail vertebra, 112; hind foot, 26. 175. oreas. {Pennnysais), Bangs, Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S9S, p. 84. Type laeality. Mt. Baker Range, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Higher mountains of northern Washington and southern British Columbia. Genl. Char. Size medium: tail long; skull with brain case broad and flat, and rostrum long and slender. Color. Above varying from Prout's brown to russet, median line darkest; orbital ring black; feet and under parts white. Tail black above, white below; pencil long. Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebra;, loi ; hind foot, 24. 176. auripectus. (Sitomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, P- 75- Type locality. Bluff City, Southeastern Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah, Arizona and New Mexico. Genl. Char. Size of P. sonoriensis, ears larger; tail longer, thickly clothed with hairs; general color paler. Cheek pouches rather large. Color. Above pale yellowish brown, varied with blackish on median line; flanks golden brown; under parts white. Tail pale brown above, white beneath with a 3'ellowish brown pectoral spot. Ears pale brown, edged with white. Indistinct orbital ring. Measurements. Total length, 172; tail vertebrae, 93; hind foot, 22; ear, 16. 177. rowleyi. {Sitomys), Allen, Bull. .Vm. IMus. Nat. Hist., 1893, P- 77- Type locality. Nolan's Ranch, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Utah to Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to P. auripectus. but larger. No pectoral spot; soles naked. Color. Above pale grayish cinnamon brown, varied with black, and passing into yellowish cinnamon on flanks; beneath white. Tail pale brown above, whitish below. Ears large, naked. PEROMYSCUS. 135 Measurements. Total lengtli, 201: tail vertebra^ 106; hind foot, 23; ear, 15-18. o.—pinnlis. (Si/omys), Miller, Bull. Am. Mas. Nat. Hist., 1893, P- 331- Type locality. Granite Gap, Grant County, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. New Me.xico and Arizona. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. roivleyi : more j-ellowish in color. Color. Above olive buff, darker on sides and grayer on head and face, hairs sepia tipped; indistinct orbital ring; feet and under parts pure white. Tail brown above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 196; tail, 104; hind foot, 23; ear, 20. 178. attwateri. (Peromyscus). .\llen, Bull. Am. Mas. Nat. Hist., ''"'QS, P- 330. Type locality. Turtle Creek, Kerr County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Indian Territory, Texas. Genl. Char. Ears large; tail longer than body and head. Color. Above tawnj' brown, mixed with black on the median line; flanks golden with a pronounced lateral line. Beneath pure white. Feet white. Tail dusky above, grayish below, haired, and tip tufted. Ears naked, dusky, edged with white. Measurements. Total length, 216; tail vertebra?, iio; hind foot, 23; ear, 17. 179. bellus. {Pcromyscus), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, P- '37- J'ype locality. Stilwell, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Size as P. attwateri, but with ilarker and browner colors. Tail hairy and tufted. Color. Above broccoli brown, mixed with black on median line; fawn color on lower sides; feet and under parts white, base of hairs plumbeous. Across neck beneath is a fawn-colorod band. Tail black above, white below. Ears large, dusky. Measurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebra-, 190; hind foot, 24; ear, 17. 180. insolatus. ySitomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S94, p. 256. Type locality. Oro Grande, Mojave Desert, Kern County, Cali- fornia. Geogr. Distr. Mojave Destrt, California, limit of range not determined. Genl. Char. \'ery small; tail shorter than bod\- without head; 138 PEROMYSCUS. feet very short; nasals wide and bluntly edged between the nasal premaxillary processes. Color. Above uniform grayish ochre; under parts and feet white. Tail dusky above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 158; tail vertebra', 76; hind foot, 19.3; ear, 12. 181. fraterculu.c. {Vesperimus), Miller, Amer. Nat., 1892, p. 261. Type locality. Dulzura, San Diego, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California, range not determined. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail longer than head and body, thinly haired; soles naked; ears large. Color. Above yellowish wood brown mixed with black, darkest on median line; flanks fulvous with distinct lateral stripe; feet white; under parts yellowish white with fulvous pectoral spot. Tail, above brownish, paler beneath. Measurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebrae, 113; hind foot, 20; ear, 18. 182. eremicus. {Besperomys), Baird, Mamm., N. Am., 1857, p. 479. Type locality. Colorado Desert. Geogr. Distr. New Mexico, Arizona and California. Genl. Char. Ears very large; tail longer than the head and body; palms and soles naked. Color. Above pale yellowish gray, mixed with black; pale ful- vous band on cheeks and sides. Tail, obscurely bicolor, above little darker than dorsal region. Feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebra;, 96.5; hind foot, 22; ear, 19. o. — arenariuK. [Feromyscus), Mearns, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. Wash, 1896, p. 138. Type locality. Rio Grande, near El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northern Texas, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to P. eremicus, without dark, dorsai line. Color. Above and sides pale ochraceous drab mixed with black; tail above dusky drab and hoary, below pure white. Head grayish; orbital ring dusky. Measurements. Total length, 198; tail vertebra?, 106; hind foot, 21.5; ear, 15. 183. Stephens!. {Peromyscus), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897, p. 72. Type locality. San Diego County, California, near Mexican boundary. PEROMYSCUS. 137 Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Genl. Char. Similar to /'. (reiiiiciis. but smaller, tail longer, and colors paler. Color. Above grayish cream buff, sides and rump pale ochrace- ous buff, feet and under parts white. Tail, above dusky, below white. .\[tasuiemcnts. Total length, 193; tail vertebra', loS; liind foot, 19; ear, 18.5. 184. major. (.St/owys), Rhoads, Amer. Natur., 1893, p. 831. Tr/>e locality. Squirrel Inn, San Bernardino County, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California, range not determined. Genl. Char. Size large; tail ecjual in length to head and body; hind feet small; ears large. Color. Above pale gra\'ish buff, brosvnish on rump; sides buffy; beneath graj-ish white, no lateral stripe. Orbital ring black. Measurements. Total length, 193.5; '^'' vertebrae, 98.5: hind foot, 22.5. 185. herroni. (Sitomys), Rhoads, Amer. Natur., 1893, p. 832. yV/(- /in-ality. San Bernardino Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Genl. Char. Body short, stout ; tail long, slender; longer than head and body; rather naked. Colt'r. Above uniform buffy gray; cheeks and flanks ochraceous buff; feet and lower parts, white. Face gray. Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebra', 155; hind foot, 21. Skull: total length, 24.5; basilar length, 18.5; zygomatic breadth, 12.3; nasals, 9.2; interorbital constriction, 3.5. a.—nigellii,". (.Sitomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scicn. Phi)., 1894. p. 257. Ty/e locality. Cajou Pass, San Bernardino Range, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California in high mountains. Genl. Char. Similar to P. herroni, but colors darker. Color. Like P. herroni, but the buffy gray is deeply lined with black, darkest on posterior portion of body, cheeks and sides deep fawn; under parts pure white. Ears and tail much darker than in the allied species. Measurements. Total length, 197; tail vertebra', 114; hind foot, 22. Skull: basilar length, 19; zygomatic width. 12.7: length of nasals, (^.i; of mandible, 13. i. 186. californicus. (.Ifus), Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1848, p. 78. Ty/>e locality. Monterey, California. 138 PEROMYSCUS. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California. Genl. Char. Size large, tail long; ears large, sparsely haired. Color. Above dark gray mixed with light brown; sides fulvous; under parts grayish buff. Tail, blackish brown above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length, 265: tail vertebr;p, 142; hind foot, 28; ear, 26. 187. insignis. {Feroiiiyseus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1895, P- 33- Type locality. Dulzura, San Diego County, California. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern California. Genl. Char. Size large; tail very long, exceeding head and body. Color. Above light brownish gray, mingled with black, darkest on back; brownest on rump and thighs; flanks ochraceous; feet and under surface grayish white. Tail above sooty, below grayish white. Afeasurenients. Total length, 233; tail vertebrae, 132; hind foot, 26; ear, 23. 188. dyselius. {Peromyscus), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., i8g8, I, p. 207, Zoology. Type locality. Partola, San Mateo County, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California south of San Francisco. Genl. Char. Similar to P. californicus, but smaller; skull with frontals considerably restricted at orbits and palate narrow. Color. Above black interspersed with buff; head and neck gray- ish buff; flanks pale buff with a lateral line of bright buff; orbital ring black. Under parts white, with a fulvous spot on breast of the majority of specimens. Tail long as head and body, hairy and tufted, dark brown above, yellowish white beneath. Ears large, black. Feet and legs grayish white sometimes tinged with buff. Measurements. Total length, 193; tail vertebra?, loi : hind foot, 26; ear, 23.5. 189. robustus. (Sitoniys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, P- 335- Type locality. Mus. Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. Geogr. Distr. Not known. Genl. Char. Similar in color to P. t. gan/fieli, but very much larger. Ears moderate; tail shorter than head and body. Color. Above dull yellowish brown mixed with black, darkest on median line; feet and under parts white. Tail dusky brown above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 174; tail, 73; hind foot, 21; ear, ig. 190. floridanus. {Hesperomys'), Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1889, p. 117. PEROMYSCUS. 139 tnaciopus, Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 53. Type locality. Gainesville, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida Peninsula. Genl. Char. Size large; ears large: tail half as long as head and body. Color. Above buffy ochraceous, dorsal area darker; flanks ful- vous; under parts and feet white; tail bicolor; dusky above, white beneath, sparsely haired. Mcasiiremen/s. Total length, 161-210: tail, S4-96; hind foot, 24- 29; ear. i8-2r. 191. megalotis. [Hc-speromys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 64, pis. 3, 4. Type locality. Black Tank, Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large, ears large, tail long. Color. Above j'ellowish brown, suffused with reddish brown; sides washed with tawny salmon; ears, orbital ring and tail above dusky; under parts of feet white. Salmon suffusion on breast. .\feasuremcnts. Total length, 200; tail vertebra-. loS; hind foot, 24: ear 21. 192. truei. {Hesperomys), Shufeldt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1885, p. 407, pi. 21. Type locality. Fort Wingatc, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Nevada, Utah and New Mexico. Genl Char. Form robust, ears very large; tail thicklj- haired. Color. Above yellowish brown mixed with black, darkest on median line: sides fulvous; feet and under parts white. Tail above blackish brown, below white. .\feasiireinents. Total length, 169; tail vertebra-, 82; hind foot, 20: ear, 25. a. nasiitus. (Vesperimus), Allen, Bull. Anier. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 299. Type locality. Estes Park, Larimer County, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Colorado. Genl. Char. Ears large, nearly naked; soles naked: tail much shorter than head and body. Color. Above dusky suffused with pale grayish buff; sides yel- lowish buff, forming a distinct lateral band; under parts and feet white. Orbital ring blackish. Tail blackish above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 190; tail vertebr;c, 104.7; hind foot, 22.4; ear, 69. 140 PEROMYSCUS. b.—crinitw. {Hesperomvs), Merr. . N. Amer. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 53. fig- 3- Type locality. Shoshone Falls, Snake River, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. Idaho. Genl. Char. Similar to F. eremiciis, but darker; tail longer than head and body, densely haired; soles haired; ears large. Color. Above olive brown, lined with black and suffused with ochraceous buff on the sides. Patch between fore legs and anal region ochraceous buff. Under parts white. Tail dusky above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length. 1S4; tail vertebrae, 97; hind foot, 21. 193. nuttalli. {Arvicohi), Harl., Am. Month. Journ., 1832, p. 446. aureolus. Aud. & Bach., Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 302. Type locality. Norfolk, Virginia. Geogr. Distr. Southern Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia. Ge?il. Char. Tail less than head and body; first molar with three indentations on either side; last molar with but one. (Aud. & Bach.) Color. Above bright orange, base of fur plumbeous; beneath white, except belly which is light buff. Tail, dark brown above and below. Measurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebrae, 78; hind foot, 21. 194. michiganensis. {Mas'), Aud. & Bachm., Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 304. Type locality. Erie County, Michigan. Geogr. Distr. Indiana north to Dakota and Minnesota, west and south to Kansas. Genl. Char. Stout; tail more than half as long as head and body; ears naked; color dark. Color. Above mixed light brown and black, darkest on median line, a line of yellowish fawn from cheeks along the sides of the neck; tail light brown, as are also the feet and ears. Measurements. Total length, 165; tail vertebra?, 67; hind foot, ifii.5; ear, 18.5. a.—pnllesneno. {Feromyseus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1896, p. 238. texanusl Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iSg6, p. 64 (nee Waterhouse). Type locality. San Antonio, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas. PEROMYSCUS. 141 Geiil. Char. Similar in color to /'. caniis, but smaller; tail shorter, hind foot smaller. Color. Above grayish brown washed with yellowish, strongest on the sides; dorsal band blackisli; under parts grayish white; feet white. Tail, blackish brown, beneath white. Measnremints. Total length, 127; tail vertebras, 51; hind foot, ^c^. /6 195. anthonyi. {Hespcromys), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1887, P- 5- Type locality. Camp Apache, Grant County, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. New Mexico and Arizona. Gcnl. Char. Small: tail longer than head and body; ears large; soles naked. Color. Above ash gray, lined with black; sides buffy fulvous; under parts white. Tail, above dark brown; beneath whitish. Measurements. Total length, 144; tail vertebra:, 80; hind foot, 18.5: ear, 12. i(>6. taylori. {Hesperomys), Thos., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1887, p. 66. Type locality. San Diego, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Southern Texas. Genl. Char. Similar to P. inichigancnsis, but much smaller; tail indistinctly bicolor; soles naked; dorsal area not darker than "flanks. Color. Above yellowish brown thickly lined with black; ilanks same, grading into the grayish white of the under parts. Tail brown, slightly paler beneath. .\fcasurcments. Total length, 85; tail vertebra, 32: hind foot, 13; ear, 5. Skull: basal length, 15; greatest breadth, 9.5; nasal length, 6.5: interorbital constriction, 34; interparietal length, 2; breadth, 5. 197. niveiventris. [Hesperomys), Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 18S9, p. 117. Type locality. Micco, Brevard County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida Peninsula, eastern part. Genl. Char. Tail about half the length of the body and head. Size of body moderate: ears small. Color. Above pale tawny gray, darker on median line; face and base of tail tawny; feet and legs, nose, lower half of cheeks and under parts, pure white, the hairs white to the base. Tail, brown above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 155; tail vertebrae, 60; hind foot, 19; ear, 13.5. 142 PEROMYSCUS. 198. phasma. {Peroinyscus), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.^ 1898, p. 199. Type locality. Ponto Romo, Anastasia Island, Florida, Geogr. Distr. Anastasia Island, Florida. Genl. Char. Size of P. niveivcntris, colors paler; nose and face white to eyes. Color. Above pale drab; sides of rump pinkish buff; between ears drab gray; between eye and ear pinkish buff; line over eye, spot at base of ear and nose, white; beneath white to base of hairs, white encroaching high on sides; tail white, nearly hairless, legs and feet white, ears drab gray. Measurements. Total length, 141; tail vertebrae, 54; hind foot, 19; ear from notch, 13.5. 199. subgriseus. (Sitof/iys), Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 340. Type locality. Gainesville, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Central Florida. Genl. Char. Small; tail short, hind foot long; color similar to P. niveiventris, but dark, soles naked beneath. Color. Above wood brown and cinnamon, mixed with black on back, forming indistinct dorsal area; feet and under parts white; tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 122; tail vertebrae, 45; hind foot, 10.5; ear, 13. a.~rho(ulsi. (Peromyscus), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 201. Type locality. Anclote River, Hillsboro County, Florida. Geogr. Dist. Southwestern portion of Florida Peninsula. Genl. Char. Yellower than P. subgriseus; hairs of under parts white to the base; tail unicolor. Color. Above fawn color mixed with black on dorsal region j cheeks, rump and lower sides orange buff; under parts pure white. Tail white, feet white, ears yellowish. Measurements. Total length, 124.46; tail vertebra?, 45. 72; hind foot, 16.51. b.—baliolus. (Peromyscus), Bangs, Science, 1898, p. 214. arenarius, Bangs (nee Mearns), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 202. Type locality. Hursman's Lake, near Bascom, Scriven County, Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Probably sand hill region of northern Georgia and southern South Carolina, limits not ascertained. Genl. Char. Size of P. subgriseus ; color darker. PEROMYSCUS. SIGMODON. Color. Above varying from hair to Prout's brown, mixed with black; dorsal region darkest: lower sides washed with fawn; orbital ring black; under parts white: tail above black, beneath white; feet white: ears blackish. Measurements. Total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot, 16; ear, 18. 47. Siginodon. I. -': M. 33:= 16. Sigmodon. Say & Ord, Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1825, p. 352. Skull short and wide: length less than twice the zygomatic width: rostrum short, swollen ; superior outline of skull arched ; pointed process of lamellar plate of maxillary nearly dividing the lower part of the anteorbital foramen from the upper; an azygos median process on palatal arch: prominent bead on the supraorbital border extending obliquely backwards to occiput ; audital bullae small. Upper molars three rooted ; front lower molar four rooted \ second and third lower molars three rooted. Sometimes minute accessory fangs are present. Upper molars with two exterior re- entrant folds; the front one has two similar interior folds, the others only one each. Front lower molar has two exterior and three inte- rior reentrant folds; the last two lower molars have generally but one reentrant lobe on each exterior and interior side. Pelage coarse, bristly ; form stout ; tail generally shorter than the body. Ears large; front feet small: hind feet very long: soles naked. Fig. 31. Sigmodon hispious. .No. 300 Field Columbian Museum Coil. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Enlarged 4 times. 14+ SIGMODON. 200. hispidus. {S!]i;iiio,/o>!), Say & Ord, Journ. Acad. Phil., 1825, P- 352- ferniginei/s, Harlan, Am. Journ. Scien., 1828, p. 285. hortensis, Harlan, Med. & Phys. Res., 1835, p. 49, pi., fig. 5-8. Type locality. River St. John, east Florida. Geogr. Distr. Eastern United States, Carolinas to Florida. Genl. Char. Body stout; ears large; hind feet large and strong; tail nearly as long as head and body; hair coarse. Color. Above pale yellow ochre, mixed with black; lower parts cinereous. Afeasiire/iwnts. Total length, 252; tail vertebrae, 102; hind foot, 32. a.^aif oralis. {Sigmodon). Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1889, p. 118. Type locality. Micco, Brevard County, Florida. Geogr Distr. Florida Peninsula, eastern side. Genl. Char. Similar to S. hispidus, but darker. Color. General color mixed black and gray, or pale brownish gray heavily lined with jellowish brown; under parts dusky brownish gray. Tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 274; tail vertebra', 105; hind foot, 31 ; ear, 12. h.—iexcnsis. {texianiis!. Arvicola), Aud. & Bach. N. Amer. Quad., iii, 1853, p. 229, pi. 147, fig. 2. berlandieri, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 333. Type locality. Brazos River, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Texas and Oklahoma Territory. Genl. Char. Smaller than .S. hispidus; tail shorter than head and body; hind feet rather stout. Color. Upper parts and sides yellowish brown, inclining to reddish on the rump, and lined with black, darkest on top of head and on the back; under parts whitish or buffy white, the plumbeous under fur showing through; feet dusky; tail blackish above, dark gray below. Measurements. Total length, 273; tail vertebras, 120; hind foot, 32. Specimens vary greatly in color, some being much darker than others. c. — irizina. Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 287. Type locality. Fort Verde, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona. SIGMODON 145 Genl. Char. Larger than S. hispidiis; ears larger, tail longer, colors paler. Color. Above light yellowish brown, mixed with ashy and lined with black; under parts white. Tail dusky above, whitish below. Measurements. Average total length, 320; tail vertebra;, 121. il. pnlliihtn. {.Signioiion), Mearns, Proc V. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1897, p. 504. Type locality. Rio Grande, above El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Desert Tract, Upper Rio Grande, Texas. Genl. Char. Smaller than .V. hispidus texensis; ears larger; color paler. Color. Above buffy gray mixed with black; under parts white; feet grayish white. Tail dusky brownish above, grayish white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 242; tail vertebra, 103; hind foot, 30; ear, 14. r.—.Temicus. (.Sigmodon), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1897, p. 504- Type locality. Cienega Well, Colorado River, Sonora. Geogr. Distr. Western Desert Tract, Lower Colorado River. Genl. Char. Nasals spatulate at extremity; coloring yellowish instead of grayish. Color. Yellowish gray, the sides and rump tinged with ochra- ceous. Under surface white. Feet grayish white. Tail inclined to blackish above. .Measurements. Total length, 2.S0; tail vertebra', 12S; hind foot, 34: ear, 15. 201. *spadicipygus. {Sigmodon), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 192. Type locality. Cape Sable, Florida. Geogr. Distr. From Miami on the east and Tampa Bay on the west, to southern point of Florida. Genl. Char. Smaller than S. hispidus; rump more rufous. Color. Above mixed brown and black, the brown more apparent on face and sides; rump cinnamon rufous. Under parts brownish white, tinged with cinnamon; tail black above, dusky gray below; feet dusky; ears dusky. Measurements. Total length, 263.5; tail vertebrae, 98.7; hind foot, 30.4. •Very doulitfuliy separable from 5. h. litloralis. SIGMODON. ORYZOMYS. 202. minimus. {Sigmodon), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1894, p. 130. Type locality. Upper Corner Monument, Mexican boundary line. New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Southern New Mexico into Mexico. Genl. Char. Under fur darker than in ^. h. texensis, or S. h. arizona; ears, feet and tail denseh' haired: tail not distinctly bicolor. Color. Above grayish mixed with blackish and light yellowish brown; under parts clay buff; feet yellowish gray. Tail brownish black, paler below. Measurements. Total length, 223; tail vertebrae, 94; hind foot, 28; ear, 12. 48. Oryzomys. I. I=i; M. t^ = 16. I— i' 3-3 Oryzomys. Baird, N. Am. Mamm. , 1857, p. 458. Type, Mus palus- tris, Harlan. Form rat-like. Ears nearly buried in the fur. Hairs of body coarse. Tail longer than head and body; the hairs longest on the under surface. Hind feet very long. Soles naked, with six tuber- cles, all very small except the posterior, which is very long and narrow. Upper margin of the orbit raised into a compressed crest, as in Sigmodon. (Baird, 1. c.) Fig. 32. Oryzomys aquaticus. No. 2683 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 6 times. Enlarged 6 times. ORYZOMYS. 147 203. palustris. (Mus), Harlan, Amer. Journ. Scien., 1837, p. 385. oryzivora, Aud. & Bachm. N. Am. Quad., iii, 1853, p. 214, pi. 144. fig- 2. Type locality. "Fast Land," Salem, New Jersey. Geogr. Dislr. New Jersey to Georgia. Genl. Char. Body long; tail long; feet small; tail as long as body without head. Color. Above brownish red heavily lined with black ; sides grayish mixed with brown; beneath ashy white, or plumbeous washed with white. Feet white. Tail above dusky brown, beneath ash gray. Measurements. Total length, 251; tail vertebrae, 124; hind foot, 30; ear, 16. a.—nutator. (Oryzomys), Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 44. Type locality. Gainesville, Florida. Gtogr. Distr. Florida, west to Texas. Genl. Char. Larger than O. palustris, and darker. Color. Above rufous, heavily lined with black, darkest on median line; sides grayish brown tinged with pale brown ; under parts grayish white; feet brownish white. Tail dark brown. Measurements. Total length, 317; tail vertebra', 153; hind foot, 35; ear, 15. h. — texennis. {Oryzomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 177- Type locality. Rockport, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Texas, possibly north to Kansas? Genl. Char. Similar to O. palustris, but paler. Color. Above pale yellowish gray brown, mixed with blackish on back, forming a dorsal band; sides yellowish gray, varied with black; under parts grayish white. Measurements. Average total length, 264; tail vertebr;r, 132; hind foot, 30. 304. aquaticus. (Oryzomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 289. Type locality. Brownsville, Texas. Geo.i^r. Distr. Southeastern Texas, limits of range not deter- mined. Genl. Char. Large; feet small; molars large, heavy. Color. Above yellowish brown, darker on median line; sides paler; under parts buffy. Tail above grayish. 148 ORYZOMYS. REITHRODONTOMYS Measurements. Average total length, 284 ; tail vertebras 144; hind foot, 31.7; ear, 10. b.—coLoratics. {Oryzomys), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i8g8, p. 189. Type locality. Cape Sable, Florida. Geogr. Dhtr. Southern portion of Peninsula of Florida. Genl. Char. Size large; color reddish brown. Color. Above reddish brown, darkest on rump and paler on sides, with a mixture of black on head and back; beneath white, often tinged with cinnamon; hairs at base plumbeous; tail dusky, whitish beneath towards base; feet whitish; ears dusky. Measurements. Total length, 301.6; tail vertebra-, 150; hind foot, 35. 49. Reitlirodontomys. I. LZI; M. ^' = 16. I— • 3—3 J. A. Allen. On the species of the genus Reithrodontomys. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1895, vii., p. 107. Reithrodontomys. Giglioli, Richer, intorn. alia Distrib. Geog. Gen. , Roma, 1873, p. 160. Reithrodon. Le Conte (nee Waterh.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 413. Reithrodon. Baird (nee Waterh.), N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 447. Ochetodon. Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 184. Body slender; size very small; tail as long as body without the head; anterior face of upper incisors with a deep longitudinal groove, nearly as broad as the face of the tooth; lower incisors simple; ante- rior upper molar with four roots, three large, one very small. The lower half of the descending ramus is abruptly twisted inwards nearly at a right angle to the lower border of the process. Anteorbital for- amen is situated in the zygomatic portion of the maxillary, and is almost circular above, contracting to a slit below. Palate terminates opposite the posterior border of last molars, as a transverse shelf; bullffi large, widely separated, but approximating anteriorly. 205. lecontei. (Afus), Aud. & Bachm. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 307. ? humulis, Aud. & Bachm. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1841, P- 97- ? carolinensis, Aud. & Bach. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1842, p. 306. REITHRODONTOMYS. Fig. 3V ReiTriRODONTOMvS LECONTEI. No. <}!(9 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Twice nat. f-\ze. Lower tooth row. I'fper tooth roh Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times. Ty/>e locality. Georgia. Geog. Dislr. Coast district of South Carolina and Georgia, southward into Florida. Gcnl. Char. Tail k'SS than head and body. Color. Above fuscous brown, darker on median line; more ful- vous on sides, with indistinct lateral line; under parts dingy gray, tinged with fulvous ; feet whitish; ears dusky; tail dusky above, grayish wliite below. .\fiauirements. Total length, 120: tail vertebra, 56; hind foot, 15.5; ear, 9.5. n.^impi^er. [Ri-illiro,lo>itom\s), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 167. Type locality. White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. Geogr. Distr. West Virginia. Genl. Char. Smaller tlian R. lecontci; tail shorter; ear smaller; molar teeth larger. Color. Above dark russet brown, darkest on back and rump; sides ochraceous buff; beneath grayish white tinged with fawn; feet grayish white; tail dusky above, grayish white beneath; under fur plumbeous except on chin and under side of head. .Measurements. Total length, 112; tail vertebrae, 51; hind foot, 15; ear, 9. 150 REITHRODONTOMYS. h.—dichinsoni. i^Reithrodontomys), Rhoads, Am. Nat. 1895, xxlx., P- 590- Type locality. Willow Oak, Pasco County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Southern portion of Florida Peninsula. Color. Above sooty gray, darkest along back and rump; sides tinged with brown; under parts and feet grayish; tail above same as back, beneath grayish. Measurements. Spec, from Enterprise, Florida, in Field Colum- bian Museum. Total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 61 ; hind foot, 16. 206. merriami. {Reithrodontomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. iig. Type locality. Austin Bayou, Alvin, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Coast district of southwestern Louisiana to Bra- zoria County, Te.xas. Genl. Char. Similar to R. lecontfi, but smaller, shorter tail and darker color. Color. Above yellowish gray brown, darker on median line: sides yellowish gray, faint buffy lateral line. Beneath whitish gray washed with buff; tail blackish above, dusky gray beneath. Measurements. Total average length, 112; tail vertebrae, 52; hind foot, 16.2; ear, 8.5. 207. dychei. {Reithrodo>ilomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 120. humilis, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 185 (nee Aud. & Bachm.). Type locality. Lawrence, Kansas. Geogr. Distr. Kansas east to St. Louis, Missouri; south to western Oklahoma Territory; north to Nebraska and southwestern Iowa. Genl. Char. Resembling R. megalotis, but darker, smaller, and with more spotted ears. Color. Above mouse gray lined with black; fulvous on side, with indistinct lateral line ; underneath whitish. Dusky spot on outer surface of ear near base, and one at base internally. Tuft of yellowish brown hairs in front of anterior base of ears. Tail dusky above, grayish white beneath. Feet white. n .—nebracensis. (ReithroJontomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 122. Type locality. Canon City, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Fremont County, Colorado, north to Custer, Montana, east to central and northeastern Nebraska. REITHRODONTOMYS. 151 Genl. Char. Larger than A', liychei, ears larger ; color more fulvous. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with black; sides and rump more fulvous. Beneath white. .\fc-a.'ii/rements. Average total length, 141; tail vertebra;, 64; hind foot, 16 3. 208. montanus. {Rfithrodon), Baird, Proc. Acatl. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855. P- 336. Type locality. Rocky Mountains, San Luis Valley, Colorado ? Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Tail less than head and body, ears small. Color. Above brown and pale yellowish gray; outside of ears and flanks pale yellowish brown; beneath whitish. Measurimftits. Total length, 101.8; tail to end of hairs, 50.8; hind foot, 12.7; ear, 7.4. 209. megalotis. [Reilhroilon), Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 451. humtlii, Coues (under megalotis), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1874, p. 185. aztecus, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, v, p. 79. deserti, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 127. Type locality. Janos and San Luis Spring, Sonora, near New Mexico boundary. Geogr. Distr. Sonora, through western New Mexico and eastern Arizona to Utah, California and southern Nevada. Genl. Char. Largest of species. Color. "Above mouse gray lined with darker and tinged with rufous; on rump and sides a fulvous wash. Beneath soiled yellowish white." (Baird, 1. c.) Measurements. Average total length, 143; tail vertebra, 66; hind foot, 18.5; ear, 12.5. 210. longicaudus. {Reithri.don). Baird, Mamm. N. Amer., 1857, p. 451. Type locality. Petaluma, California. Geogr. Distr. California, west of the Sierra Nevada, from coast region of Monterey County, north to Mendocino County, and in the interior from San Joaquin Count}- north to Tehama County. Prob- ably further south irregularly in the coast and San Bernardino ranges of mountains (Allen). (.icnl. Char. Small, colors darkish; tail long, more than half the length of head and body. Color. Above yellowish brown and black, darkest on dorsal line; sides more \ellowish and with a fulvous lateral line from cheeks to 152 REITHRODONTOMYS. rump; beneath grayish white tinged often with j-ellow, and frequently with a fulvous spot on the breast. Ears dusky, rusty brown tuft at the anterior base. Feet whitish. Tail dusky above, grayish white below. Measurements. Average total length, 136.5; tail vertebrae, 72; hind foot, 17: ear, 11. 2. II. — pallidubP. (Reithrodontomys), Rhoads, Amer. Nat. 1893, p. 835. Type locality. Santa Isabel, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California and northern Lower Califor- nia, from Monterey Count}' and Merced County southward. Genl. Char. Larger than R. longicaudus and paler. Color. Above buffy gray, darker on dorsal line; face and lateral line ochraceous. Under parts and feet white, spot between fore legs and on breast buff. Tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 137; tail vertebrae, 73; hind foot, 16. 211. chrysotis. {Reithrodontomys"), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, p. 281, Zoology. Type locality. Dougherty, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Similar to R. longicaudus, but larger; tail longer, feet larger, and ears conspicuously colored inside with orange. Color. Above blackish brown mixed with yellow; sides of head and body and upper part of fore legs yellowish brown, almost golden on flanks. Under parts white. Feet grayish white. Tail brownish black above, white beneath. Inside of ears orange. Measurements. Total length, 153; tail vertebrae, 79; hind foot, 20; ear, 15. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 21.5; orbital constriction, 3; length of nasals, g; width at base. 3; mastoid breadth, 10; zygo- matic breadth, 12; length of pterygoid, 4; palate, 4: of Hensel, 16; greatest breadth of molars outside anteriorly, 4.5. 212. klamathensis. yRcitluodontomys), Merr. , N. Am. Faun., No. 16, 1899, p. 93. Type locality. Big Spring, Shasta Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Shasta Valley, California, and Klamath County, Oregon. Genl. Char. Size medium; ears and hind feet large; tail long; paler in color than R. longicaudus. Skull: rostrum broad; audita! bullae small. Color, .'\bove pale grayish brown, washed with buffy on sides; beneath white. Tail above dusky, below whitish. Measurements. Total length, 149; tail vertebra;, 71 ; hind foot, 19. REITHRODONTOMYS. 1&3 213. arizonensis. {Reithrodontomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 320. Type locality. Chiricahua Mountains. Geogr. Dislr. Southeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to R. longiiauilas, but redder and larger. Color. Above brown lined with black and washed with reddish fulvous, median dorsal tract darker; sides golden, forming a lateral line from cheeks to tail; under parts and feet grayish white. Ears blackish. Tail dusky above, gray below. Afeasurements. Total length, 152; tail vertebra', 78; hind foot, 1 8; ear, 13. a.—t.mejcic'inu'-) intermediui'. (Reilluodontomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 136. Type locality. Brownsville, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Southern Texas, from Corpus Christi, southward; Rio Grande Valley to mouth of Pecos, and east to Kerr, Bexar and Bee counties, Texas. South into Mexico. Genl. Char. Smaller than R. mexicanus, and paler. Color. Above grayish brown, washed with pale yellowish, mixed with dark hairs on middle of back, sides lighter; lateral line yellowish. Beneath white. Ears brown, apical third of inner sur- face rufous. Feet whitish. Tail dusky, nearly unicolor. Measurements. Total length, 194; tail vertebra?, 108; hind foot, 21 1 ear, 13. b.—'itcrnn.'ius. {Reithrodontomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, P- 137- mexicanus, Coues, Rod., 1877, p. 128. Type locality. Lafayette, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of Texas from Matagorda County northward and eastward to Houma, La., and north to Beebe. Ar- kansas. Genl. Char. Similar to R. mexicanus, but more golden in hue. Color. Above yellowish brown, median area black; sides orange rufous: beneath white washed with yellowish, and an indistinct ful- vous spot on the breast. Measurements. Total length, 174; tail vertebrae, 95; hind foot, 20; ear, 12. 214. laceyi. {Reithrodontomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1896, p. 235. Type locality. Watson's Ranch, near San .Vntonio, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Texas. 154 REITHRODONTOMYS. NBOTOMA, Genl. Char. Similar to R. m. intermedius, but more fulvous, col- ors stronger. Color. Above yellowish brown, mixed with blackish; indistinct fulvous lateral line. Beneath grayish white; feet soiled white. Tail long, bicolor, upper third brown, rest grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 156; tail vertebrae, 8g; hind foot, 19; ear, 12. Sub. Fam. III. Neotominae. 50. Neotoma. I. l=i; M. t^^ = 16. C. H. Merriam. The Neotomina, with descriptions of a new genus and species and a Synopsis of the known forms. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, pp. 225-252. Neotoma. Say & Ord, Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1825, p. 346. Type, M. fioridana, Ord. Teonoma, Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1843, p. 117. Skull long; zygomatic width equals half the length of skull; edge of maxilla bounding anteorbital foramen, rounded; the foramen broad and open above, compressed into a somewhat narrow slit below; intermaxillaries reaching back to interorbital region; nasals much shorter; palate terminating with a concave border posteriorly between last two molars; audital bulla; small; their axis oblique to that of the skull; occipital plane of skull perpendicular, at right angles to the superior surface; process of jugal extends downward and backward, that of squamosal joining it at almost a right angle. Mandible with long, acute, coronoid process, higher than condyle. Roots of lower incisor causing protuberances on either side of the jaw; upper molar teeth with usually two external and one internal reentrant loops; first and second lower molars with two external and two internal loops, last molar with only one of each. Upper molars three rooted; lower with but two roots. The two sections of the genus are distinguished by those with round somewhat bare tails, and those with densely haired, bushy tails; the latter having the rostrum longer, and the interorbital constriction greater. A. Neotoma. Tail long, bare, round. 215. cumulator. {Neotoma), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1898, p. 503. Type locality. Fort Yuma, San Diego County, California. NF.OTOMA. 153 Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Range not determined. Genl. Char. Size large ; color similar to N. iniermc-tiiii, but paler. Cohir. Above grayish fulvous lined with black; gray on limbs and ochraceous buff on sides. Feet and under parts white. Tail black above, white beneath. Ears mixed gray and black. Measurements . Total length, 406; tail vertebra-, 1H8; hind foot, 37; ear, 30.5. Fig. 34. NEoroMA floridana. No. S9> Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 3 limes. Uppkk tooth row. Enlarged 3 times. 216. micropus. (IVeoti'iiius), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., i«55. P- 333- canescens, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 285. Type locality. Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Geogr. Distr. San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico, northward to the Pan Handle of Oklahoma, westward to the Staked Plains, Kio Grande Valley west to El Paso; Pecos Valley to Eddy, New Mexico. Genl. Char. Tail short, hardly two-thirds the length of the body; ears large; feet small; soles naked. Color. Above grayish lead color, lined with dark brown; sides paler; shoulders and flanks occasionally tinged with yellowish brown. Under parts and feet white. Tail above dusky, beneath grayish white. .\feasurements. Total length, 359; tail vertebra?, 185; hind foot, 36; ears, 30. 158 NEOTOMA. n.—siirberi. {A'c(>/<>>/ia), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, i. p. 279, Zoology. Ty/>e locality. Canon three miles west of Alva, Oklahoma Ter- ritory. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Oklahoma. Genl. Char. Similar to N. micropus, but darker, tail longer and almost black above. Color. Upper parts, fore legs and flanks iron gray; hairs tipped with wliiie. Beneath white; hairs of chin, throat, breast and space between hind legs white to the roots, remainder plumbeous at base. Feet white. Tail long; above grayish black on basal third; almost pure black for remainder; beneath white. MeasKrewen/s. Total length, 430; tail vertebr.e, 197; hind foot, 43- 217. campestris. \Xeo/oma), .Mien, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 322. Type locality. Pendennis. Lane County, Kansas. Gfogr. Distr. Kansas and Colorado. Genl. Char. Similar in size and in skull to ^V. micropus, but colors different, .\bove yellowish gray varying to buffy ochraceous and lined with black; feet and under parts white. Tail pale grayish brown above, pure white below. Measurements. Total length, 3S8; tail vertebra^, 155; hind foot, 40.5; car, 25. e locality. Furnace Creek, Death \'^alley, California. Geogr. Distr. Mojave, Colorado and Sonoran Deserts of east- ern California, Nevada, and western Utah, north to east Humboldt \'alley, and Kelton, Utah. Genl. Char. Similar to .V. intermedia, but smaller; ears larger. Colors inclining to ochraceous buffy instead of gray. Color. Above pinkish buff brightest on sides; head grayish lined with black; under parts white washed with salmon on neck; feet white. Tail, pale dusky above, white beneath. .\feasurenients. Total length, 305; tail vertebra, 128; hind foot, 30. a.sola. {Neotoma), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 126. TyJ7//i7), Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 235- Type locality. Utah. Geogr. Distr. Range not known. Genl. Char. Size small; skull small, delicate; frontal profile flattened; supra orbital edges square, scarcely ridged; palatine fora- men as in N. macrotis; molars small. Color. Above ashy gray, washed with pale fawn; under parts white, hairs on belly gray at base. Tail, thickly haired, brownish fawn above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebra^ 100; hind foot, 27.2; ear, 25. b.—drummondi. {Myoxus), Richards, Zool. Jour., 1828, p. 517. Type locality. Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, N. Lat. 57°. Geogr. Distr. Limits unknown. Eastern British Columbia and western Canada. Genl Char. Tail bushy, longer than the body; ears large, oval; posterior half of soles furred. Color. General color light yellowish brown mixed with black; feet and under parts white. Tail, basal portion above like back, remainder dark lead gra\; beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 393; tail vertebra^ 165; hind foot, 36; ear, 20. c.—oecidentalis. {Neotowa), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855. P- 335- Type locality. Shoalwater Bay, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Pacific coast region of Oregon and Washington, eastward to plains of central Idaho. Genl. Char. Tail longer than the body without head, ears large, scantily haired; posterior part of sole furred. Color. Upper parts dark brown nearly black, lined with yel- lowish brown, sides tinged with yellowish brown, feet and under parts bluish white. Tail above basal part like back, remainder brownish plumbeous. Long black hairs are visible over the bod}-. Measurements. Total length, 412; tail vertebra, 192; hind foot, 33; ear, 26, NEOTOMA. 165 d.—fusca. {N(otoma), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1894, p. 354- Type locality. Fort Umpqua, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, limits of range not determined. Genl. Char. Tail less than half the length of head and body; colors dark. Color. Above blackish, sides and underneath neck tawny gray; outer surface of limbs gray, under parts soiled white; fore feet white, hind feet dusky. Tail, above black, buffy gray below. Mdisun-ments. Total length, 395; tail vertebra^ iSo; hind foot, 44. e. ^Columbiana. (A^eoloma), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1893, I, p. 255; Zoology (note). Type locality. Ducks, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Western British Columbia, range unknown. Gcnl. Char. Colors paler than those of X. occidoitalis, tail less than the length of head and body. Color. Nose and space between eyes light mouse gray; top of head and back dark gray; sides of face and flanks, shoulders and thighs, pale grayish buff, nearly clear buff along the belly. Entire under parts and under sides of limbs white; chest and abdomen tinged with yellow. Feet white. Tail bushy, at base like back, remainder blackish gray, under side white. Ears blackish, naked save hairy fringe on edge. Measurements. Total length, 408; tail to end of hair, 194; hind foot, 37. 227. arizonae. i^Xeotoma), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. no. Type locality. Keam's Canon, Apache County, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Moki region northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, southeastern Utah, and southwestern Colorado. Genl. Char. Similar to N. cinerea, but smaller; ears large; a broad slit-like opening on each side of the presphenoid and anterior third of the basi-sphenoid, as in the round-tailed species. Color. Above ochraceous buff, mixed with black; feet and under parts white. Tail, grayish brown above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 365; hind foot, 35; ear, 34. 228. granger!. {iVeotoma), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 324. Type locality. Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geogr. Distr. South Dakota, range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar in size and color to jV. cinerea, but with well developed sphenopalatine vacuities. 168 NEOTOMA. Color. Above gray mixed with dusky, ground hue clay color to pale buffy, lined with black; head gray without tinge of fulvous; feet white; ears blackish; under parts white. Tail above dusky gray, white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 393; tail vertebrae, 173; hind foot, 41; ear, 28. Skull: total length, 51; basal length, 49; parietal breadth, 28; least interorbital breadth, 5; nasals, 19; incisive fora- mina, 12; palate, 9. 229. orolestes. [Neotoma), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 128. Type locality. Sagauche Valley, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountains, Colorado, Wyoming and New Mexico. Genl. Char. Similar to iV. ««^/r(Z/ size large; tail large; spheno- palatine vacuities open. Color. Above buffy ochraceous, suffused with fulvous and lined with black; top of head grayish; feet and under parts white. Tail above like back at base, remainder dusky; beneath whitish, tinged with fulvous. Measurements. Total length, 413; tail vertebrae, 175; hind foot, 41; ear, 31. 230. rupicola. (Neotoma), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 323. Type locality. Corral Draw, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geogr. Distr. Bad Lands, South Dakota. Genl. Char. Similar to N. campestris, but smaller and paler, and with larger ears and bushy tail. Color. Above creamy buff, lined with black, darkest on dorsal region; feet and under parts pure white to the base of hairs. Tail above gray; below white. Ears grayish, edged with white. Measurements. Total length, 330; tail vertebrae, 154; hind foot, 41; ear, 27. 231. cinnamomea. [Neotoma), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., i«95, P- 331- Type locality. Kinney Ranch, Bitter Creek, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Wyoming, Uncompahgre Indian Reservation, Utah; New Mexico. Genl. Char. Similar to N. rupicola, but larger, colors deeper. Color. Above buffy ochraceous, tinged with vinaceous, dorsal region lined with black; sides ochraceous buff; feet and under parts white to roots of hairs. Tail gray above, white below; ears brownish. Measurements. Average total length, 364; tail vertebrae, 158; hind foot, 41. PHENACOMYS. 167 Sub. Fam. IV. Microtinae. G. S. Miller, Genera and Subgenera of Voles and Lemmings. N. Am. Faun., No. 12, 1896. Molars imperfectly rooted or rootless (e.xcept Phenacomys and Evolovivs, which have rooted molars in old adults); swelling on inner side of mandible caused by root of lower incisor, between condyle and the descending process, the latter hamular; palate arched; nasals not extending beyond premaxillaries. 51. Phenacomys. G. S. Miller, Synopsis of the Voles of the Genus Phenacomys, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, pp. 73-87. Phenacomys. Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 28. Type, P. intermedins, Merr. Skull and teeth as in Microtus, but the adult has the molars two- rooted, and the root of lower incisor does not reach the level of the dental foramen. Lower molars on inner side have deeper reentrant angles than on the outer. Co\J\ft)WI^>IV^ Bh Fig 36. Phenacomys orophiius. No. 5053 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 5 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 5 times. 232. intermedius. {Phenacomys), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 2, if P- 32- Type locality. Kamloops, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. 168 PHENACOMYS. Genl. Char. Size small, colors pale; front lower molar with five salient angles on outer side. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown, tinged with yellow, and sprinkled with black ; dorsal region darkest ; under parts grayish white. Tail almost black above, white below. Feet pale brownish. Measurements. Total length, ii8; tail vertebrae, 28; hind foot, 18; ear, 13. 233. orophilus. {Phenacomys'), Merr. N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 65. truei, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 331. oramoniis, Rhoads, Am. Nat., 1895, p. 941. Type locality. Salmon River Mountains, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. Alberta, British Columbia, and western United States to southern central Oregon, central Idaho and southern Wyoming. Genl. Char. Small; color light gray; interorbital region of skull narrow; ascending branches of premaxillae narrow. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown, tinged with yellow, lined with black; under parts soiled white; feet pure white. Tail mixed brown and white above, pure white beneath. Under fur plumbeous. Measurements. Total length, 146; tail vertebra:, 38; hind foot, 19. 234. olympicus. {Phcnacomys), Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, I, p. 225, Zoology. pumilus, Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, p. 258, Zoology, juv. Type locality. Happy Lake, Olympic Mountains, Clallam County, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality, and Boulder Lake, Olympic Mountains. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. orophilus, with longer tail and darker pelage. Color. Upper parts dark cinnamon, grizzled with tawny ochra- ceous; flanks paler. Under parts whitish, base of hairs plumbeous; legs and feet white. Tail above like back, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 27; hind foot, 15; ear, 9. 235. preblei. (Phenacomys), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, P- 45- Type locality. Long's Peak, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only. PHENACOMVS. 169 Gen!. Char. Similar to P. orophilus, but more ochraceous ; ascending branches of premaxillae more expanded terminally. Color. Above clay color, suffused with ochraceous, sprinkled with black on dorsal region: under parts yellowish white; feet soiled white. Tail brownish above, whitish beneath. Measuretnents. Total length, 130; tail vertebre locality. Muskeeget Island, Massachusetts. Geogr. Distr. Known onlj- from type locality. Genl. Char. Size large; feet broad and stout; soles with six tubercles; brain case longer and wider than that of M. pennsylvanicus ; interparietal longer antero-posteriorly, shorter transversely. Inter- parietal as wide as long. Color. Above grayish yellow brown ; under parts yellowish white. Feet white. Tail above yellowish brown, beneath yellowish white. Afcasurcments. Total length, 162-182; tail vertebrae, 44-54; hind foot, 22. 3-24. 263. nesophilus. {Microtus), Bailey, Science, N. S. 1898, m, p. 782. insularis, Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 85 {nee Lemmus insularis N^ills). Type locality. Great Gull Island, N. Y. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. Genl. Char. "Size of M. pennsylvanicus, colors darker; skull shorter and wider, with spreading zygoma and deep prezygomatic notches." Interparietal wider than long. Color. Above dark yellowish bister, below cinnamon. Measurements. Skull: basal length, 26; zygomatic breadth, 16.2; mastoid, 12.3; length of molar series, 6.8 (Skin). Tail, 29; hind foot, 20. 263. montanus. (Arvicola), Peale, Mamm. U. S. Expl. Exped., 1848, p. 46. longiroslris, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 530. Type locality. Head waters of Sacramento River near Mount Shasta, California. Geogr. Distr. Northern Utah, Nevada, northeastern California and eastern Oregon. Genl. Char. Size moderate; ear long as forefoot; tail long, two- fifths the head and body. Last upper molar has three external salient angles; first lower molar has five interior and four exterior. 184 MICROTUS. Color. Above dull yellowish brown mixed with black; sides lighter; beneath whitish ash, base of fur plumbeous; feet brownish white. Tail brown above, soiled white beneath. Mc-asurei/ients. Total length, 122-192; tail vertebrae, 33-54; hind foot, 19 23; ear, 9-11. n.—ariznnenais. (M/crotus), Baile^', Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 88. Ty/>e locality. Springerville, Arizona. Geogr. Disir. Eastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to J/, mon/aniis, but more ferruginous; pal- ate flat, pits shallow; pterygoids thick. Color. Above rusty brown; beneath white; feet dark gravish; tail blackish above, grayish below. Measurements. Total length, 184; tail vertebra?, 55; hind foot, 20. Skull: basal length, 27.3; nasals, 8; zygomatic breadth, 16; mastoid, 12.2; length of upper molar series, 6.5. h.—iivwJari'i. (Microtus). Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iSgS, p. 96. Type locality. St. George, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Only known from the type locality. Genl. Char. Larger and paler than M. montanus. Color. Above dull bister lined with black; sides slighth' paler: beneath whitish; feet grayish; tail blackish above, grayish below. Measurements. Total length, 179; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot, 23. Skull: basal length, 28.2; nasals, 8.3; zygomatic breadth, 17; mastoid, 13.3; length of upper molar series, 7.3. 264. nanus. {.Arvicola), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 63. pi. II, fig. 5-6. Type locality. Pahsimeroi Mountains, Idaho. Altitude. 9.350 feet. Geogr. Distr. Rocks' Mountains and other ranges from Central Idaho to Nevada and southern Colorado. Genl. Char. Size small; ears small; antitragus large, and large fossa innominata; tail more than one-third the length of head and body. Skull: brain case narrow, high; parietal anteriorly subtrun- cate; middle upper molar without postero-internal loop. Color. Above pale grizzled bister, mixed with black; sides ash gray; beneath grayish white. Tail above dusk}', beneath whitish. Feet dusky. Measurements. Total length, 151: tail vertebrae, 41; hairs, 7.5; hind foot, 18; ear from crown, 4. MICROTUS. 185 fi.—canescens. [.Vicrotits), Baikj-, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 87. Type locality. ConconuUy, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Northern Washington and southern British Co- lumbia. God. Char. Similar to -1/. nanus, but paler. Skull: mastoid breadth greater; audital bulla; larger; molar pattern as in J/, nanus; hip glands conspicuous in adult males. Color. Above dark grayish; sides lighter gray; beneath white; feet dark gray; tail above blackish; grayish beneath. .\fcasuri-nien/s. Total length, 149; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 20. Skull: occipital condyles to anterior base of molars, 17.4; zygo- matic breadth, 15: mastoid, 12.3; length of molar series, 63. 265. canicaudus. [Microtus). Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S97, p. 67. Type locality. McCoy, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Willamette Valley, Oregon, southern Washing- ton on eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains. Gcnl. Char. Size about as M. nanus, but more yellow. The brain case is broader and deeper; audital bulhr flatter and more round. Color. Above and sides umber brow-n mixed with black, darker on head and paler on sides; beneath grayish white tinged with yel- lowish: tail above whitish gray, beneath paler. Base of fur plum- beous. Measurements. Average total length, 135; tail vertebrir, 33.7; hind foot, 20. 266. dutcheri. (.\ficrotus), Bailty, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 85. Type toealily. Big Cottonwood Meadows, near Mt. Whitney, California. Geogr. Distr. Inyo and Tulare counties, eastern California. " Hudsonian zone of the southern Sierra Nevada." Genl. Char. Size small; tail short; ears small; hip glands pres- ent in adult males. Color. Above dark bister, hairs tipped with brown; beneath buffy brown; feet whitish; tail blackish above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length, 167; tail vertebra', 35; hind foot, 20. 267. nevadensis. (Mierotus). Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. S6. Type locality. Ash Meadows, Nye county, Nevada. 186 MICROTUS. Geogr. Distr. Type locality and Pahranagat Valley, Southern Nevada. Genl. CImr. Size large; tail short; colors dark; hip glands con- spicuous in adult males; first upper molar with five closed triangles; second with four; sometimes there is a small inner lobe at base of posterior triangle; third with anterior crescent, three closed triangles and a posterior loop with two inner lobes. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 55; hind foot, 25.5. Skull: basal length, 32; nasals, 10.2; zygomatic breadth, 19. 3; mastoid, 14.3; length of upper molar series, 8. 268. californicus. {Arvicola), Peale, Mamm. U. S. Expl. Exped., 1S48, p. 46. trowbridgi, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 529. Type locality. Shores of San Francisco Bay, California. Geogr. Distr. "California, west of the Colorado Desert and the Sierra Nevada, and from Santa Isabel, San Diego county, California, to the Rogue River and Umpqua Valleys, Oregon." Genl. Char. Ear five-eighths length of hind foot; tail twice as long as hind foot; posterior upper molar has two exterior and one interior triangle; the posterior crescent sends out a lobe near the bend; first upper molar has four external salient angles, and five internal, besides the anterior loop. Color. Above pale yellowish brown mixed with black; sides lighter; beneath grayish white tinged with yellow; feet brownish gray; tail dark brown above, paler beneath. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot, 2o; ear, 12. a—vallicola. {Microtus'), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 89. Type locality. Lone Pine, Inyo county, California. Geogr. Distr. Valley of Eastern California. Genl. Char. Larger and darker than M. californicus ; middle upper molar with lobe at base of fourth triangle often developed into a loop. Color. Above dull sepia, lined with black, slightly suffused with yellowish; beneath smoky plumbeous; feet dusky; tail above black- ish, below grayish. Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebrae, 57; hind foot, 23. b.—constrictus. Bailey, N. Am. Faun., igoo. No. 17, p. 36. T\pe locality. Cape Mendocino, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region near Cape Mendocino. Genl. Char. Smaller than M. californicus and grayer. MICROTUS. 187 Color. Above buff\- gray, beneath whitish. Tail, dull grayish, feet gray. Measurements. Total length, average of four adults, 163; tail vertebrs, 55; hind foot, 21.5. 269. edax. (Arrico/a), Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scicn. Phil., 1853, p. 405. Type locality. Vicinity of San Francisco, California. Geogr. Distr. Western and southern California. Genl. Char. Ears large; tail two-fifths the length of head and body; plantar tubercles large; soles haired from heel to first tubercle. Color. Above pale yellowish brown thinlj- mixed with black; sides paler; beneath soiled grayish white. Tail, brown above, dull white beneath. .Miasurrments. Total length, 217; tail vertebrx', 73; hind foot, 25. 270. scirpensis. (Microtis), Bailey, N. Am. Faun., igoo, No. 17, p. 38. Ty/>e locality. Amargosa Rivtr, Inyo Count)', California. Geogr. Distr. Known only from the type localit)-. Genl. Char. Similar to ^f. eda.x ; colors paler; middle upper molar with rounded open or closed posterior loop. Color. Above dark buffy graj'; beneath smoky gray. Tail, brown above, grayish beneath; feet brownish gray. .'^[easuremcnts. Total length, 210; tail vertebra-, 67; hind foot, 25. 271. operarius. {Arvicola), Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 139. Type locality. St. Michaels, Norton Sound, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Coast tundras of Bering Sea from Cape Van- couver to Bering Straits, including Nelson, St. Michaels and Stew- art Islands; Alaska eastward to Anderson River. Genl. Char. Size small; tail one-third the length of head and body; color pale. Color. Above pale fulvous or fawn faintly lined with black; sides paler; beneath grayish white. Tail, above dark brown, beneath white. Feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 104.5: tail vertebra-, 25.2; hind foot, 17.9; ear, 9.8. Juv? 272. macfarlani. {.Microtia), Merr., Proc. W^ash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 25. Type locality. Fort Anderson, north of Great Bear Lake, Arctic America. Geogr. Distr. Arctic America east of the Mackenzie River. 188 MICROTUS. Genl. Char. Size medium, tail short. Similar to M. operarius. Color. Above dull fulvous brown and black; beneath whitish tinged with buff; hind foot brown; toes partly whitish. Tail, dusky above, whitish beneath. Measuretnen/s. Skin. Tail, 29; hind foot, 18.5. 273. yakutatensis. {Micro/ iis), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 22. Type locality. Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Glacier Bay to Prince William Sound, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail very short, similar to M. siiken- sis, but with shorter feet. Cranial characters as in J/, sitkensis. Color. Above grayish brown, black, and buffy fulvous; beneath whitish, or buffy white; feet whitish, soles black. Tail, above black- ish, beneath whitish or buff. Measurements. Total length, 172; tail vertebra^, 38; hind foot, 21. 274. kadiacensis. {Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. 1897, p. 222. Type locality. Kadiak Island, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Kadiak Island, Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar to M. sitkensis, but smaller and paler. Teeth as in M. sitkensis, but first lower molars with only two closed loops on each side. Color. Above pale grizzled brownish, suffused with pale ful- vous, lined with black; under parts plumbeous washed with white. Tail, dusky above, white beneath. Feet grayish brown. Measurements. Total length: "Average of five adult males, 188; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 21." 275. unalascensis. {Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 222. Type locality. Unalaska, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Unalaska Island, Alaska. Genl Char. Similar to M. kadiacensis, but darker; audital bullae shorter; first lower molar with two closed and two open internal loops, and two closed external. Color. Above yellowish brown; bent_-ath plumbeous washed with whitish. Tail, black above, white below. Feet grayish. Measurements. Total length, 122; tail vertebrae, 28; hind foot, 19. II. — uniiofrnsif^. {Microtus), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 22. Type locality. Popof Island, Shumagin Group, Alaska. Genl. Char. Similar externally to M. unalascensis, but cranium MICROTUS. 189 different. Anterior end of frontal narrow and without a lachrymal tubercle. Color. Above 3'ellowish brown, darkest in middle of back and lined sparsely with black; sides paler yellowish brown; beneath plumbeous washed with wliite, with buff space on breast. Feet and legs dark brownish. Tail, dusky above, white beneath. Measurements. Total length. Type, 188; tail vertebra;, 43; hind foot, 22. "Average of three topotypes, 165, 38, 22.4." 276. sitkensis. {Microtiis), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 221. Type locality. Sitka, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Baranof Island, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size equal to M. unalascensis; tail short; skull long and narrow; brain case rounded; audital bulla large, elongated; incisive foramina narrow, not reaching molars; first lower molar with three internal closed loops, and two external, the anterior loop with one internal salient angle, and no external. Third lower molar has four inner and four outer salient angles, and three closed triangles. Color. Above grizzled brown suffused with reddish brown; brightest on rump, beneath plumbeous washed with ochraceous buff. Tail, above black, below white. Feet dusky. .\[easiirements. Total length, 155; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 23. Skull: basal length, 25; zygomatic breadth, 14; palatal length, 13; interorbital constriction, 4.2. 277. innuitus. [Microtus), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 21. Type locality. St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea. Genl. Char. Skull and parts of skeleton alone known; ''cranium large; zygomata heavy, bowed outward, anterior roots standing out- ward and forward when seen from above; jugals slightly expanded; brain case squarely truncate anteriorly; nasals large, cuneate; ros- trum massive, prominent lip at border of anteorbital foramen; audital bullae large; incisors produced and protruding. Hind molar with three closed triangles; first molar with four, two on a side." Measurements. " Tail vertebrae, 43-45; hind foot, 22-24. Skull: basal length, 32.5; zygomatic breadth, 19.5; mastoid breadth, 15.5; nasals, 9; molar series, 7.2." (Merr., 1. c.) 278. abbreviatus. {Microtus), Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, P- 13- Type locality. Hall Island, Bering Sea. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. MICROTUS. Genl. Char. Size rather large; tail shorter than hind foot; plan- tar tubercles six; enamel pattern as in M. nivalis, Europe. Color. Above pale yellowish brown, rufous on top of head and on rump, the plumbeous bases of the under fur giving a darkish tone to the upper parts; side pale buff, grading into the yellowish white of the under parts. Face yellowish rufous, darkest on upper lips; feet whitish. Tail, above like back, beneath buff. Measurements. Total length, i6o; tail vertebras, 26; hind foot, 20. Taken in the flesh from a specimen in the Field Museum, ob- tained by the author on Hall Island, Bering Sea, July 14, 1899. a .—fisheri . {Microius), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 23. Type locality. St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea. Genl. Char. " Similar to M. ahhreviatus, but yellow suffusion even more intense, particularly on belly; nasals and rostrum (above) decidedly longer, zygomata more strongly bowed outward; bullae broader, less pointed anteriorly, and less flattened on outer side." (Merr., 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 178; tail vertebras, 32; hind foot, 24. 279. townsendi. [Arvicola), Bach., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 60. occidentalis. Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., Mamm., 184S, p. 45. Type locality. Lower Columbia River, Oregon, near mouth of the Willamette. Geogr. Distr. Port Moody, British Columbia, to the Willamette Valley and Taquina Bay, Oregon. Genl. Char. Size very large; ears two-thirds the length of hind foot; tail less than half the length of head and bod\'. Middle upper molar has four triangles; last upper molar has one interior and two exterior closed triangles, and one anterior spherical triangle; anterior lower molar has four salient angles on either side and three exterior and three interior triangles. Color. Above yellowish rusty brown lined with black; sides paler with less black. Under parts soiled ashy white tinged with brownish; feet pale brown. Tail, dark brown above, paler beneath. Measurements. Total length, 190-226; tail vertebrffi, 66; hind foot, 25-26; ear, 15. 280. tetramerus. (Arviccld), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 283. Type locality. Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Vancouver Island. Genl. Char. Size medium, tail long; middle upper molar want- ing fifth section. MICROTUS. 101 Co/or. Similar to .U. townsendi. Above grizzled blackish brown; below ash; feet grayish brown: tail above like back, below like under parts. .\f,i.isnr,nunls. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot. 23. 281. longicaudus. {Arvicola), Merr. Amer. Nat., 1888, p. 934. Type- locality. Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geogr. Distr. Western South Dakota, Wjoming. Genl. Char. Antitragus closing like meatus; tail verj' long. Color. Above and sides bister, grizzled with rusty on back; sides grayish, beneath buffy gray; feet plumbeous ; tail blackish above, whitish beneath. .Veasurements. Total length, 185; tail vertebra?, 65; hind foot, 21. 282. mordax. (Arvicola), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 61, pi. II, fig. 3-4. vellerosus, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 7. cautus, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 7. Type locality. Sawtooth or Alturus Lake, east foot of Saw- tooth Mountain, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. " In Rocky Mountains and contiguous ranges from latitude 60 to northern New Mexico, and in the Cascades of Sierra Nevada to Kaweah and Kern rivers, California." Genl. Char. Similar to M. longicaudus, but larger; tail longer, ears smaller; skull with processes and ridges more developed than in allied species. Color. Above pale grayish bister, lined with black; sides clear gray; under parts and feet whitish. Tail dark above, whitish below; feet plumbeous. Measurements. Total length, 200; tail vertebra-, 77; hind foot, 22; ear, 10. 283. macrourus. {Microtiis), Merr., Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1898, P- 353- Type locality. Lake Cushman, Olympic Mountains, Washington, Geogr. Distr. Olympic Mountains, northwest Washington, and Alaska to Yakutat. Genl. Char. Similar to ^f. monla.v, but larger; tail longer; hind feet larger; color darker. Color. Above brownish bister, grizzled; sides paler; beneath whitish, base of hairs plumbeous; tail dusky above, whitish below; tip sometimes white. Feet plumbeous. A/easurements. Average total length, 204; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot, 24. Type specimen: Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 88; hind foot, 24.3. 192 MICROTUS. 284. angusticeps. {Microtus), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 86. Type locality. Crescent City, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. Genl. Char. Skull narrow; audital bulla? small; nasals project- ing in front of incisors; enamel pattern of teeth like that of ^[. mordax. Color. Above dark bister lined with black; sides paler; beneath creamy white ; feet plumbeous gray ; tail above blackish, below white. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebrae, 56; hind foot, 22. Skull: basal length, 23.4; nasals, 7.6; zygomatic breadth, 13.5; mastoid, 10.8; length of upper molar series, 6. 285. alticola. [Arvieola), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 67, pi. 5 and 6. Type locality. Little Spring, San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Altitude, 8,200 feet. Geogr. Distr. San Francisco Mountain, northwestern Arizona. Genl. Char. Size rather large; ears large; tail long. Color. Above dark bister, tinged with pale reddish brown and lined with black; beneath hoary plumbeous; feet grayish; tail dark brown above, grayish brown below. Measurements. Total length, 170; tail vertebrje, 56; hind foot, 20; ear, 8. a .—leurophneu't. (Arvieola), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1894, p. 320. Type locality. Graham Mountains, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Graham Mountains, southeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail less than one-half the length of head and body. Skull: brain-case broad and flat; interorbital region very broad; angle of mandible greatly developed. Color. Above pale reddish brown lined with black and tinged with gray; sides gray with less black ; beneath whitish gray; tail above brown, whitish below. Feet dusky washed with gray. Measurements. Total length, 173; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 22.5; ear, 15. 286. mogollonensis. {Arvieola), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y. , II, 1890, p. 283. T\pe locality. Baker's Butte, MogoUon Mountains, central Ari- zona. Geogr. Distr. Plateau of central Arizona. MICROTUS. 183 Genl. Char. Size medium; tail less than half the length of head and body. Color. Above yellowish brown and gray; sides fulvous; beneath grayish, washed with pale fulvous; feet and tail grayish. Measurements. Total length, 121-1 31 ; tail vertebra',31 ; hind foot, 18. 287. xanthognathus. {Arvicola), Leach (nee Harlan), Zool. Misc., 1814, p. 60, pi. 26. Type locality. Hudson Baj'. Geogr. Distr. "Northwestern Canada from Central Alberta to Arctic coast and west to central Alaska." Genl. Char. Ears large; tail shorter than head; posterior half of soles hairy. Color. Above dark brown and black; sides paler; beneath sil- very bluish gray; two patches anterior to shoulders blackish gray; blackish brown stripe on nose between two reddish brown stripes. Tail beneath whitish. .Mtasurcments. Dry skin. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 27. 288. chrotorrhinus. {Microtus), Miller, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 190. Type locality. Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Geoi^r. Distr. The Catskills. New Hampshire northward into New Brunswick to Trowser's Lake and central Quebec. Genl. Char. Similar in size to J/, pennsylvanicus ; hind feet smaller; posterior upper molar with three nearly closed outer trian- gles; third lower molar with five closed triangles, five inner and five outer salient angles and double-lobed posterior loop. Color. Upper parts and sides, between raw umber and broccoli brown mixed with black; muzzle ochraceous; sides of neck and head tinged with same color; beneath silvery gray; tail above grayish brown, beneath hair brown; feet silvery gray, soles covered with grayish hairs. ^feasurements. Total length, 165; tail vertebra^ 45; hind foot, 19.4; ear, 13.8. a.—riivws. [Microtits), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 188. Type locality. Black Bay, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. Genl. Char. Similar to .1/. chrotorrhinus; paler; skull more slen- der and constricted between orbits; rostrum more slender; audital bulla- Hatter; less inflated. Color. Above pale grayish raw umber, mixed with black on back; nose and face pale tawny ochraceous; under parts and feet gray; tail above dusky brown, paler and grayer beneath. 194 MICROTUS. Measurements. "Average total length of four adults, 159-75; tail vertebrae, 46; hind foot, 21.25; ear, 12.5." 389. borealis. {Arvicola), Richards, Zool. Journ., 1828, p. 517. Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien., 1894, p. 286. Type locality. Great Bear Lake, Hudson Bay Territory. Geogr. Distr. Arctic America. Limits not known. Genl. Char. Small; tail shorter than head. Middle upper molar without posterior fold. Posterior end of frontals long, slender, strap- shaped; anterior corners of parietals pointed. Color. Above blackish gray; beneath lead gray; tail clove brown above, grayish white beneath; feet clove brown mixed with white; claws whitish. Measurements. Total length, 139; tail vertebrse, 25; hind foot, 15; ear, 6. B. Laguras. Audital bullae very large, projecting backward behind the plane of the occiput. Palate normal; third lower molar with all triangles closed; upper third molar with two closed triangles and posterior loop. Plantar tubercles, 5; mammae, 8; inguinal, 4; pectoral, 4. Fig. 39. MicROTus (Lagurus) curtatus. No. 1519 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Enlarged %. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 6 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 6 times. MICROTUS. 11)5 390. pauperrimus. (Arviio/a), Cooper, Amer. Nat., vol. 11, 1868, P- 535- Ty/>e locality. Plains of the Columbia, near Snake river, Wash- ington. Geogr. Distr. " Eastern Washington and Oregon, central Idaho and north slope of the Uinta Mountains, Utah, in transition zone." Gdil. Char. Small; ears small, nearly hidden in hair; feet hairy; tail very short. Skull: small, flat, broad and depressed anteorbit- ally; nasals short; incisive foramina extend beyond the anterior plane of the first molars. Color. Upper parts gray tinged with buffy, and lined with black; under parts whitish buff. Tail above gray, below whitish buff. Feet whitish. Measuremtnts. Total length, 116; tail vertebr;e, 20; hind foot, 16; ear, 8. 291. curtatus. (ArvUola), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1868, p. 2. Type locality. Pigeon Spring, Mount Magruder, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Eastern California north of Death Valley, western Nevada; limits of range not known. Genl. Char. Size very small; tail and hind feet very short; ears prominent. Anterior lower molar with three internal and two exter- nal triangles, and one posterior triangle. Tail shorter than hind foot. Color, .\bove light grayish brown; beneath white; feet white. Tail above grayish brown, beneath white. ^feasurcments. Total length, 118; tail vertebrae, 19; hind foot, 18; ear, 11. 292. pallidus. {Arvicola), Merriam, Amer. Nat., 1888, p. 703. 7)/c locality. Fort Buford, North Dakota. Geogr. Distr. North Dakota, Montana north to Calgarj', Alberta. Genl Char. Size medium ; tail very short, pencil long ; ears well haired, medium. Color. Above pale buffy gray mixed with black; beneath white, plumbeous base of fur visible. Tail indistinctly bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 121-133; tail vertebr;c, 20-23; foot, 18-18.25; ear from crown, 5-6. C. Pedomys, Palate normal; third lower molar without closed triangles; claws small, those of front feet always shortest; plantaj tubercles, 5; first MICROTUS. lower molar with three closed triangles and eight or nine salient angles; third upper molar with two closed triangles and six salient angles; mamma;, 6; inguinal, 4; pectoral, 2. Soles thickly haired. Hi R V;.^ WM El m ^^J T^!^^ 1 -/ ^^^^'^^B m g 1 ^9 Fig. 40. MiCROTus (Pedomys) austerus No. 216 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 6 times. 293. austerus. {A/ru-o/a), Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853, p. 405. ?Hypudceus ochrogaster. Wagn. Suppl. Schreb. Saugt., iii, 1843, p. 592.— Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1898, p. 458. cinnamomea, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 541. Type locality. Wisconsin. Geogr. Distr. Mississippi Valley, southern Wisconsin to south- ern Missouri and Oklahoma; west to eastern Kansas and Nebraska. Genl. Char. Size large; ears short; fore feet more than half as long as the hinder; half of sole hairy; tail short, less than one third head and body. Posterior upper molar with three salient angles on either side; anterior lower molar with five internal and four external salient angles, besides the anterior loop. Color. Winter Pelage. Above grayish cinnamon, lined with black; sides paler; beneath pale cinnamon. Under fur plumbeous; tail blackish brown above, beneath pale cinnamon. Feet grayish cinnamon. Summer Pelage. Darker above, paler fulvous beneath. Measurements. Total length, 125-170; tail vertebrae, 30-40; hind foot, 17.21; ear, 11. MICROTUS. 107 294. ludovicianus. {Mu-rotus), Bailey, N. Am. Fauna, No. 17, 1900, P- 74- Type locality. Iowa, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. Geogr, Dislr. Coast prairie, southwestern Louisiana. Genl. Char. Similar to .1/. austerus; rostrum and nasals more slender; bulla larger. Color. Above dark gray; beneath fulvous ; tail dusky above, buffy beneath; feet dusky. Measurements. Total length, average two adults, 164; tail verte- brje, 33; hind foot, 18.5. 295. haydeni. {Arricola), Baird, N. .\m. Mamm., 1857, p. 543. T\pe locality. Fort Pierre, South Dakota. Gec'xr. Distr. Fort Pierre and the Black Hills, South Dakota, to the North Platte River, western Nebraska; eastern Colorado and Wyoming, and southern Montana. Genl. Char. Larger than M. austerus; tail not twice the length of hind foot; ears short, half as long as hind foot; soles hairy for half the length; last upper molar with two interior and one exterior triangle. Color. Above gray yellowish brown mixed with black ; sides grayer and less black; beneath grayish yellowwhite, tinged with pale yellowish rusty. Feet pale rusty yellowish white. Tail above brown, beneath pale yellowish rusty. ^feasurements. Total length, 153-180; tail vertebrae, 3S-47; hind foot, 20-22. 296. minor. {Arvicola), Merr., Amer. Nat., 1S88, p. 600. Ty/e locality. Bottineau, Turtle Mountain, North Dakota. Geogr. Distr. From Edmonton, Alberta, to northwestern North Dakota, and southeastwardly to Minneapolis, Minn. Genl. Char. Similar to .)/. austerus; smaller. Color. Above grizzled gray, beneath whitish washed w'ith cin- namon. Tail bicolor, dusky above, buffy beneath. Feet gray. Measurements. Totallength, 133; tail vertebra", 36; hind foot, 16.5. D. PitTmys. Palate normal; lower third molar without closed triangles, but with three transverse loops; lower first molar with three closed and two open triangles and nine salient angles; upper third molar with two closed triangles and six salient angles. Mammae, 4 inguinal; plantar tubercles, 5; soles hairy. MICROTUS. Fig. 41. MicROTus (Pitymys) pinetorum. No. 4^4 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 5 times. Enlarged 5 times. 297 Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. pinetorum. [Psami/iomys), Le Conte, N. Y., Ill, 1829, p. 132, pi. 2. Type locality. Eastern Georgia. Riceboro? Georgia, North and South Carolina, and Florida. Ears short, naked, concealed in the fur; legs short; Two middle triangles of third upper molar some- Geogr. Distr. Genl. Char. tail short, hairj-. times confluent. Color. Above russet brown; flanks paler, beneath plumbeous washed with russet. Feet ash, tinged with flesh color. Measurements. Total length, 1 16-126; tail vertebrae, 21; hind foot, 15-16.5. a. — scalopsoides (Arviiola), Aud. and Bach., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1841, p. 97. apella, Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila., 1853, p. 405. kennicoiti, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 547. Type locality. Long Island, New York. Geogr. Distr. Southern New York grading along the coast into M. pinetorum; westward to Illinois. Genl. Char. Tail short, not as long as the head; fur short, silky, lustrous. Color. Above brownish chestnut, hairs tipped with dusky, sides lighter; beneath light cinerous, fur at base plumbeous. Feet brown- ish gray. Tail, above sooty, beneath grayish. Measurements. Total length, 120-125; tail, 20; hind foot, 14-16. b.—auriculnris. [Microtus), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash., 1898, p. 90. Type locality. Washington, Mississippi. Geogr. Distr. Alleghan\- Mountains to the Mississippi River. Genl. Char. Size small; ears large, above the fur; colors dark; pterygoid fossa U-shaped ; third upper molar with three closed tri- MICROTUS. 199 angles; first lower molar with five pair of reentrant angles meeting behind anterior loop. Color. Above chestnut, hairs tipped with dusky; under parts paler. Tail similar to the back, unicolor. Feet brownish. Measurements. Total length, 120; tail vertebrae, 22; hind foot, i5. Skull: basal length, 22.3; nasals, 7; zygomatic breadth, 15.2; mastoid. 12.3; alveolar length of niolar series, 6. 298. nemoralU. {.Uicrotus), Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 8g. Type locality. Stilwell, Boston Mountains, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Indian Territory and Arkansas to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Genl. Char. Size large; ears large; third upper molar with three tightly closed triangles and an irregular posterior loop; first lower molar with opposite reentrant angles meeting behind the an- terior loop. Color. Above dull chestnut lined with black on back and rump; sides paler, beneath cinnamon rufous; under fur plumbeous. Tail, like back above, and like belly beneath. Feet pale buff. Measurements. Average total length, 135; tail vertebrs, 25; hind foot, 18. 1. Skull: basal length, 25.3; nasals, 7.7; zygomatic breadth, 16.5; mastoid, 13.4. E. Ohilotus. Palate normal; lower third molar normally without closed tri- angles; lower first molar w^ith five closed triangles and nine or ten salient angles; upper third molar with two or three closed triangles and si.x salient angles. Mamm;E eight, four pectoral, four inguinal. Plants tubercles, five; soles hairj'. Fig. 42. MicROTus (Chilotos) oregoni. No. 289 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 5 limes. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 5 times. 200 MICROTUS. 299. oregoni. [Arvicola], Bachm., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phila. , 1839, viii, p. 60. morosus. Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1899, 1, p. 227, Zool. Type locality. Astoria, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Pacific Coast region from northern California to Puget Sound. Genl. Char. Size small; tail long, ears prominent. Skull: brain case rather flat and narrow; interparietal large, squarely rectangular; zygomata considerably bent outward. Color. Above brownish bister; under parts buffy. Tail, black- ish above, paler below. Measurements. Total length, 140; tail vertebras, 42;hindfoot, 17. 300. serpens. {Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 75. Type locality. Agassiz, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. " Southern British Columbia and northern Wash- ington, between the Cascade Mountains and Puget Sound." Genl. Char. Tail shorter than that of M. oregoni, color darker. Color. Summer Pelage. Above very dark brown, dusky on lower back and everywhere mixed with black; under parts deep plumbeous, belly washed with buffy. Tail, dusky above, whitish below. Winter Pelage. Paler above; fur thinner, ears projecting. Measurements. Totallength, 130; tail vertebrae, 31; hind foot, 18. 301. bairdi. {Microtus), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 74. Type locality. Glacier Peak, Crater Lake, Oregon. Altitude, 7,800 feet. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only. Genl. Char. Size small, ears and tail short; colors pale. Color. Above pale grayish bister, tinged with reddish brown; under parts whitish. Tail, dark above, whitish beneath. Feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 131; tail vertebrae, 33; hind foot, 17.5. F. Arvicola. Palate slightly abnormal; lower third molar with occasional closed triangles; first lower molar normally with three to five closed triangles and seven to nine salient angles; upper third molar nor- mally with two or three closed triangles, and six to eight salient angles. Mammas, eight, four pectoral and four inguinal. Plantar tubercles, five; sole almost naked. Musk glands present on sides of body. (Miller.) 302. richardsoni. {Arvicola), De Kay, N. Y. Zool., 1842, i, p. 91. riparius, Richards, (nee Ord.), Faun. Bor. Amer. , 1829, p. 120. MICROTUS. 201 Type locality. Arctic regions " foot of Rocky Mountains," Rich. Jasper House, Alberta, Canada. Geogr. Distr. Vicinity of Jasper House and of Henry House, Alberta, Canada. Genl. Char. Very large. Tail about as long as head; incisors very large. Color. Above dusky dark brown; sides paler; beneath bluish gray; margin of upper lip, chin and feet white. Tail above dark brown, beneath whitish. Mc-asurfmtnls. Total length, 208-230 ; tail vertebrie, 50-61 ; hind foot, 28. ""mm^ffii ^MMm^ Fig. -13. MicROTUs (Arvicola) macropus. No. 4315 Field Columtiian Museum Coll. Nat. si/e. Lower tooth row. Uiu'br tooth how. Knlarged 4 limes. Enlarged 4 times. a.— macropus. (Arviccla), Mcrr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 60. Type locality. Pahsimeroi Mountains, Idaho. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountains from the Wasatch to Canada, the Wind River ranjje of Wyoming, the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and intermediate ranges. High elevations. Genl. Char. Size smaller than .)/. richanhcni; tail one-third the length of head and body; hind feet large. Third upper molar with a terminal loop, often recurved. Color. Summer Pelage. .Vbove grayish bister lined with black, sides paler; beneath ash gray, base of hairs plumbeous. Tail dusky above, whitish below. Feet dusky. Winter Pelage. Paler above, white beneath. Measurements. Totallength,22o;tailvertebrae,7i ;hind foot,26;ear,8. 202 MICROTUS. b.— irvlcoloides. {Au/acomys), Rhoads, Amer. Natur. , 1894, xxviii, p. 183. principalis, Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 1895, xxix, p. 940. Type locality. Lake Kichelos, Kittitas county, Washington. Altitude, 8,000 feet. Geogr. Distr. Cascade range, Oregon and Washington. Genl. Char. Size large; tail less than half the length of body and head; premaxillaries extending beyond nasals. Color. Summer Pelage. Above reddish brown lined with black; beneath hoary plumbeous, throat lighter. Tail blackish above, whitish beneath; feet blackish; whiskers black. Winter Pelage. Darker than summer pelage; belly nearly white. Measurements. Total length, 197-253; tail vertebrae, 70-81 ; hind foot, 27-29.3; ear, 10. G. Neofiber . Neofiber. True, Science, 1884, 18, p. 34. Skull and dentition as in Fiber. Feet normal; toes not bent laterally at an angle with the sole; tail round. (True, 1. c.) Plantar tubercles, five; side glands conspicuous. Fig. 44. Microtus (Neofiber) alleni. No. 572 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 3 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 3 times. MICROTUS. SYNAPTOMVS. 203 303. alleni. {Neojiber), True, Science, 1884, iv, p. 347. Id. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1884, p. 170. Type locality. Georgiana, Merrill's Island, Brevard counly, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Easlern Florida, from Indian River on the north to Eden on the south, and to Gainesville in the interior. The limits of this species are not exactly known, and they may be beyond the boundaries named. Genl. Char. Those of the genus. Size large; hind feet mod- erate, not equaling twice the length of the fore feet; soles naked, smooth, narrow; toes not inclined laterally at an angle with the soles; only slightly webbed; tail round, tapering gradually to the tip. Pal- ate very short. Color. Above rufous lined with black, hairs lead color at base; head darker: base of hairs behind shoulders, while; beneath light rufous, lead color at base of hair; chin, throat, inside of legs, white or tinged with rufous. Tail and feet dark brown. Young, maltese inclining to blackish on the back, pale plumbeous beneath. Meiisurements. Total length, 327; tail vertebra;, 125; hind foot, 39. 54. Synaptoiiiys. I. i=.'; M. ^ = l6. i-i' 3-3 C. H. Merriam, Revision of the genus, Synaptomus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. 1896, pp. 56-64. Synaptomys. Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 558. Type 5. eooperi, Baird. Inferior molars with well defined enamel loops on outer side; superior incisors longitudinally grooved on outer edges; posterior end of palate without median projection. A. Synaptomys. 304. cooperi. (Synaptomiis), Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 558. s!i'>!c-i, Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 1893, p. 53. 'I'ype locality. Unknown. Southern New York or northern New Jersey? Geogr. Distr. Eastern Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Tennessee, Indiana, Iowa. Boreal and Transition Zones. Genl. Char. Similar in appearance to Microtus pennsylvanicus, but tail much shorter. SYNAPTOMYS. Fig. 45. Synaptomys cooperi. No. 350 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 5 times. Enlarged 5 times. Color. Above mixed grizzled gray and yellowish brown, lined with black; under parts whitish. Tail brown above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length, 118; tail vertebrae, 17.5; hind foot, 18. 305. fatuus. [Synaptomys), Bangs, Proc. Biol. See. Wash., 1896, p. 47. Type locality. Lake Edward, Prov. Quebec, Canada. Geogr. Disir. Lake Edward to Victoria County, New Bruns- wick, and Godbout, Quebec, and west to Peninsula Harbor, north- eastern Lake Superior, Ontario. Genl. Char. Similar to S. cooperi, but smaller; upper incisors narrower. Color. Above grizzly yellowish brown mixed with black; under parts whitish or slate gray, tinged with buff on the belly; feet drab. Tail slightly paler beneath. Measurements. Total length, 124; tail vertebrae, 18; hind foot, 18.7. 306. helaletes. (5i7;a//<7/««.f), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash.,i8g6,p.59. Type locality. Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Geogr. Disir. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Similar to .S. cooperi, larger feet and head, longer tail; rostrum and mandible broader. Color. Above yellowish brown and grizzled gray mingled with black; under parts whitish gray. Tail brownish above, whitish below. Measurements. Total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 22; hind foot, 20. a.—gossii. {Synaptomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 60. Type locality. Neosho Falls, Kansas. Geogr. Distr. Kansas, limits of range undetermined. SYNAPTOMYS. 205 Genl. Char. Similar to ^S'. kelaletes, redder; rostrum longer; audi- tal bullae smaller. Color. Type (alcoholic specimens;, color uncertain, probably more reddish brown than -V. coopcri. .Measurements. Total length, 120; tail vertebra?, 20.5; hind foot, 19 (Merr.). B. Mictomys. Mictomys. True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, p. 242. Type J/, innui- tiis, True. Inferior molars without enclosed enamel loops on outer side. Molars rootless; incisors broadly grooved on the bevel; posterior end of palate with strongly marked median projection. Fig. 46 Synaptomys (Mictomys) innuitus. No. 2472g V . S. National Museum Coll. Enlarged '-a Ul'PER TOOTH ROW. Enlarged 4 times. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. 307. innuitus. (ulfic/omys), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1894, p. 242. Type locality. Fort Chimo, Ungava, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Labrador, limits unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to S. cooperi; tail very short. Color. "Above grayish brown; beneath gray; face pale brown; lips, end of nose and chin white; feet pale brown; tail brown above, white below." (True.) Measurements. Total length, 115; tail vertebrae, 17; hind foot, 17.5. 206 SYNAPTOMYS. 308. sphagnicola. (5v«a/A'OT>.f), Preble, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1899, p. 43. Type locality. Fabyans, Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. Gecgr. Distr. White Mountains, New Hampshire; extent of range unknown. Genl. Char. Larger than 5. innidtus, with longer hind feet and tail; skull larger in all its proportions. Color. Above sepia brown mixed with black; fur blackish slate at base; side glands indicated with white; under parts grayish white; hairs on cheeks and at base of ears light chestnut; tail above sepia brown, beneath grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 132; tail vertebrae, 17; hind foot, 17.5. 309. wrangeli. {Synaptomys), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1896, p. 63. TyJ>e locality. Wrangel, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern Alaska, limits not known. Genl. Char. Similar to S. inriuitus, but larger; tail and hind foot longer; skull narrower. Color. Above grizzled grayish brown tinged with yellow; under parts whitish plumbeous. Tail brownish above, whitish below, tip darker. Measurements. Total length, 122; tail vertebras, 23; hind foot, 19. 310. dalli. {Synaptomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc, 1896, p. 62. Type locality. Nulato, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Valley of the Yukon, western Alaska. Limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Cranial characters different from S. wrangeli. Cranial Characters. Skull similar to that of 6'. wrangeli, but dif- fering as follows: nasals emarginate; interparietal much narrower antero-posteriorly and acute at both ends; brain case broader; inter- orbital constriction broader; zygomatic expansion slightly larger; audital bullae much larger and more fully inflated, with corresponding reduction in breadth of basi-occipital and basi-sphenoid; mandible conspicuously larger, broader and heavier; upper and lower molars conspicuously larger; middle and last lower molars with reentrant angle on outer side decidedly deeper than in S. wrangeli, and thus resembling S. truei; posterior loop of last upper molar as in S. wrangeli. (Merriam.) Color. Above raw umber mixed with black, beneath bluish white; feet and tail dusky. Measurements. From skeleton. Total length, 115; tail vertebras, 22; hind foot, iq. SYNAPTOMYS. LEMMUS. 207 311. truei. {Svnaplomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S96, p. 62. Type locality. Skagit Valley, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Washington, limits unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to S. wrangf/i, but more reddish. Last lower molar with deep reentrant angle on outer side. Color. Above dull umber brown, grading into plumbeous of the under parts, belly hairs tipped with whitish. Tail, dark above, whitish below. Afeasurements. Total length, 112; tail vertebra^ 22; hind foot, 18. 55. Leinimis. I. i^;M. 2=3 ^ 16. I— I 3—3 Lemmus. Link, Zool. Beitr. Natur., 1795, i, pt. 2, p. 75. Mvodes. Pall., Zoog. Ross. Asiat., 1811, i, p. 173. Form stout, compact; nose blunt, hairy: ears small, hidden in fur; tail short, stout, densely haired, penicillate; fore feet large, claws long, fossorial; thumb nearly obsolete with a long, flat, truncated claw; hind feet short, broad, soles hairy, tubercles naked. Skull massive, broad; rostrum short, broad; anteorbital foramen small, almost beneath anterior root of zygoma; bulla; moderate; palate terminating posteriorly in a shelf with or without azygos projection between the penultimate and last molars; ramus of mandible thin, descending process strong, twisted. Molar series long, teeth large. First upper molar with one anterior, two internal, and two external lateral triangles; middle upper molar with two transverse, one inter- nal and one external lateral triangles. Last upper molar with four transverse triangles. First lower molar with anterior ire/oil, one external and two internal lateral triangles, and a lateral posterior loop; middle lower molar with an internal anterior triangle, rest like first molar; last lower molar with external and one internal lateral triangles, and two posterior transverse triangles. All the external reiatrant triangles of upper series very deep as are also the internal angles of the lower series, and the respective saliencies of both acute. Upper incisors beveled laterally, tube-like; root of lower incisor stops in front of last molar. 312. trimucronatus. {Arvicohi), Rich., App. Parry's 2d Voy., 1825, p. 309. all>oguliiris, Wagl., Suppl. Schreb., 1843, iii, p. 602. alascensis, Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., igoo, p. 26. Type locality. Point Lake, Lat. 65°. Geogr. Distr. Arctic regions. North America. LEMMUS. Fig. 47. Lemmus trimucronatus. No. 340 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Genl. Char. Smaller than Hudson Bay Lemming; head flat; ears very short, hidden in fur; eyes small; upper lip deeply cleft, inside of cheeks hairy. Color. Head and fore part of back mi.\ed clove brown and yel- lowish brown, hairs tipped with blackish gray; lower back chestnut brown; sides yellowish brown; belly bluish gray mixed with yellow- ish brown hairs. Tail gray. Measurements. Total length, 120-127. a. — helvolvs. (Arvico/a), Rich., Faun. Bor. Amer., 1829, p. 128. T\pe locality. Alpine Swamps 56° North latitude (Drummond, vide Rich). Geogr. Disir. Actic regions of North America. Getil. Char. Limbs short; nose short, blunt; head oval; eyes small; ears broader than high, hairy; tail short, hairy; incisors pale yellowish. Color. Above brownish yellow, or ruddy rust color mixed with black; sides brighter yellow; under parts and limbs pale rust yellow or tawny; margin of lips white; feet fuscous brown. Tail, above dusky, beneath whitish. Measurements. Total length, 121; tail vertebrae, 7; hind foot, 32 (Fort Anderson). h. — yukonentis. (Lemmus), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 27. Ty/>e locality. Charlie Creek, Yukon River, Alaska. LEMMUS. DICROSTONYX. 200 Gcnl. Char. Size small: ears and audital bullae large; brain case produced posteriorly. Color. Head and anterior half of upper parts grayish brown mixed with black and yellowish fulvous; posterior half of upper parts rusty fulvous; sides and belly golden fulvous; sides of nose grayish brown; line from nose to beneath ear golden fulvous; feet dusky. Tail, dusky above, buffy below. .}feasitrf>iu-nts. Total length, 130; tail vertebra, 17; hind foot, 19.5. 313. nigripes. {MvoJfs), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1894, p. 242. Tyjic locality. St. George Island, Pribyloff Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Known from tj-pe locality only. Color. Above uniform cinnamon gray; cheeks, neck and sides tawny brown; beneath pale tawny; nose black; fore feet black above, tawny below; hind feet black below. Measurements. Total length, 130; tail vertebra', 13; hind foot, 17.5. 5(J. Dicrostonyx. I. llli; M. 2=-^ =: 16. i-i ' 3-3 Dicrostonyx. Glog. Gem. Hand u. Hilfsb. d. Naturg., 1841, p. 97. Cuniciilus, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1220. Misothermus, Hensel. Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Casselsch., 1S55, vii, p. 492. (Part.) Nasals short, posterior termination opposite anterior root of zygoma. Orbits with conspicuously pointed processes. Molar series divergent posteriorly. First upper molar with an anterior transverse triangle, three internal lateral angles, two external lateral angles, and a postero-external loop; middle and last upper molars with an anterior transverse loop, two external and two internal lateral triangles on middle molar, and a small postero-external loop and a trefoil on back molar. First lower molar with an anterior trefoil, three external and four internal closed triangles, and posterior loop. Other lower molars with an antero-external angle, two internal lateral, one exter- nal lateral triangle and posterior transverse loop. Incisors as in I.emmus. Skull similar to Lemmus, but less massive. 314. hudsoniu5. {Mus), Pallas, N. Sp. Quad. Glirium, 1778, p. 208. xrunlariiiicus, (Afi/s), Traill, in Scoresby's Greenland, 1823, p. 416. uny^ulatus, Baer & Helmersen, Beitr., 1S41, Iv, p. 283. Type locality. Greenland. DICROSTONYX. Fig. 48. DiCROSTONYx huosonius nelsoni. No. 2go Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. Genl. Char. Ears hidden in fur, four claws on front feet, tail and legs very short. Color. Summer Pelage. Above ash gray mixed with reddish and blackish brown; lower parts rufescent; a lateral line from sides of face and neck dividing the colors of upper and under parts, dark brown. Grayish black streak from nose to nape; sides of head gray; whiskers brown or white. Winter Pelage. Pure white. Measurements. Total length, 140; tail vertebrae, 13; hind foot and claw, 20; fore foot and claw, 28; longest claw, 10. a.~unalascensis. {Dicrostonyx^, Merr. , Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 25. Type locality. Unalaska, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size rather large. Skull alone known. This is large and broad with subquadrate brain case, broadly spreading rounded zygomata, broadly sulcate frontal, and prominent peg-like postorbital processes of squamosal. First upper molar with three closed interior triangles and posterior loop; and second upper molar with second interior loop normal, and separated by full interspace from anterior crescent of third upper molar, and posterior loop com- plete. (Merr.) b. — nelsoni. {Dicrostonyx), Merr., Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., igoo, P- 25- alascensis. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science Phil., 1900, p. 37. Type locality. St. Michaels to Point Barrow, Alaska. Genl. Char. Size rather small. Audital bullae very small and narrow; incisive foramina short; molars small and narrow. Upper parts chestnut; feet white. DICROSTONYX. FIBER 211 Color. Summer Pelage. Upper parts save rump rich chestnut, base of hairs mottled with white; rump blackish gray mottled with white; dorsal stripe blackish; face gray; ear patches chestnut. Sides and under parts tinged with rusty; breast between fore legs chestnut. Feet white. Pelage in change, central portion of upper parts mixed chestnut and yellowish white, darker posteriorly; remaining pelage yellowish white with fulvous markings, viz. : a patch on either side, one on breast, reaching to neck and ears, and ring around base of tail. Median dorsal stripe dark brown. Winter Pelage. Pure white. Measurements. Total length, 132-165; tail vertebrae, 2i;hind foot, 18-19. Specimen from Point Barrow, Alaska. c.— richardsoni. (Du-rostony.x), Merr. , Proc. Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 26. Type locality. Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay. Genl. Char. Size large; third nail of fore foot larger than fourth; bulla' broadly rounded and somewhat depressed. Enamel pattern of molars like D. nelsoni. Color. Summer Pelage. Unknown. Winter Pelage. White. Measurements. Total length, 143; tail vertebr;c, 14; hind foot, 20. 57. Fiber. I. i=i; M. 5=5 = 16. i-i 3-3 Fiber. G. Cuvier, Lerons d'Anatomie, i, 1800. T\'pe Castor zibetlii- cus, Linn. Ondatra, Lacep., Less. Man., 1827, p. 286. Size large; hind feet oblique to the leg; tail flattened sideways for nearly its entire length and fringed with stiff hairs; ears very small, deeply buried in fur; muzzle furry except nasal pads, which are naked. Palms and soles naked, fringed with hairs, 5-tubercled ; dentition and skull arvicoline; squamosals much expanded: parietals reduced; interparietal nearly as long as broad, upper incisors almost a circle in shape within and without the jaw, lower incisors enter jaw to root of the condylar process; descending process of condyle hamular and much twisted. Palate terminates opposite middle of last molar and has a median azygos protuberance; pterygoid fossa wide and deep; nasals narrow posteriorly, widening rapidly anteriorly, tumid, and terminating behind the incisors; interorbital constriction excessive. Processes of squamosal and maxilla have their ends in contact; the jugal being merely a splint, not necessary for the continuity of the zygomatic arch. Fig. 49. Fiber zibethicus. No. 132 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Spec. Blindn 1 River. N-. W. T. 315. zibethicus. [Castor), Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, p. 79. americana, Tiedem. Zool., I, p. 481. osoyoozensis. Lord, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 95. Type locality. Eastern Canada. Geogr. Distr. From Labrador to the Gulf States (excepting the Dismal Swamp, Virginia, possibly) and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, north of the Gulf States and Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large, color dark, characters those of the genus. Tail about equal to body without head. Color. Above from very dark brown, nearly black, to pale brown; sides of head and body chestnut brown, under fur bluish gray. Feet dark brown; tail black. Specimens vary greatly in the hue of the fur. Measurements. Total length, 538; tail vertebra', 250: hind leg, 86. a.—pallidus. {Fiber), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 280. Type locality. Fort Verde, Central Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Probably from Arizona to the central plains of Montana, the lateral limits not determined. Genl. Char. Size small, about two-thirds that of typical form. Skull like that of eastern muskrat, but smaller. Color. Rustj' brown, paler beneath; scattered hairs of tail liver brown. Measurements. Total length, 500; tail vertebra', 203; hind foot, 69. b.—rivalicus. {Filter), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1S95, P- 541- Type locality. Burbridge, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Lower Mississippi region and swampy coasts of Louisiana and Alabama. Genl. Char. Smaller than F. zibethicus, color dull and darker. Color. Above clove brown to black, base of hairs mouse gray; beneath vandyke or clove brown; fur on under side of legs and arms brownish white at base. A spot at middle of sides with under fur white at base. Feet and tail black. Measurements. Total length, 530; tail vertebrae, 222; hind foot, 81. c.—aquAlonius. {Fiber), Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, i, p. III. Type locality. Rigoulette, Hamilton lulet, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Labrador. Genl. Char. Smaller than F. zibethieus ; blacker, hind foot smaller; rostrum long, slender; nasals long, narrow. Color. Above, long hairs tipped with black, those of rump and sides with burnt umber; beneath, throat and lower abdomen grayish; long hairs russet. Tail black; feet dusky. Measurements. Total length, 549; tail vertebra?, 249; hind foot, 73. Skull: occipito-nasal length, 61.4; zygomatic width, 40; basal length, 58.4; mastoid width, 26.6. 3i6. ^spatulus. Osgood, N. Am. Faun., 1900, No. 19, p. 36. Type locality. Lake Marsh, Northwest Territory, Canada. Geogr. Distr. All northwest America. Genl. Char. Similar to F. zibcthiciis, size small, color rather dark; skull small; molar teeth very small, nasals short and much expanded anteriorly. Skull: similar to that of F. zibctkici/s, but smaller; jugals more slender, and but slightly produced dorsally; audital bulla; smaller; molar teeth decidedly smaller; nasals much shortened and widely expanded anteriorly, rapidly becoming com- pressed posteriorly; angular process of mandible short, blunt and upturned; condyle narrow and somewhat rounded. Color. Similar to F. zibcthiciis, but apparently less suffused with fulvous. Measurements. Type (from dry skin). Total length, 495; tail ver- tebrae, 170; hind foot, 73. Skull of type: Basal length, 57; zygo- matic breadth, 38; length of nasals, 21; alveolar length of molar series, 14. (Osgood, 1. c.) 317. obscurus. (Fiber), Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 133. Type locajity. Codroy, Newfoundland. Geogr. Distr, Newfoundland. Genl. Char. Smaller than F. zibethicus, colors darker and less ferruginous; skull small, smooth; rostrum relatively large; audital buUfe smaller; interorbital constriction broad. Color. Above Prout's brown shaded with Vandyke brown; top of head almost black; sides dark reddish brown; beneath broccoli brown paling on sides of neck and legs to fawn; lips, and beneath nose white. Under fur slate gray. Feet blackish slate. Measurements. Total length, 476; tail vertebrae, 200; hind foot, 70; ear, 22. 318. macrodon. (7^/^;v), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 143. Txpe locality. Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Geogr. Distr. Only known from Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Genl. Char. Similar to F. zibethicus, but darker; incisors and molars larger. Skull: brain case elongated posteriorly; squamosal root of zygoma more sloping; teeth heavier and larger. Color. Upper parts abdomen and chin blackish brown; rest of pelage whitish, or pale drab tinged with fulvous. Measurements. Total length, 567; tail vertebra;, 244; hind foot, 80. *Tlie specimen, whose skull is shown in Fig. No. 49, came from Blindman River, Northwest Territory, and is apparently properly referable to F. zibethicus, the skin also not differing percepti- bly from other examples of that species; and this would seem to indicate that if F. spatuliis is dis- tinct, both species are found in practically the same locality! Fam. V. tieomyidae. C. H. Merriam, Mono;:,raphic Revision of the Pocket Gophers. N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895. Large fur-lined cheek pouches present, opening outside the mouth; squamosals expanded: jugal extending to lachrymal; palate sloping below level of zygomata which are strong and flaring; molars rootless: lower jaw strong: form arvicoline: fore feet fossorial; eyes and ears minute. 58. Geoiiiys. I. !=!; P. •=!; M. -5=^ = 20. i-i' I— 1' 3-3 Qeomys. Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., 11, No. i, 1817, p. 45. Type G. pine/is, Raf. =Mus tuzaOrd, 1815. Saccophorus. Kuhl, Beitr. , 1820, p. 61. Pseudostoma. Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1823, i, p. 406. Ascoiins. Licht, Abhand. Berl. Acad., 1825, p. 20. Upper incisors grooved along the middle; first and second upper molars with two enamel plates each, posterior one complete: root of inferior incisor slightly protuberant; zygomata widest anteriorly, posteriorly, but little greater than mastoid breadth; parietals ridged; audital bulla elongate, somewhat acute anteriorly, not greatly inflated; basioccipital ver\' broad posteriori}'; pterygoid fossa wide: fore claws immensely developed. Mamma? three pair, two inguinal, one pectoral. 319. tuza. (.V//s), Ord, Guth. Geog., 2 .Amer. ed., 11, 1815, p. 292. pinetis. Rafin, Am. Month. Mag., 1817, p. 45. Type locality. Pine barrens near Augusta, Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Pine barrens of Georgia and possibly northern Florida. Genl. Char. Size rather large: tail long, naked: end of nose naked; feet haired. Color. Above cinnamon brown tinged with fulvous; faint dark dorsal stripe; beneath ochraceous buff; hairs on feet whitish. Measurements. Average total length of nine females, 249; tail vertebrae, 82; hind foot, 32. Ten males, total length, 269; tail verte- brae, 89.5; hind foot, 34.4. (Merr., Mon. Geom. ) a.—^jloridanus. (Pseudostoma), Aud. & Bach. N. Am. Quad., in, 1S54, p. 242. Type locality. \"icinity of St. Augustine, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Florida Peninsula. Fig. 50. Geomys tuza. 14S Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. Genl. Char. Similar to G. tuza, but darker; feet larger; ascend- ing branches of premaxilla broader and blunter; nasals narrower pos- teriorly; jugal broader anteriorly; basioccipital less wedge-shaped, and audital bulke larger. Color. Above sooty plumbeous; sides cinnamon drab; beneath plumbeous tinged with buff; chin and throat white. Measurements. Average total length, 288; tail vertebrae, 94; hind foot, 35.5. h. — mobilensis. [Geomys), Merr., Mon. Geom. N.Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 119. Type locality. Mobile Bay, Alabama. Geogr. Distr. Southern Alabama and adjacent northwest Florida. Genl. Char. Similar to G. tuza, smaller, darker; tail shorter. Skull long and angular; frontal broad and high; sagittal ridge pres- ent; interparietal deeply excavated posteriorly. Color. Above sepia tinged with ochraceous on sides and lined with black: indistinct dorsal band dusky; beneath plumbeous tinged with pale fulvous. Feet whitish. White on throat and on pouches. .\feasurements. Total length, 260; tail vertebra;, 82; hind foot, 33. c.—aiistrinus. {Geomys), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc, 1898, p. 179, fig. 177. Type /oca/iiv. Belleair, Hillsboro County, Florida. Geogr. Distr. Western part of Florida Peninsula. Genl. Char. Size of G. floriJantis; color paler, more tawny. Color. Above pale cinnamon and tawnj'; lower sides ochraceous buff; beneath pale Isabella or dull white; under chin, inner sides of limbs, belly and lower sides white: feet whitish. Measurements. Total length, 303.5: tail vertebra-, 93: hind foot, 36.8. 320. colonus. (^Geomys), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc, 1898, p. 178. Type locality. St. Mary's, Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Limits not determined. Genl. Char. Size of G. tuza, color darker; palate wide, notch round; nasals short. Color. Above dark seal brown, washed on lower sides with rus- set and cinnamon; under parts cinnamon; vent fawn; feet and wrists whitish. Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebrae. 100; hind foot, 36. 321. cumberlandius. (Geomys), Bangs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 180, fig. Type locality. Stafford Place, Cumberland Island, Georgia. Geogr. Distr. Cumberland Island, Georgia. Genl Char. Size large; tail long; zygoma extends far back and joins skull without a decided angle. Color. Above bright cinnamon; dorsal stripe russet: beneath cinnamon; hairs plumbeous at base; feet white; also white beneath chin and about wrists. Measurements. Total length, 318: tail vt-rtebra-. 107: hind foot, 36. 322. bursarius. {Mus), Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soc, 1800, v., p. 227, pi. 8. fused iiiid cinerea, Rafin., Am. Month. Mag., 1817, 11, p. 45- saecatus, Mitchell, N. Y. Med. Repos., 1821, vi, N. S., p. 249. canaJensis, Licht. Abh. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 1825, p. 20, fig. 2. oregoncnsis, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1852, p. 160. Type locality. Unknown. Mississippi Valley. Geogr. Distr. Canadian border, longitude 97°, south to eastern Kansas, southeastern Missouri and southern Illinois; east nearly to Lake Michigan and west totheDakotas and Nebraska (ninety-eighth meridian). Genl. Char. Size large, dark; tail rather long. Anterior root of zygoma sloping back at a considerable angle. Skull long and large, angular; rostrum long and narrow. Color. Above chestnut, beneath paler; sometimes whitish; feet white; tail brown basally, white apically. Measurements. Average total length, 270; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot, 35. 323. lutescens. {Gcomxs), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 127. Type locality. Sand hills of Birdwood Creek, Lincoln County, western Nebraska. Geogr. Distr. Great Plains and southwestern South Dakota, southward to Colorado, Texas, western Nebraska, western Kansas, eastern Colorado, western Oklahoma and western Texas. Genl. Char. Size medium, colors pale, tail moderate. Skull short, sagittal crest low; anterior root of zygoma sloping backward; brain case and rostrum short. Color. Above in winter drab mixed with black on median line, this in summer being dull fulvous without dorsal band; beneath buffy or sometimes white. Measurements. Average total length, 256; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot, 32. 324. breviceps. {Geomxs), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, P- 335- Type locality. Prairie Mer Rouge, Morehouse Parish, Louisiana. Geogr. Distr. Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coast, in southern Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas, and valley of the Arkansas River; north nearly to southern Kansas and west to near 98th meridian. Genl. Char. Size small, color dark; tail medium. Skull: nasals emarginate posteriorly; ascending branches of premaxillse broad and rounded posteriorly; interparietal small, irregular; jugal longer than basioccipital; pterygoids narrow. Color. Above dark russet brown, darkest on median line; nose and front of face dusky tinged with russet; sides pale fulvous; beneath plumbeous washed with pale fulvous; feet and throat white; base of tail dusky. Measurements. Average total length, 219; tail vertebra?, 64; hind foot, 27. a.—sa^ittalis. (Geomys), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 134. Type locality. Clear Creek, Galveston Bay, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Gulf Coast of Te.xas around Galveston Bay. Gfiil. Char. Similar to G. brivUeps, but smaller. Skull similar to that of G. bririceps, but relatively smaller in its various parts. Ci'h'r. Above russet brown tinged with fulvous; dusky on median line; nose and head almost black tinged with fulvous; interior of pouches, chin, throat and fore legs, white. Measurements. Total length, 225: tail vertebra', 70; hind foot, 27. b.—attwateri. {Gecnivs), Merr. , Mon. Geom., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 135. Tvpe localUy. Rockport, Arkansas County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Coast and islands of Texas between Matagorda and Nueces Bay; also in interior, and vicinity of San Antonio. Gcnl. Char. Similar to G. bririceps, but larger and not so dark. Skull: zygomata strongly divergent anteriorly, angular, depressed; nasals narrow posteriorly; premaxilla? broad. Ci>/or. Above russet brown, dusky on head and median dorsal line; beneath ranging from whitish to buffy ochraceous. Sometimes the head from nose to occiput is black. M,;!s:iremen/s. Total length, 250; tail vertebra-, 85; hind foot, 30. 325. texensis. {Geomvs), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. Amer. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 137. Type localitv. Mason, Mason County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Central Texas, probably south to the Rio Grande. Genl. Char. Size very small; tail short, apical portion naked. Skull: nasals short, broad posteriorly and sides nearly parallel and truncate posteriorly; nasal branches of premaxilhc reach or pass the plane of orbital fossa, and are pointed; jugal shorter than basioccip- ital; occiput bulging posteriorly. Color. Above liver brown mixed with black. Feet and under parts white; base of hairs beneath are plumbeous in winter, white in summer; throat with a collar of buffy fulvous. Measurements. Total length, 203; tail vertebra, 60; hind foot, 28. 326. arenarius. {Geom\s), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. .\m. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 139. Type localitw El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Valley of upper Rio Grande from El Paso and Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, north to Las Cruces and west to Dem- ing, New Mexico. Gen/. Char. Size medium, tail long, well haired, except tip, colors pale. Skull: no sagittal crest; prominent knob at distal end of squamosal arm of zygoma; interparietal truncate posteriorly on plane of lambdoid suture; occiput moderately bulging. Measurements. Total length, 258; tail vertebra-, 88; hind foot, 33. 220 GEOMYS. CRATOGEOMYS. 327. personatus. (GV(W/v.f),True, Proc. U. S. Mus.Wash.,1889, p. 159. Type locality. Padre Island, Texas. Gcogr. Distr. Padre Island and mainland to Carrizo on the Rio Grande. Gcnl. Char. Size large, colors pale, tail long, basal half haired. Skull: large, heavy; zygomata at right angles to the axis; jugal rounded anteriorly, shorter than basi-occipital; nasals long, narrow; superior profile nearly straight. Color. Above pale drab; nose and above eyes dusky; beneath white. Tail, hairs white. Measurements. Total length, 339; tail vertebrae, 103; hind foot, 37. a.—fallax. (Geoinrs), Merr., Mon. Geom., N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 144. Type locality. Nueces Bay, Texas. Geogr. Distr. South shore of Nueces Bay and lower Nueces River, Texas. Genl. Char. Similar to G. personatus, smaller, darker; tail shorter. Skull differs from that of G. personatus in smaller size; shorter ascending arms of premaxilla, more squarely truncate occiput and in much shorter and more swollen audital bullae (Merr., 1. c.) Measurements. Total length, 250; tail vertebrse, 80; hind foot, 35. 59. Cratogeomys. I. lUl; p. !=!; M. ^=^ = 20. i-i' i-i' 3-3 Cratogeomys. Merr. Mon. Geom. N. Am. Faun., No. 8, 1895, p. 150. Type Geomys merriami. Thomas. Upper incisor with a single groove, usually open; upper premolar with three enamel plates, posterior absent ; shaft convex forward; upper and lower premolars subequal in length. First and second upper molar with one enamel plate each, posterior absent. Last upper molar with deep sulcus on outer side, none on inner. Skull : a depression extends obliquely across squamosals from root of zygoma to occiput near median line. Breadth of cranium posteriorly less than zygomatic breadth; zygomata broad and heavy. 328. castanops. {Fseudostoma), Baird, Rep. Stansb. Exped. to Great Salt Lake, 1852, p. 313. clarkii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855, p. 332. Type locality. Prairie Road to Bent's Fort, near the present town of Las Animas, Colorado, Arkansas River. Geogr. Distr. From Arkansas River in Colorado on Great Plains south through eastern New Mexico and Western Texas to Santa Rosalia, Chihuahua, and Jaral, Coahuila. CRATOGEOMYS. THOMOMYS. Fig. 51. Cratogeomys castanops. No. 4 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Gi-n/. Char. Size medium; tail medium. Skull: broad, heavy; basioccipital rectangular, sides parallel; rostrum and brain case long; superior profile convex; end of maxillary root of zygoma greatly expanded, forming a plate. Color. Above yellowish brown mixed with black; beneath buffy, base of hairs plumbeous, visible. Fore feet black, hind feet blackish brown. Tail hairs blackish. Af,-tisiirrmrnfs-. Total length, 295; tail vertebras, 77; hind foot, 33. Another specimen from Paladura Canon, Texas, measured in total length, a8o; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot, 39. Collector's measurement. I. 60. Thomoniys. 1=£; p. !=1; M. ?=-! = Thoitiomys. Max. Nov. Act. Akad. Caes. Leop., 1839, p. 383. Type T. ru/iscins. Prinz Max. Diplostoma, Rich., Faun. Bor. Amer., 1829, i, p. 206, (nee Rafin). Oryctomys, Ed. & Gerv. Mag. Zool., 1836, p. 23 (Part). 222 THOMOMYS. Upper incisors without median sulcus, but with a fine marginal groove, not, however, always present. Roots of inferior incisors forming a protuberance on outside of condylar ramus; zygomata wider posteriorly than mastoid diameter of skull. Audital bullae inflated; basioccipital narrower in the middle than bulls at same place. Pterygoid fossa rather short, and wide posteriorly. Upper molars with e-xterior edge of crown acute; lower molars with interior edge acute. Fore claws moderately developed. Lower tooth kow. Enlarged 4 times. Fig. 52. Thomomys bottae. Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 4 times. 329. bulbivorus. {Diplostomd), Richards, Faun. Bor. Amer., 1829, i, p. 206, pi. 18, B. Type locality. Columbia River. Geogr. Disir. Lower Columbia River, Oregon, to coast of Cali- fornia north of San Francisco. Genl. Char. Size very large; tail short, little more than one-third head and body; claws large, strong; color dark; pterygoids concave internally, hamulars converging at the tips. Color. Above ^'elIowish chestnut, darkest on top of head; lips. THOMOMYS. 223 lower jaw, lining of pouches and anal spot white; spot on either side of mouth liver brown, beneath brownish gray. Measurements. Total length, 357; tail vertebrae, 63. 330. nevadensis. {T/ionwm\s), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 213. Type locality. Austin, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Nevada, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Size large; two color phases, pale buff and plum- beous slate; incisors curving forward; tail more than half the length of body and head. Color. Normal Pelage. Above buffy gray, darkest on nose and mouth; beneath whitish buff, base of fur plumbeous; feet and tail whitish, aural space dusky. Plumbeous Pelage. Above and beneath slate color, patch on throat and inside of pouches, feet and apical portion of tail white. Measurements. Total length, 275; tail vertebra", 90; hind foot, 38. 331. leucodon. [Tliomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 215. Type locality. Grant Pass, Rogue River Valley, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Oregon, limits not determined. Genl. Char. Similar to 7'. laticcps, smaller; incisors white; teeth small; brain case broad, temporal ridges parallel; skull similar to that of T. laticcps., but smaller. Color. Above dull fulvous brown; brighter on sides and under parts; nose, sides of mouth and aural patch dusky; feet whitish; tail yellowish buff. Measurements. Total length, 221 ; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot, 29. 332. operarius. {Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 215. Type locality. Keeler, Owens Lake, Inyo County, California. Geogr. Distr. Eastern California. Genl. Char. Size small; color pale; claws long, slender; skull short, broad; rostrum short and broad; interorbital regions broad. Color. Above buff gray; beneath plumbeous washed with white; feet and tail white. Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebrae, 67; hind foot, 30. 3ii- bottae. (Oryefomvs), Eyd. & Gerv., Mag. Zool., 1836, p. 23, pi. xxl, fig. 4 (teeth). huldivorus, Baird (nee Richards), N. Am. Manim., 1857, p. 389, pi. 50, fig. 1-9. Type locality. Monterey, California. Geogr. Distr. Central and southern California. 224 THOMOMYS. Genl. Cliar. Size medium; tail less than one-half the length of body and head; hands small, claws slender. Color. Above chestnut brown to dark cinnamon, lined with black; beneath pale reddish brown; base of hairs lead color. Black spot behind ear; about the mouth, chin, and inner margin of pouches dusky; inside of pouches white. Feet grayish white. Tail, basal half like back on upper part, rest grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 231 ; tail vertebra;, 72; hind foot, 30; ear, 9.5. a. — pallescens. {Thomomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil. 1895, p. 36. Type locality. Grapelands, San Bernardino Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Genl. Char. Size large; claws short, thick; feet medium. Color. Above tawny brown, lightest on rump; head blackish; ear and auricular patch sooty; under parts tawny ash; feet and lower surface of limbs ash. Measurements. Total length, 260; tail vertebrae, 89; hind foot, 35.5. 334. iaticeps. {Thomomys), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1855. P- 335- Type locality. Humboldt Bay, California. Geogr. Distr. Northern California. Genl. Char. Size small; tail nearly half as long as body and head; skull broad; rostrum short; groove on upper incisors distinct; claws on fore feet slender. Color. Above yellow reddish brown lined with black on back; beneath tinged with reddish; throat, margin of pouches and spot behind ears dusky; chin and inside of pouches white. Tail, above dusky, beneath grayish white, feet grayish white. Measurements. Total length, 197; tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 28. 335. townsendi. {Geomys), Richards, Bach. Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 105. borealis, Bach, (nee Rich.), Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1839, p. 103 (Columbia River). Type locality. " Rocky Mountains," Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern Wyoming. Genl. Char. Colors pale, size medium; tail over one-third the length of head and body. Color. Above pale yellowish brown, beneath white; a small patch on breast white to roots, otherwise the bases are plumbeous. Inside of pouches whitish. Measurements. Total length, 148; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 24. THOMOMYS. 225 336. monticola. {T/iotiumiys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 48, pi. I, figs. 3, 4. Type locality. Mt. Talac, Eldorado County, California. Geogr. Distr. Northern California from San Francisco Bay to northwestern Nevada. Genl. Char. Skull long and narrow; outer face of upper incisors with a ridge on inner edge; claws long and slender; tail one-third the length of head and bodj-. Color. Above pale reddish brown tinged with gray; beneath >hy white tinged with buff; around ears black. Feet and tail whitish. Miasurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebra', 55; hind foot, 28; fore foot 20. a .--pinetorum . {T/iomomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 16, 1899, p. 97. Type locality. Sisson, Siskiyou County, California. Geogr. Distr. Northern California, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. "Similar to T. monticola, but smaller; skull shorter and broader; colors paler." Color. " Above pale fulvous; nose dusky; sides of head plum- beous or washed with buffy, or ochraceous." Measurements. " Total length, 210; tail vertebra', 76; hind foot, 28." (Merr., 1. c.) 337. mazama. {Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. See. Wash., 1897, p. 214. Type locality. Crater Lake, Mt. Mazama, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Mt. Mazama, Oregon, range unknown. Genl. Char. Size small ; color similar to 7'. monticola, but darker. Color. Above fulvous brown ; beneath washed with fulvous; nose, orbital and aural space dusky; feet and tail whitish. Measurements. Total length, 214; tail vertebrrea/is, Rich, (nee Bach.) Rep. Brit. Ass. for 1836, vi, 1837, p. 150- Type locality. Hudson Bay. Geogr. Distr. Saskatchewan region south to Upper Missouri region. Genl. Char. Size rather large; color dark; tail less than half the length of body and head: mamma^ six pairs, two each, inguinal, pec- toral and axillary. Color. Above graj'ish black, sometimes tinged with reddish; chin, throat, patches on breast, feet and tail white; beneath plum- beous. Measurements. Total length, 227; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 32. a.—rufescens. (Thomomys), Wied. Nov. .-\cta. Acad. Caes. Leop., 1839, xix, p. 383. Type locality. "Missouri." Geogr. Distr. Upper Missouri and valley of the Saskatchewan. Genl. Char. Cheek pouches small, furred. Tail nearly half the length of body; feet broad, claws stout. Color. Upper parts and sides grayish yellow brown, darkest on dorsal line Under parts, fore legs, hind feet, tail and inside of cheek pouches yellowish white; Dusky spot behind ear. Measurements. Total length, 168; tail vertebrae, 54; hind foot, 29. 342. melanops. {Thomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1869, p. 21. Type locality. Solduck Trail, Olympic Mountains, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Olympic Mountains, Washington. Highelevation. Genl. Char. Size small; similar to T. mazama. Color. Above chestnut; nose space around eye and ear patch, slate black; beneath plumbeous washed with fulvous; feet white; tail hairs few and wide apart; above like the back; beneath whitish; tip blackish. .}feasuremcnts. Total length, 206; tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 27. 343. fulvus. {Gcomys), Woodh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1852, p. 201. umbrinus, Baird, N. .Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 399. Type locality. San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. New Mexico and Arizona to central California. 228 THOMOMYS. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail half as long as body and head; claws large, long. Color. Above reddish brown, darkest on dorsal region; sides and under parts yellowish white, tinged with rufous on abdomen; lips and ears dusky; inside of pouches whitish; tail with basal part like back. Measurements. Total length, 239; tail vertebrae, 79; hind foot, 29; ear, 8. a.— nigricans. {Thomomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1895, p. 36. Type locality. Grapelands, San Bernardino Valley, California. Geogr. Distr. Southern California. Genl. Char. Size large; claws short, thick; skull massive, angu- lar; dentition weak; interparietal longer than wide. Color. Above tawny brown, rump lighter; head blackish; ears and aural patch sooty; beneath tawny ash; feet and lower surface of limbs ash. Measttrements. Total length, 260; tail vertebrae, 89; hind foot, 33.5. Skull: total length, 39; zygomatic breadth, 24.4; basilar length, 35.5; nasals, 11.9; interorbital constriction, 6.9; length of mandible, 25. h. — intermedius. (TAomomys), Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 1897, xix, p. 719. Ty/e locality. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Mountains connecting Colorado Plateau with that of Mexico. Genl. Char. Smaller than T. ftilvus. Color. General hue Mars brown, dorsal area plumbeous black; feet and tail soiled white. Base of under fur plumbeous. Measurements. Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 66; hind foot, 24. 344. annularis. {Thomomys), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 214. Type locality. Los Banos, Merced County, California. Geogr. Distr. Western California. Genl. Char. Size medium; skull similar to that of T. fulvus, but more massive; zygomata larger and more spreading; pterygoids larger; larger angular processes of mandible; incisors more promi- aent. Color. Above fulvous mixed with black, most numerous on median line; nose and ears blackish; beneath plumbeous washed with buffy ochraceous; feet and tail whitish. Measurements. Total length, 257; tail vertebrae, 75; hind foot, 32. THOMOMYS. 220 345. alpinus. {'J'/iomomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 216. Type locality. Mt. Whitney, California. Geogr. Distr. High Sierra, eastern California. Genl. Char. Size small; dark; similar to T. fiilrus, but paler; skull small; zygomata spreading; nasal short; brain case rounded; temporal ridges not strongly pronounced. Color. Above drab brown suffused with pale fulvous brown; nose and mouth dusky; beneath plumbeous washed with ochraceous buff; feet and tail whitish. Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebra, 67; hind foot, 30. 346. clusius. {Thomomys), Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875, p. 138. Type locality. Bridger's Pass, Rocky Mountains. Geogr. Distr. Uncompahgre Reservation, Utah, through south- western Wyoming into southern and central Idaho. Genl. Char. Smallest species known; tail less than one-third the length of head and body; colors pale, mammae six pairs; claws weak. Color. Above pale yellowish gray tinged with pale brown; fur plumbeous at base; beneath white to the roots. Feet and tail white, snout blackish. Measurements. Total length, 127; tail vertebra;, 38; hind foot, 18. 347. aureus. {Thomomys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 49, pi. I, figs. 6, 7. Type locality. Bluff City, Utah. Geogr. Distr. San Juan region, southeastern Utah. Genl. Char. Size large; claws developed, large; skull similar to that of T. perpallidus, but broader and heavier. Color. Post Breeding Pelage. Above golden, interspersed with dusky tipped hairs on back and crown; beneath white to roots of hairs; around ear blackish; feet white. Tail, basal half yellowish, apical half whitish. Breeding Pelage. Above dull dusky yellowish; beneath grayish white, base of hairs plumbeous. Measurements. Total length, 296; tail vertebrae, 66; hind foot, 35. 348. perpallidus. {Thomomys), Merr., Scien., 1886, viii, p. 588. 7\pi- locality. Colorado Desert, southern California. Geogr. Distr. Colorado Desert, southern California and north- eastward to the Painted Desert, Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to T. clusius, tail longer, half the length of head and body. Color pale. 230 THOMOMYS. Color. Above pale brownish yellow, sides yellowish white, beneath white; feet white. Tail, white for two-thirds the length, tip blackish. Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebrae, 76; hind foot, 52. 349. cervinus. {Thonwinys), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 203, fig. I. Type locality. Phoenix, Arizona. Geogr. Dtstr. Southern Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large; color pale; rostrum broad, heavy; skull large. Color. Above fawn, obscured on dorsal region with dusky; beneath gray, base of hair plumbeous; blackish area about ears; pouches inside white; feet whitish; tail above grayish fawn, paler beneath. Measiireiiients. Total length, 228;tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 28. 350. altivalis. {Tliomomys), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.. 1895, p. 34. Type locality. San Bernardino Mountains, California. Geogr. Distr. Mountains of southeastern California. Genl. Char. Size medium, larger than J/. ///('///zVc/a. Skull long and narrow; rostrum long and wide, nasals long; incisors wide and strong, molars massive; coronoid process of mandible erect, acutely pointed. Color. Above dull chestnut brown, darker on dorsal region, median line nearly black; aural patch large, dusky reaching nearly to occiput; beneath plumbeous gray, washed with rusty; feet and legs like under parts; tail grayish. Measurements. Total length, 228; tail vertebras, 74; hind foot, 29. Skull: total length, 39.7; basilar length, 34; zygomatic width, 23.2; interorbital constriction, 7, nasals, 13. 351. fossor. {Thomomys), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1893, p. 51. Type locality. Florida, LaPlata County, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Upper San Juan region, Colorado. Genl. Char. "Size large; claws large; interparietal convex anteriorly; nasals terminating posteriorly on a line with the maxil- laries." Color. Above dusky brown tinged with gray ; dorsal region washed with dark chocolate brown; sides graj-er; beneath grayish plumbeous, hairs tipped with pale buff, sometimes with whitish; chin and center of throat white; aural area black; feet whitish; tail basal two-thirds blackish, rest white. Measurements. Total length, 293; tail vertebrae, 64; hind foot, 30. DIPODOMYS. 231 Fam. \I. Heteromyidae. Incisors narrow, molars rootless; mastoids enormously developed, appearing on top of the skull; hind feet long, digits four or five; pel- age soft. Sub. Fam. I. Dipodomyinae. Skull two-thirds as wide as long; occipital plane emarginate; zygomatic plate of maxillary nearly roofing the orbit; anterior molar without lobe to the prism; pit on inner side of jaws near molars. (>1. Dipodoiiiys. I. ■-■; M. ^'=l6. Dipodomys. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 521. (Type Z^. philipsi. ) Macrocolus, Wagn. Archiv. fur Naturg., 1846, i, p. 172. Dipodops, Merr., N. Am. Faun., 1890, No. 4, p. 43. Type D. ordi. Skull, light, depressed, smooth, thin, broad posteriorly, tapering anteriorly; anterior outline emarginate; rostrum extending beyond incisors, acuminate; zygomata delicate, straight, abutting against tympanies, which are greatlj" inflated and possess a nontubular orifice of meatus; mastoids enormous; squamosals reduced; parietal triangle- shaped, interparietal small, situated between forks of occipital; bulla; in contact below the basi-sphenoid; palate terminates posteriorly with a sharp median somewhat lengthened spur; external to this is a fossa with two small anterior foramina, and a large one behind ptery- goids with a hamular termination abutting the bullse; basioccipital narrow, acuminate, reduced; separated by a fissure for its entire length from the bulla; a similar fissure divides the last named bones from the alisphenoid and squamosal. The interorbital foramen, or what passes for one, is placed low down midwaj' on the side of the rostrum; incisive foramina minute slits between incisors and molars. In the rear of the skull the occipital bones appear as a rim to the foramen magnum. Upper incisors sulcate, pointing backwards; molars rootless. Mandible small, thick, with a conspicuous acute lamina twisting obliquely outward and upward. Mental foramen outside, near incisors. Hind legs elongated, tail longer than head and body, penicillate; soles hairy. Hind foot with four toes only. Cheek pouches large; fur of velvet softness. All the species of both genera have facial crescentic lines more or less distinctly marked. DIPODOMYS. and side of mouth white; a white spot over the ej-es and another behind the ear, and a white stripe across the thighs usually reaching the tail. Fig. 53. DipODOMYS merriami. No. 580 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 8 times. Upper tooth row. Enlarged S times. 352. merriami. {Dipodomys), Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., i8go, p. 290. Type locality. New River, Arizona. Geogr. Disir. Arizona. Genl. Char. Limbs and tail slender, latter longer than head and body; skull small. Color. Above mouse gray tinged with pinkish buff: sides sandy; nose and sides of face black nearly to eyes; aural spot and under parts white. Tail drab gray, white band on either side, not reaching extremity. Measurements. Total length, 281; tail vertebra?, 149; hind foot, 36. (I .—nevadensis. {Bipodonns), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. III. Type locality. Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Nevada. DIPODOMYS. 238 Gc-nl. Char. Similar to/?, ///(/v/'aw/, tail shorter, hind foot longer; color paler. Color. Above pinkish buff, lined on head and back with black; black marks on face distinct; stripes on thigh and under parts white; stripes on tail above and below meeting at end of tail duskj-. Legs, inside dusky to the heel. Measurenunts. Total length, 240; tail vertebra-, 140: hind foot, 39; ear, 13. b.—nitratiis. {Di/>odom\s), Merr. . Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 112. Type locality. Keeler, Owens Lake, California. Geogr. Distr. Eastern California. Genl. Char. Small; hind feet larger than those of D. mcrriami^ no fascial crescents: no black markings. Color. Above ochraceous without black markings; white spot over eye; beneath white; upper and lower stripes on tail same color as back; stripes on side continuous. Measurements. Total length, 239; tail vertebra;'. 141; hind foot, 37.8. c.—nitratoides. {Di/ioilowvs), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 112. Type locality. Tipton, San Joaquin \'alley, California. Geogr. Distr. South central California. Genl. Char. Similar to D. nitratus. but fascial crescents present. Color. Above fulvous; facial marks dusky; inside of hind legs to heel fulvous; beneath and stripe on thigh white; dorsal tail stripe darker than back, ventral stripe fulvous and extending length of tail; crested portion of tail like back. Mtasurniiints. Total length, 246; tail vertebrs, 148; hind foot, 35. (1. — e.vilis. {Dipodomys'), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894. p. 113. Type locality. Fresno, San Joaquin \'alley, California. Geogr. Distr. South central California. Genl. Char. Smaller than D. iiurriami and darker. Color. Above claj' color heavilj' lined with black; darkest on top of head; sides tinged with ochraceous buff; black lines on face across the nose; superciliary stripe whitish; lower part of legs and ankles black; beneath white; tail stripes sootj* black, meeting about one-third the length from tip, rest of tail white. Mtahircmrnts. Total length. 227; tail vertebra-, 135.5: hind foot, 34. 23-1 DIPODOMYS. e.—rimbiguus. {DipoJomrs), Merr.,N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 42. Ty/>e locality. El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern Texas. Genl. Char. Tail one-third longer than head and body; size me- dium; body slender. Color. Above buffy drab; sides tinged with pale buff and lined everywhere with black; beneath white. Upper and lower tail stripes dusky to tip; lateral stripe white, terminating with the vertebra?. Miasiircments. Total length, 233; tail vertebra^, 133; hind foot, 37; ear, 7. f.— parvus. {Dipodomys), Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 1894, p. 70. Type locality. San Bernardino, California. Geogr. Distr. San Bernardino Valley, southern California. Genl. Char. Similar to D. merriami, smaller, tail longer and without black markings on face and nose. Color. Above buffy gray, sides buff; under parts white; usual white eye and ear spot, and stripe on thighs; dark dorsal and ventral tail stripes brownish black, pencil sooty black; lateral stripes white; orbital ring black; under surface of hind foot brownish. Measunmcnts. Total length, 248 ; tail vertebra;, 154; hind foot, 35; ear, 10. ^.—similis. ' {Dipoi/ouns), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1893, p. 411. T)pe locality. White Water, San Diego County, California. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern California. Genl. Char. Similar to D. m. simiolus, darker; legs and tail rela- tively shorter. Skull with smaller mastoids, and wider across ante- orbital processes of maxillary than in D. m. simiolus, and the lower premolar wider than long. Color. Above light tawny lined sparingly with blackish, darkest on rump: beneath white. Dorsal and ventral tail stripes blackish to tip; lateral stripes white. Measurements. Total length, 241; tail vertebra^, 143; pencil, 25; hind foot, 38; ear above crown, 10.5. Skull: basilar length, 22; mas- toid breadth, 24.5. interorbital constriction, 14; nasals, 14; coronoid process from angle, 5. h. — simiolus. [Dipodomns), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1893, p. 410. Type locality. Agua Caliente, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California, north of San Fran- cisco. Genl. Char. Similar to D. deserti, but smaller; pencil not white. DIPODOMYS. 235 Color. Above like D. deserti, inclining to cinnamon on rump; beneath white. Tail, upper fourth dark ashy extending to tip; brownish black on middle third of under side. Feet white, soles slighth' darker. Measurements. Total length, 241; tail vertebra', 149; hind foot, 38; ear from crown, 9; pencil, 35. Skull: basilar length, 21.8; mas- toid breadth, 24; interorbital constriction, 14.5; nasals, 13; mandible to base of incisors, 13.8; coronoid process from angle, 5.6. 353. deserti. {DipoJoniys), Steph., Am. Nat., 1887, p. 42, pi. v. Ty/^e locality. Mojave River, near San Bernardino Mountains, California. Cieox^r. Distr. Mojave and Colorado Deserts, southeastern Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Large; colors pale; tail longer than head and body; mastoids greatly developed. Color. Above pale yellowish brown, hairs plumbeous at base; legs, feet and under parts white; tail white with a pale brown dorsal stripe from near base to white tip, growing darker towards end. White spot over eye and behind ear. White thigh stripe. Measurements. Total length, 133; tail vertebr.T, 204; hind foot, 52. 354. spectabilis. {J)ipo,iomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1893. Type locality. Das Cabejos, Cochize County, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Portions of Texas and Arizona eastward to Sierra Blanca, Texas. Genl. Char. Size large; tail nearly twice the length of head and body; mastoids meet behind parietals; maxillary bridge of orbit broad. Color. Above ochraceous buff lined with black, sides paler; top of head and back darkest; fascial crescent crossing nose black; hip patch ochraceous; hind leg, white above, dusky below. Dorsal stripe of tail dusky for basal half followed by a broad black band, terminating in a long white brush; ventral stripe dusky, the two meeting about two-thirds the length of tail from base, the lateral white stripes disappearing. Measurements. Total length, 355; tail vertebra', 211; pencil, 30; hind foot, 56; ear, 17.5. 355. elator. {DipoJomys), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 109. jype locality. Henrietta, Clay County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northern Texas, limits of range unknown. Genl. Char. Similar to D. spectahilis, but smaller; tail more slender, hind feet longer; supraoccipital between bulla' very broad; interparietal broad as long. 236 DIPODOMYS. PERODIPUS. Color. Above claj' color lined with blackish; flanks light och- raceous buff; black line above lips broad; thigh patches large; under parts white. Tail white with an upper and under stripe extending nearly to the pencil, and dorsal stripe blackish on crested part, paler for the basal two-thirds of its length, the ventral stripe pale; the white on sides of tail reaching nearly to the tip. Inner sides of legs dusky. Measurements. Total length, 292; tail vertebrae, 173; hind foot, 47; ear, 14. 356. californicus. {Dipodomys), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 49. Type locality. Ukiah, Mendocino County, California. Geogr. Distr. Northwestern California. Genl. Char. Size large; color very dark; skull on superior out- line arched, interparietal not twice as long as broad. Color, Above sepia tinged with pale ochraceous; sides paler; beneath white. Thigh patches grading into dusky on back of leg. Dark tail stripes black, meeting in front of white pencil. Measurements. Total length, 302; tail vertebra, 183; hind foot, 43; pencil, 16; ear, 9. 62. Perodipiis. I. i^; M- 2^=16. Perodipus. Fitzin. Sitz. d. K. Akad. d. Wissench. 1. Abth., 1867, p. 70. Skull similar to that of Dipodomys, with greatly developed mas- toids and thread-like zygomata; audital bullae in contact below basi- sphenoid. Hind feet with five claws, the first digit rudimentary, but having a claw and reaching to the end of the metatarsal bones of the other digits. 357- agilis. {Dipodiunys), Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1848, p. 77. hermanni a;' tuagneri, Le Conte. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1848, p. 79. Type locality. California. Geogr. Distr. Middle and southern California. Genl. Char. Size small, color dark; body rather stout. Color. Above ashy brown heavily lined with black, especially on top and sides of head and lower back; sides yellowish brown, spot over eye and behind ear, side of snout, stripe on thighs and under parts white. Fascial crescent, black and broad, and meeting on PERODIPUS. Fig. 54. Perodipus agilis. No. 6554 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 7 times. Enlarged 7 times. bridge of nose. Tail blackish, and with a blackish tip; lateral white stripes terminate at base of pencil. Under part of leg and base of foot dusky, rest white. Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebra', 170; hind leg, 39.5; ear, 14.5. 358. streatori. {I'eroJif'us), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 113. Type locality. Carbondale, Mariposa County, California. Geogr. Distr. West foot of Sierra Nevada, California. Genl. Char. Similar to P. agilis, but larger; tip of tail normally white. Color. Above Isabella brown, darker on dorsal region and sides of neck, sides suffused with ochraceous buff; the usual fascial cres- cent, and eye and ear spot; beneath white. Dark tail, stripes dusky, meeting and forming a broad subapical band; tip normallx white. Measurements. Total length, 292; tail vertebrae, 179; hind foot, 43. 359. chapmani. {Dipodoiins), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 291. Type locality. Fort Verde, .\rizona. 238 PERODIPUS. Geogr. Distr. Elevated Central Tract, Arizona. Genl. Char. More slender than F. ordi; tail longer and color darker. Skull lighter, smaller. Color. Above mouse gray mixed with black and buff; sides sandy buff; usual white line on side of nose, white ear and eye spots, and thigh stripe; under parts white. Dorsal and ventral stripes drab gray; lateral white stripes extending to near end of vertebrje. Measurements. Total length, 280; tail vertebra;, 148; hind foot, 38. 360. ordi. {Dipodomys), Woodh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1853. P- 235. Type locality. El Paso, Rio Grande, Texas. Geogr. Distr. From Snake Plains and their northward exten- sions south to New Mexico and Arizona. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail little shorter than head and body. Color. Above ochraceous buff, darkest on back mixed with black on rump; sides paler; side of nose, spot behind the ear, stripe across thigh and under parts white. Tail with dorsal and ventral stripes dusky, base of hairs white. Measurements. Total length, 240; tail vertebra, 134; hind foot, 38; ear 7. a. — colwmbianus. (Ferodipus), Merr. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 115. Type locality. Umatilla, Oregon. Geogr. Distr. Plains of the Columbia, Oregon. Genl. Char. Similar to F. ordi, but paler; ears blackish. Color. Above clay color mixed with blackish; thigh patches and inner side of leg tinged with ochraceous; interior and upper border of ear blackish; beneath white; dusky stripes on upper and under side of tail; lateral white stripes nearly meeting towards end of tail, tip dusky. Measurements. Total length, 244.5; tail vertebrae, 140.5; hind foot, 39. 361. richardsoni. (Dipodops), Allen, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., i8gi, p. 277. Type locality. Beaver River, Indian Territory. Geogr. Distr. Oklahoma and Indian Territories. Genl. Char. Similar to F. ordi, but larger. Skull: rostrum robust; intermastoid area quadrate, lateral borders slightly concave, anterior border longer than posterior. Color. Above ochraceous huff, lined with black; sides paler; legs outside to heels like sides of body; beneath white, as is also the PERODIPUS. 2S» thigh stripe. Dorsal and ventral tail stripes plumbeous black to tip; lateral white stripes extending bej'ond the vertebrae. Inside of ear ochraceous, mi.xed with black; outside whitish. Mi-asuremeitts. Total length, 289; tail vertebra', 144.8; hind foot, 40.6; ear from crown, 10.7. Skull: total length, 40.6; basal length, 28.2; mastoid breadth, 25.9; intcrmastoid area length, 5.1: anterior border, 3.6; posterior, 3; nasals, 14.7. 362. sennetti. {Dipodops), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 226. Type locality. Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern Texas. Genl. Char. Similar to P. ordi, but darker. Skull: rostrum broad, elongated; mastoid separated by rather broad interparietal, quadrate in shape and with lateral margins inclining inwards; anterior and posterior width about equal. Orbital bridge of maxillary broad. Color. Above yellowish ochraceous buff, mixed with black, darkest on dorsal region; sides lighter; flanks huffy yellow; beneath white. Upper tail stripe dusky brown, lower paler, both reaching end of tail; lateral white stripes continued beyond end of vertebrs. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, no; hind foot, 35; ear, 9. 363. panamintinus. {Dipodops), Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iSy4. ].. 114. lype locality. Panamint Mountains, California. Geogr. Distr. Panamint Range, eastern California. Genl. Char. Largest of genus. Color. Above buffy clay, tinged with ochraceous: thigh patches like back; inside of legs dusky; beneath white; dark stripes on tail light dusky; lateral white stripes meeting on distal third; ear pos- teriorly whitish. Measurements. Total length, 301; tail vertebrn\ 183; hind foot, 44; ear from base, 15. 364. longipes. {Dipodops), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, i8go, p. 72. Type locality. Echo Cliffs, Painted Desert, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Utah, Wyoming, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Arizona. Genl. Char. Similar to P. ordi, hind feet longer, tail longer, color pale. Skull: zygomatic breadth of the maxillary rounded be- low; parietals without a long, slender postero-lateral process. Color. Above ochraceous buff finely lined with black; eye and ear spot white; beneath pure white. Tail, upper and under stripes grayish dusky; the latter narrow, both continuing to the end of pen- PERODIPUS. MICRODIPODOPS. cil, the base of hairs of which are white; lateral white stripes broad reaching basal part of pencil. Legs, above white, beneath dusky. Measurements. Total length, 275; tail vertebras, 165; pencil, 25; hind foot, 42; ear from crown, S. 365. compactus. {Dtpoiio/nys), True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash., 188S, p. 160. Type locality. Padre Island, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only. Genl. Char. Size medium; hind foot shorter than skull; tail equal in length to the head and body; color pale. Color. Above pale pinkish buff tinged on head and back with sepia; beneath white; thigh stripe white. Sides and distal half of under side of tail white; upper surface, including the pencil, and proximal half of under surface sepia. Measurements. Total length, 215; tail vertebrae, 114; hind foot, 31. 63. Microdipodops. Microdipodops. Merr., N. Am. Faun., 1891, Pt. 5, p. 115. Cranium similar to that of Dipodom\s, but with the tympano-mas- toid much more inflated. Palatal shelf extending posteriorly to fora- men ovale with a deep fossa on each side. Zygomatic process of maxillary not expanded in front of orbit; mandible without post- molar pit, and the angular process truncated. Mastoids meet along median line and project posteriorly, their breadth being greater than basilar length. Molars rootless; upper premolar with anterior prism. ftOoo yocp Fig 55. Microdipodops megacephalus. No. 43193 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Lower tooth row. Upper tooth row. Enlarged lo times. Enlarged lo times. MICRODIPODOPS. PEROGNATHUS. 241 366. megacephalus. ^MicrodipoJops), Merr., N. Am. Faun., 1S91, Pt. 5, p. 116. Type locality. Halleck, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Central Nevada. Genl. Char. Size small; tail not crested at tip, slightly exceed- ing the length of head and body. Hind feet long, furred; ears cov- ered with fur. Other characters those of the genus. Color. Above yellowish brown, mi.xed with black and tinged with olive; sides from nose and thigh pale ochraceous. Beneath white, fur plumbeous at base, except on throat and breast, which are white to the roots of hairs. Feet buffy white. Tail, basal two-thirds like back, rest blackish; under sides pale buffy ochraceous The usual black crescent on face at base of whiskers and buff patch be- hind the ears. Measurenients. Total length, 150; tail vertebrcX-, 80; hind foot, 24; ear from crown, 6. Sub. Fam. II. Heteromyinae. C. H. Merriam. Revision of the North Anu-rican Poik^t .^fic,-. N. Am. Faun., No. i, i88g, p. i. W. H. Osgood. Revision of the Pocket Mice of the genus J'erog- nothiis. N. Am. Faun., No. 18, igoo. (>4. Perognathus. I- —■' P- 1^; M. ^; = 20. Perognathus. Wied., Nov. Act. Acad. Cars. Leop. Carol., 1839, xix, p. 369. Type F. fascial us, Wied. .■' Cricetodipus. Peale, Rep. Mamm. & Ornith. U. S. Expl. Exped., 1848, p. 53, pi. 13, fig. 2. Type P/ parvus, Peale. Abromxs. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1868, p. 202. Type P. lordi. Gray. Octognosis. Coues., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875, p. 305. Type P. Jlarus, Baird. Chaetodipus. Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, iS8g, p. 5. T)pe P. hispidus? Baird. Skull depressed and flat above, nasals lengthened, projecting be- yond incisors; mastoids less developed than those of the species of Dipi- domx'inae, and in certain species do not project bejond plane of occi- put; zygomata much as in ordinary rodents. Occiput not emarginate; molars rooted; no pit between last lower molar and coronoid proc- ess; tail moderate; soles naked or sparsely haired. PEROGNATHUS. A. Perognathus. Mastoid well developed, extending beyond occipital line; inter- parietal pentagonal; mastoid side of parietal longest; audital bullae nearly contiguous below basisphenoid. Fig. 56. Perognathus flavus. No. 592 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Enlarged j4. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 10 times. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 10 times. 367. fasciatus. (Ft-rcgnaf/u/s), Wied., Nov. Act. Akad. Cses. Leop. Carol., 1839, p. 369, pi. 34. Type locality. Near junction of Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers, Montana. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Montana and Wyoming and western North and South Dakota. Genl. Char. Small; tail nearly as long as head and body; ears small, no antitragal lobe; posterior half of soles haired. Color. Above blending of olive green and olive gray tinged with pale fulvous and lined with black; lateral stripe pale fulvous; feet and under parts white; two light yellow patches on ears, and one larger behind ears. Tail, slightl)' paler beneath than above and buffy on sides. Measurements. Total length, 135; tail vertebrae, 60; hind foot, 17.5; ear, 4.5. a. — Lnfraluteus. {Perognathus), Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 405. Type locality. Loveland, Larimer County, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Colorado; limits of range not known. Type locality only. Genl. Char. Size smaller than F. fasciatus : pelage soft. Soles hairy on posterior half. Color. Above grayish olivaceous; sides, limbs and under parts PEROGNATHUS. 243 (except throat and center of neck and breast, which are white), fulvous; base of fulvous hair slaty gray; tail above yellowish, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 117; tail vertebrae, 57; hind foot, 16. Skull: basilar length, 17.3; greatest medium length, 21.2; mas- toid breadth, n ; nasal length, 7.7; interorbital breadth, 4.9. 368. flavescens. {F,roi-naf/ius), Merr., N.Am. Faun., No.i, 1889, p.n. copii, Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1893, p. 404. lype locality. Kennedy, Nebraska. Geogr. Distr. South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, extending pos- siblj' to Texas, west to Rockj' Mountains. Genl. Char. Similar in size to P. fasciatus; colors quite differ- ent. Skull smaller, cranium less arched, interparietal broader; audi- ta! bullae meeting below basisphenoid. Color. Above pale yellowish brown lined with blackish: lateral stripe pale fulvous: beneath white to roots of hairs. Around eyes pale fulvous. Tail above pale grayish, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 136; tail vertebra^, 63; hind foot, 17; ear, 4. 369. merriami. (Perognat/u/s), Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1S92, p. 45, pi. Ill, fig. 1-6. jiavus, Baird, N. Amer. Mamm., 1857, p. 423. (Part.) Thomas, Proc. Zool. See, 18SS, p. 449. mearnsi, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1S96. p. 237. Type locality. Brownsville, Texas. Geogr. Distr. From Washburn, Texas, to Roswell, New Mexico; east to San Antonio, west to Comstock on the Rio Grande. Genl. Char. Size smaller than P. flavescens ; color bright, sides golden; tail about equal to head and body. Color. Autumn Pelage. Above yellow heavily lined with black; sides golden sparsely mixed with black; beneath white; thighs golden, feet white; subauricular spot pure white; tail pale brownish yellow above, becoming blackish at tip; beneath paler. .Measurements. Total length, 1 18; tail vertebra', 55; hind foot. 16; ear, 4. n.—gilvus. Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, p. 22. Type locality. Eddy, New Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. Genl. Char. Similar to P. merriami, paler. Color. " Paler and more yellowish than merriami; back and sides well mixed with black: lateral line wide; postauricular spots rather prominent; tail whitish below, slightly dusky above.'" 244 PEROGNATHUS. Measurements. Total length, ii8; tail vertebrae, 58; hind foot, 16.5. 370. flavus. (Perognathus), Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., i855> P- 332- Type locality. El Paso, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Northeastern Colorado and western Nebraska to Mexico, westward to central Arizona, east to western Texas. Genl. Char. Size very small; ear without antitragal lobe; tail less than head and body, audital bullae meeting below basisphenoid. Color. Above pale fulvous lined with black, no lateral stripe; feet and under parts white; buff patch behind ear and white one on lower margin; orbital ring pale fulvous; tail pale brownish or olive gray, of nearly same hue above and below. Measurements. Total length, 117; tail vertebrae, 71; hind foot, 17; ear, 4. a.—bimaciclatus. [Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 12. Tvpe locality. Fort Whipple, Yavapai County, Arizona. Gcogr. Distr. Southeastern Utah to central and northeastern Arizona. Genl. Char. Small; tail shorter than head and body; ear large, no antitragal lobe. Skull: mastoids large; lower premolar smaller than last molar. Color. Above mixed buff and black, the latter predominating; lateral stripe buff; large postauricular buff spot; feet and under parts white; tail pale brown on proximal two-thirds; distal third blackish. Mcasurc/iients. Total length, 121; tail vertebrae, 61 ; hind foot, 17.5; ear, 5. b.—fuli^inosus. (Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 74. Type locality. Northeast of San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Altitude 7,000 feet. Geogr. Distr. Lava beds near San Francisco Mountain, north- ern Arizona. Genl. Char. Colors dark, under parts fulvous. Color. Above sooty brown tinged with yellowish brown; spots behind eyes and ears yellowish; lateral stripe fulvous; under parts fulvous; throat and breast white. Measurements. Total length, 116; tail vertebrx', 58; hind foot 18; ear, 4. 371. apache. (Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, i88g, p. 14. flavus, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 3, 1890, p. 73. Txpe locality. Keam Canon, Apache County, Arizona. PEROGNATHUS. 245 Gi-ogr. Distr. Eastern Arizona, western New Mexico and south- ern Utah. Genl. Char. Size large; tail as long as head and body; no anti- tragal lobe; soles haired. Color. Above tawny ochraceous, sparingly lined with black; fore legs, feet and under parts white. Tail yellowish above, whitish beneath; white spot on lower margin of ear. Measindtifnts. Total length, 150; tail vertebno, 79; hind foot, 20; ear, 7. 372. callistus. {Pcrognathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, igoo, p. 28. 'J\p( locality. Kinney Ranch, Green River basin, near Sweet- water County, Wyoming. Gi-ogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Ginl. Char. Smaller than P. apache; color different. Color. Above grayish olive buff and black; lateral line pale buff; under parts white; ears whitish exteriorly; tail above dusky, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 135; tail vertebrae, 63; hind foot, 18. 373. panamintinus. {Fcro,i;nathtis), Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 265, fig. 4. Ty/>c locality. Perognathus Flat, Panamint Mountains, Cali- fornia. Gcox'r. J)istr. Panamint Mountains, eastern border of California, through southern Nevada to St. George, Utah. Gcfil. Char. Small; tail longer than head and body; color dark; skull long and slender. Color. Above ochraceous, sometimes grayish buff, lined with black; feet and under parts white; tail dusky above, ochraceous beneath. Measurements. Total length, 152 ; tail vertebr^f, 78 ; hind foot, 19.8. a.—ban^si. {Perognathus), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1S98, p. 300. Type locality. Palm Spring, Colorado Desert, southern Cali- fornia. Geogr. Distr. Desert valleys of southern and southeastern Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. panamintinus, and paler. Color. Above pale vinaceous buff faintly lined with black; feet, fore legs, and lower parts white. Tail, above dusky, pencil pale brown, beneath white; ears with white spot at base, and one above. 246 PEROGNATHUS. ^feasurements. Total length, 138; tail vertebras, 80; hind foot, 19. Skull: greatest length, 21; greatest breadth, 12. b.—arenicoln. {Pt-ri'gnathits), Stephens, Proc. Biol. See. Wash., 1900, p. 153. Type locality. San Felipe Narrows, San Diego County, Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Similar to P. panainintiiius bangsi, but paler and whiter; mastoids greatly swollen and projecting much farther back than the occiput; interparietal very small. Measurements. Total length, 141; tail vertebrae, 82;hindfoot, 19. (Stephens, 1. c.) c. — brevinasus. {Fi-rcgnat/uis). Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 30. Type locality. San Bernardino, California. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern California. Genl. Char. Similar to P. panamintinus, but darker. Skull smaller; interparietal smaller, nasals shorter; lower premolar larger than last molar. Color. Above pinkish buff lined with black; lateral line pinkish buff; ears dusky, orbital ring buffy. Tail, buffy white, faintly dusky above. Measurements. Total length, 124; tail vertebra, 66; hind foot, 17.4. (Osgood, 1. c. ) 374. nevadensis. {Perognathus), Merr. , Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S94, p. 264, fig. 3. Type locality. Halleck, East Humboldt Valley, Nevada. Geogr. Distr. Central Nevada to southern Oregon and northern Utah. Genl. Char. Small; similar to P. panamintinus, color of sides and belly alike. Color. Above buffy gray mixed with black; lateral stripe buffy ochraceous spreading over belly. Tail, dark above, buffy ochraceous below. Throat and pectoral region white. Measurements. Total length, 127; tail vertebrs, 72.4; hind foot, 18.7. 375. pacificus. (Perognathus), Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. v., 1S98, p. 299. Type locality. Mouth of Tijuana River, Mexican boundary, San Diego, California. Geogr. Distr. Edge of Pacific Ocean, on a flat at mouth of Tijuana River. Genl. Char. Similar to P. brevinasus, but smaller, tail more PEROGNATHUS. 247 hairy, lower premolar quadrate, mastoids moderate; interparietal wider than long; lower premolar larger than last molar. Color. Above pale ochraceous drab lined with black. Spot at base of whiskers and ears blackish. Orbital area pale buff. Spot behind eye and lateral line on body pale buff. Feet and under parts white. Tail, hoary at base, tip dusky. Measurt-mcnts. Total length, 109; tail vertebnc, 53; hind foot, 15.5; ear from crown, 4.7. 376. amplus. {Ptroi;nathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 32. Type locality. Fort Verde, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Known from type locality only. Gcnl. Char. Size large; tail long, hairy; hind sole naked to pos- terior fifth which is hairy; antitragus not lobed; mastoids large. Color. Above pinkish buff lined with black; buff lateral line; under parts white; fore legs buff nearly to wrist. Tail buff, mixed above with black. Mt-as!ir,/ini!/s. Total length, 155; tail vertebra, 80; hind foot, 20. (Osgood, 1. c.) 377. longimembris. {Oc/ognnsis), Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1S75, p. 305. parvus. Coues (nee. Peale), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875, p. 303. True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 474. inornalus. Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 15. Type locality. Fort Tejon, Kern County, California. Geogr. Distr. San Joaquin Valley, southern California. Genl. Char. Large; ears without antitragal lobe; tail longer than head and body; posterior third of soles haired. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with dusky; lateral line yel- lowish brown; fore legs, feet and under parts white. Tail yellowish, dusky at tip; yellow patch behind ear; ears, buff outside, dusky in- side, white spot at base. Measurements. Total length, 149; tail vertebra, 78; hind foot, 19; ear. 4.5. 378. *parvus. {Crice/odipus), Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 1848, p. 53, pi. 13, fig. 2. juv. • The type of this species appears to be lost, and whether it was a Pocket mouse or a Kanga- roo rat is not likely ever to be definitely determined. Peale's description points to both genera; all the characters and the color indicate, unmistakin^dy. a Kangaroo rat; but the measurements being of such cxceidingly small dimensions apparently point to the Pocket mice. Its identity being therefore impossible to determine at present, it does not seem judicious to assert that Peale's Cricetodipuf- fan us is the same as Perognathus motiticola, Baird. a well-known species, and reduce the latter to a synonym, as Mr. Osgood has done in his revision of Perognafhtts^ page 34, for the two forms agree neither in color nor measurements, but better to let Peale's species stand by itself until happily the time may arrive when its proper status can be satisfactorily ascertained. 248 PEROGNATHUS. parvus. (Ferognaikiis), Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 425. Type locality. Oregon. Genl. Char. "Head ovate, the snout elongate, pointed and cov- ered with hair excepting the nostrils, which are small and convolute; lips large, tumid and covered with short hairs; whiskers numerous, white; a tuft of white hairs or bristles on the chin; cheek pouches spacious, opening outside of the mouth and reaching from the upper lip to the throat; the cavity extending backward from the ears and lined with hair; eyes medium size; ears small, round, and fringed with hairs; fore legs small, the feet moderate and margined with bristly hairs; the nails short, curved, excepting that of the thumb, which is orbicular or resembling the human thumb nail; hind legs long, the feet large and strong, five-toed, the middle one slightly longer than the rest; inner toe shortest, reaching only to the end of the metatarsal bones of the others; all the nails short, pointed and slightly curved; tail long, tapering, and clothed with silky hairs." Color. "Above sepia brown, beneath white, a dark line across the cheeks beneath the eyes." Measurements. "Length of head and body i 9-10 inch; head from nose to occiput, 9-10 inch; ears, 3-20 inch; tail, 2 3-10 inches; fore leg from the elbow, 9-20 inch; fore foot, 3-10 inch; tibia, 7-10 inch; hind foot, 3-10 inch; metatarsus, 5-10 inch." (Peale. ) Peale says of this specimen: "The formation of its hind legs leaves but little room to doubt that its habits are similar to the jump- ing mice Mcriones labradorius (Richardson), which are inhabitants of the same region. Its singularly large head which exceeds its BODY IN bulk, its ample cheek pouches, long hind legs, and long tail present a general form which is peculiar and altogether very remarka- ble. * * * * Xhe specimen is a female, and presents the rudi- ments of a fourth molar tooth in each side of the lower jaw, which would eventually have replaced the front ones, already much worn." 379. monticola. (Perognathus), Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. , 1857, p. 422, pi. 51. parvus, Osgood, N. Amer. Faun., No. iS, 1900, p. 34 (nee Peale). Type locality. St. Mary's Mission, Montana, west of Rocky Mountains? (Baird). The Dalles, Oregon? (Osgood). Geogr. Distr. Valley of the Yakima River, Washington, and thence southeast to central and southeastern Oregon. Genl. Char. Tail longer than head and body, antitragus lobed; bullae meeting below basisphenoid. Color. Above mixed cinnamon and dusky; beneath white; hairs plumbeous at base; lateral stripe pale cinnamon; outside of fore leg dusky; feet whitish; tail above like back, beneath like belly. PEROGNATHUS. 240 Measurements. Head and body, 76; tail, 7S, tip gone; hind foot, 21. (Baird.) a.—mollipilosus. (^Perognat/ius), Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875. P- 296. monticola, Coues, (nee Baird), Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1875, p. 296. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, p. 177. Type locality. Fort Crook, Shasta County, California. Geogr. Disir. Northeastern California to Klamath Basin, Oregon. Genl. Char. Size small, tail longer than head and body; anti- tragus lobed; soles naked. Color. Above yellowish cinnamon lined with blackish; beneath white; lateral stripe pale fulvous; tail above like back; beneath white. Measurements. Head and body, 64: tail vertebra-, 82; hind foot, 20.5. (From Coues). b.—oHvaceus. (Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1SS9, p. 15. amanus, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, iSSg, p. 16. Type locality. Kelton, Utah, Geogr. Distr. Northern Utah and southern Idaho to Owens Valley, California; west to southern Oregon and northeastern Cali- fornia. Genl. Char. Size large ; ears with antitragal lobe as high as broad, large; tail longer than head and bod\'; bullae not meeting below basisphenoid. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with black and tinged with olive; beneath white; tail above, proximal half like back, distal half sooty brown; beneath white; white spot on ear margin. Measurements. Total length, 1S4; tail vertebra', loi; hind foot, 23; ear. 5. c.^ma^rudensis. {Perognathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 38. Type locality. Mount Magruder, Nevada, 8,000 feet altitude. Geogr. Distr. Southern Nevada and adjacent parts of California. Genl. Char. Similar to P. m. oliraceus, but larger. Color. "Same as P. m. olivaceus." Measurements. Total length, 198; tail vertebras, 107; hind foot, 26. 380. alticola. {Perognathus), Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1893, p. 412. Type locality. Squirrel Inn, San Bernardino Mountains, Cali- fornia. 250 PEROGNATHUS. Geogr. Distr. Southeastern California. Known from type locality only. Genl. Char. Small; tail about equal in length to head and body; ears white. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with blackish; base of hairs plumbeous; lateral stripe tawny. Legs, feet and under parts white; tail above, proximal half tawny, distal half blackish; beneath white. Ears white within and without. Measurements. Total length, 157; tail vertebrae, 77; hind foot, 20; ear, 5. 381. lordi. (Afiromys), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1868, p. 202. Type locality. "British Columbia." Geogr. Distr. Southern British Columbia to plains of the Columbia River, Washington. Genl. Char. Tail longer than head and body; antitragus pres- ent, but no anterior projecting lobule. Color. Above slaty buff strongly mixed with black; beneath buff, large pectoral and inguinal patch white. White spot at base of ear. Fore feet buff, hind feet white. Tail, basal half dusky mixed with buff, apical half and tip black; beneath pale gray. Measurements. Head and body, 175; tail vertebra;, 91; hind foot, 23; ear, 6.5. a.—colujnbianus. {Perognatkus), Merr. , Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 263, fig. 2. Type locality. Pasco, Plains of the Columbia, Washington. Geogr. Distr. Southern Washington. Genl. Char. Large; colors pale; tail longer than head and body. Color. Above smoky gray mixed with blackish, tinged with oli- vaceous; faint lateral stripe; tail above, pale on proximal half, darker apically. Measurements. Total length, 187; tail vejtebrae, 96; hind foot, 23; ear from anterior base, 9. 382. formosus. (Pn-ognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 11, 1889, p. 17. Type locality. St. George, Utah. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern Utah, southern Nevada and adjacent portion of California. Genl. Char. Large; ears large with antitragal lobe; tail crested longer than head and body; soles naked. Color. Above grizzled yellowish brown mixed with black; below white; tail, proximal third above like back, remainder graduated sooty brown; beneath yellowish white. PEROGNATHUS. 251 Measurements. Total length, 195; tail vertebra*, iii; hind foot, 26; ear, 6. A. Ohaetodipus. " Mastoids moderately developed, not projecting behind plane of occiput; interparietal broadly pentagonal, or strap-shaped; mas- toid side of parietal not longest; audital bulla; separated anteriorly by full width or nearly full width of basisphenoid." Fig. 57. PEROGNATHUS (CHAETODIPUS) FEMORALIS. No. 5065 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Nat. size. Upper tooth row. Enlarged 8 times. Lower tooth row. Enlarged S times. 383. baileyi. [Poognathits), Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 262, fig. I. Type locality. Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico. Geogr. Disir. Seventy miles southwest of Tucson, Arizona, into Sonora, Mexico and northern Lower California. Genl. Char. Large; tail very much longer than head and body; mastoids considerably developed; bulla nearly meeting below basi- sphenoid; interparietal pentagonal, broadest anteriorly. Color. Above drab brown lined with black; beneath white; pale lateral stripe; tail above dusky; beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebra, 122; hind foot, 27. 384. hispidus. {Perognatlii/s), Baird, Mamm. N. \m., 1857, p. 421. /ascidtt/s, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 420. hispidus, Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 421. spilotiis, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 25. Type locality. Charco Escondido, Mexico. Geogr. Distr. Southern and western Texas, north to Oklahoma, south to Mexico. 252 PEROGNATHUS. Genl. Char. Tail slightly shorter than head and body; hind foot broad and short; ears moderate; antitragus lobed; pelage harsh, no bristles. Color. Above brownish black and cinnamon ; lateral stripe bright fulvous, almost orange; under parts, fore legs and feet white Tail black above, beneath whitish, without crest or tuft. Measurements. Total length, 208 ; tail vertebraE", 102 ; hind foot, 24. n.—* paradoxus. {Ferognalhus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, i88g, p. 24, pi. Ill, fig. 18. latirostris, Rhoads, Am. Nat., 1894, xxviii, p. 185. conditi, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1894. p. 318. Type locality. Trego County, Kansas. Geogr. Distr. From the Dakotas to Texas, west to base of Rocky Mountains. Genl. Char. Large; ears large with antitragal lobe; soles naked. Color. Above yellowish brown lined with black; sides fulvous; fore legs fulvous outside; feet and under parts white; tail above fuli- ginous, beneath white tinged with fulvous. Measurements. Total length, 205-242; (Merr., measurements, 1. c. 100 mm., error;) tail vertebra-, 103-iig; hind foot, 26; ears, 5. 385. penicillatus. {Ferognathus), Woodh. Proc. Acad. Phil., 1852, p. 200. Type locality. San Francisco Mountain, Arizona? Little Colo- rado Desert? Geogr. Distr. Bunkerville, Nevada, to Yuma, Arizona. Genl. Char. Size large; tail much longer than head and body, crested; ear large, high antitragal lobe; soles naked. Cranial char- acters those of the subgenus. Color. Above gray suffused with yellowish brown and lined with black; fore legs, feet and under parts white; lateral stripe indistinct pale fulvous; tail above dusky extending over pencil, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 122; hind foot, 23. Taken by collector in flesh. Carriso Creek, California. a.—an^ustirostris. (Ferognathus), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 47. Type locality. Carriso Creek Desert. Colorado, California. Geogr. Distr. "Colorado Desert, south to northern Lower Cali- fornia and east to the Colorado River and southwestern Arizona." ♦Specimens from Oklahoma Territory are much darker above, and the lateral stripe much brighter and deeper than in the typical species, and are intermediate between P. h.taradoxus and P. hispidus. PEROGNATHUS. 253 Gen!. Char. '■'■'EAxnWz.t \.o P. penicillatus, but smaller; color about the same; skull lighter and with longer and more slender rostrum." Color. " As in P. penicillatus.^' Measurements. "Total length, 191; tail vertebrae, 105; hind foot, 24.4. (Dry skin)." (Osgood, 1. c.) b.—pricei. (Perognat/ius), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 318. oiscurus, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1895, p. 216. Type locality. Oposura, Sonora, Mexico. Geogr. Distr. South central Arizona into northwestern Mexico, west of the Sierra Madre. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. penicillatus, but similar; no spines on rump. Color. Above vinaceous buff lined with black; sides the same; lateral stripe hardly perceptible; under parts white; ears like back; tail dusky above, white below. Measurements. Total length, 172; tail vertebra-, 90; pencil, 10; hind foot, 23: ear, 7.5. 386. eremicus. {Perognathus), Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898, p. 300. Type locality. Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas. Geogr. Distr. Western Texas, south into central Mexico. Genl. Char. Small; color pale; skull rather heav}-. Color. Above whitish drab tinged with fawn and lined with dusky; lateral stripe faint; feet and lower parts white; tail above and tip pale brown; beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 163; tail vertebrae, 83; hind foot, 22. 1 ; ear from base, 9. i . 387. Stephens!. {Perognathus), Merr. , Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 267, fig. 7. Type locality. Northwest Arm of Death \'alley (Mesquite Valley), California. Geogr. Distr. Only known from type locality. Genl. Char. Small; ears medium, tragus higher than broad. Color. Above buffy drab to pale brown; fore legs, feet and under parts white; tail above, including pencil, slightly darker than back, beneath white. ^^easuremcnts. Total length, 177; tail vertebra-, 96; hind foot, 21. 388. intermedius. (Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. I'aun., No. i, 1889, p. 18, pi. II, fig. 13. obscurus, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 20. 254 PEROGNATHUS. Type locality. Mud Spring, Mojave County, Arizona. Geogr. Distr. Arizona and New Mexico into Mexico. Exact range unknown. Genl. Char. Size medium; tail much longer than head and body; antitragal lobe large; soles naked. Color. Above drab gray tinged with pale fulvous and lined with black; lateral line pale fulvous; fore legs, feet and under parts white. Tail above sooty brown, beneath whitish. Measurements. Total length, 183; tail vertebrae, 106; pencil, 18; hind foot, 21; ear, 4.5. 389. fallax. {Perognatlius), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1899, p. 19, pi. Ill, fig. 14. Type locality. Reche Canon, southeast of Colton, San Bernar- dino County, California. Geogr. Distr. Southwestern California, into lower California, west of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges. Genl. Char. Medium; tail crested, longer than head and body; antitragal lobe higher than broad; soles naked. Bristles on rump. Color. Above dark grizzled yellowish brown lined with black; lateral line pale fulvous, covering upper surface of fore leg; under parts white. Tail above sooty brown, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 177; tail vertebrae, 96; hind foot, 24; ear, 6. 390. femoralis. (Terognathus), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 281. Type locality. Dulzura, San Diego County, California. Geogr. Distr. San Diego County, southern California, into lower California. Genl. Char. Tail much longer than head and body; size large. Color. Above grayish yellowish brown lined with black; lateral line fulvous; fore legs, feet and under parts white; tail above rusty brown, including tip, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 198-241; tail vertebra;, 1 12-133; hind foot, 25-27. 391. californicus. {Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 26. armatus, Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 27. Type locality. Berkeley, California. Geogr. Distr. Coast region of California from San Francisco Bay to Bear Valley, San Benito Valley, San Benito County. Genl. Char. Smaller than P. femoralis; ears large, antitragal PEROGNATHUS. HETEROMYS. 255 lobes high; tail lontjer than head and body, crested; soles naked; skull long, narrow; mastoids small. Color. Above grizzled yellowish brown lined with black; lateral stripe pale fulvous; beneath white. Tail above sooty black, beneath white. Measurements. Total length, 195: tail vertebra?, loi; hind foot, 24; ear, 6.5. a.—dispar. {Ferognathi/s), Osgood, N. Am. Faun., No. 18, 1900, p. 58. Type locality. Carpentaria, Santa Barbara County, California. Geogr. Distr. " Coast Valleys of California from San Bernar- dino to San Benito County, and north along the foothills of the west slope of the Sierras to Placer County." Genl. Char. Larger than /'. californiciis, and paler. Color. Above bister; lateral line pinkish or ochraceous buff; under parts buffy white. Tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 218; tail vertebra, 120; hind foot, 27. 392. spinatus. {Perognathus), Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. i, 1889, p. 21. Ty/. Xapus. I. "=!■ p. ini; M. ^-=3 = i8. I— i' o-o' 3-3 Zapus. Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., i, 2d ser., No. 5, p. 253, 1875. Type, /). hudsonius. Zinim. Napcozapus. Preble, N. Am. Faun., No. 15, i8yg, p. 33. Type, Z. insignis. Miller. Eozapus. Preble, N. Am. Faun., No. 15, 1899, p. 37. Type, Z. setchuanits, Pousargues. Internal cheek pouches; first digit of hand rudimentary, nail flat, blunt: palms and soles naked, granulate, tuberculate, save heel which is smooth; meatus large, antitragus much developed. Pelage coarse. Skull delicate, papery construction; anteorbital foramen very large and obliquely oval; malar extended until sutured with the lachrymal; zygomatic arch slender, depressed; bullaj short, placed transversely: rostrum attenuate anteriorly; interorbital constriction moderate; no post-orbital process; interparietal large, nearly stjuare; mastoids moderate; pterygoid fossa wide; pterygoid long, straight, ending close to bulhe; palate with posterior rounded arch ending op- posite last molars, and broadest anteriorly. Descending process of mandible twisted diagonally outward and upward; coronoid falcate, acute, higher than condyle. Upper incisors, sulcata, short, stout; upper premolar absent in one sub-genus. A. Zapus, "Premolar present; enamel folds closelj- crowded; tail not tipped with white; ears rather long; lower parts white or ochraceous." 394. hudsonius. {Dipus), Zimm., Geog. Gesch. Mens. u. vierfuss, Thiere., 1780, 11, p. 358. labradoiius, Kerr., Anim. King., 1792, p. 276. canadensis, Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 1798, Iv, p. 167. americanus, Wagl., Nat. Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 23. viicroctphalus, Harlan, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. i. acadictis, Dawson, Edinb. New Phil. Journ., N. S., 1856, in, p. 2. hardyi, Batchelder, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, i, p. 5. Type locality. Hudson Bay. Fig. 59. Zapus hudsonius. No. 10902 Field Columbian Museum Coll. Enlarged 'A- Upper tooth row. Lower tooth row. Enlarged 8 times. Enlarged 8 times. Geogr. Distr. Hudson Bay south to New Jersey, mountains of North Carolina west to Iowa and Missouri and northwest to Alaska. Genl. Char. Medium size; molars and incisive foramina small. Color. Sutnmcr Pelage. Above ochraceous lined with black; dorsal stripe darker; beneath white; tail grayish brown above, whitish beneath; feet white. Fall Pelage. Sides duller, more yellow, dorsal area indistinct. Measurements. Total length, 209; tail vertebrae, 124; hind foot, 20.5. a.—ladas. (Za/ius), Bangs, Proc. New. Eng. Zool. Club, i, 1899, p. 10. Ty/>e locality. Regoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. Geogr. Distr. Eastern Quebec, north to Hamilton Inlet, Lab- rador. Genl. Char. Larger than Z. hudsonius, hind foot and tail longer; color darker; skull and zygomata longer, brain case higher and longer; rostrum longer; bullae longer. Color. Summer Pelage. Dorsal area mixed with ochraceous; less conspicuous; sides ochraceous buff; beneath white tinged with buff; tail dusky above, whitish beneath. Feet white. Fall Pelage. Above yellowish, dorsal area very indistinct. Measurements. Total length, 238; tail vertebra?, 153; hind foot, 32. b.—alascensis. {Zapus), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 223. Type locality. Yakutat, Alaska. Geogr. Distr. Yakutat Bay north to Yukon River; limits un- known. Genl. Char. Larger and darker than typical Z. hudsonius. Color. Dorsal area distinct, dark mixed with brownish; sides dark ochraceous mixed with black; beneath white; tail bicolor. Measurements. Total length, 218; tail vertebra', 132; hind foot, 31.5. c.—americanus. {Dipus), Barton, Am. Phil. Soc, 1799, Iv, p. 115. Type locality. Philadelphia, Pa. Geogr. Distr. From Raleigh, North Carolina, north to southern Connecticut and valley of lower Hudson. Genl. Char. Similar to and smaller than Z. hudsonius; dorsal area less distinct. Color. Summer Pelage. Above deep ochraceous; dorsal area in- distinct mixed with black; ear nearly black; sides of head paler, feet and under parts white tinged with ochraceous. Fall Pelage. Dorsal area mixed with yellowish; sides dull yel- lowish. Measurements. Total length, 191. 3; tail vertebrEt, 115.4; hind foot, 28.3. d. — campestris. (Zapus), Preble, N. Am. Faun., 1899, No. 15, p. 20. Type locality. Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming. Geogr. Distr. Great Plains from Manitoba south to Nebraska, west to Colorada and Wyoming. Genl. Char. Larger than Z. hudsonius. and brighter. Skull gen- erally larger in relative proportions. Color. Summer Pelage. Dorsal area distinct, suffused with och- raceous buff; sides ochraceous buff; feet and under parts white; tail dark gray above,, yellowish white beneath. Measurements. Total length, 222 ; tail vertebra', 185 ; hind foot, 30.5. 395. tenellus. {Zapus), Merr. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, No. xi, p. 103. Type locality. Kamloops, British Columbia. Geogr. Distr. Known only from type locality. Genl. Char. Small; ears large; color dark. Color. Pall Pelage. Similar to Z. hudsonius but darker; dorsal area as in species mentioned; sides olive yellowish, lined with black; tail bicolor; outside of fore leg and thigh dusky; feet and lower parts whitish. Measurements. Total length, 208 ; tail vertebrae, 128 ; hind foot, 30.5. 396. princeps. {Zapi/s), Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 71. Type locality. Florida, LaPlata County, Colorado. Geogr. Distr. Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico north to Henry House, Alberta. Genl. Char. Large; sku