A HANDBOOK BEITISH LEPIDOPTERA ¥8^ A HANDBOOK OF BEITISH LEPIDOPTEEA BY EDWARD MEYRICK, B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ASSISTANT MASTER AT MARLBOROUGH COLLEGE ^H[A$f ,RIES j^^ian/^^. c- 5^nt/ M,.lished for the first time, is not vi BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA based on the British species only, but is the outcome of my study of the Lepidoptera of the whole world. The specific descriptions are usually made from British ex- amples, but in cases where a species is rare in Britain and there is no reason to suppose that the British form differs from the Continental, I have not hesitated to avail myself of good series of the latter. Larval descriptions require to be made from living specimens, and it would have been impossible to hope to see most of the species within a limited time ; I have therefore drawn up these to the best of my judgment from a comparison of the most trustworthy published descriptions, though they are often amazingly contradictory. On disputed points I have simply stated my conclu- sions, based on the best available evidence, but without discussion. Published localities or statements which are discredited are omitted without comment ; such omissions may be assumed to be intentional. The general exposi- tion of principles in the Introduction nmst be accepted in place of the explanation of particular instances. I desire to gratefully acknowledge the assistance rendered by Miss M. Ivimber, F.E.S., in collecting and tabulating for me a vast inimber of records of geo- graphical distribution obtained from the various entomo- logical periodicals and published local lists, as well as others furnished to her by reliable private correspondents. E. MEYRICK. bth Auijust 1S95. ERRATA Page 171, " goiiostigiua, i." slioukl he " gonostignia, F." Pages 280, 281, " dololiraria " should be " dolabraria. " INTRODUCTION The object of the explanations given iu this portion of the present work is solely to make the subsequent portion intelli- gible, and no subject is discussed in greater detail than is necessary for that purpose. Hence no account is given of the internal organs belonging to the digestive, nervous, and mus- cular systems, which, so far as studied, have not 3'et been found to present characters available for use in classification. The Lejndoptera are amongst those insects in which the life of the organism, after leaving the egg, is marked by a series of well-defined changes in structure and habits. In the case of the Lepidoptera three separate stages (besides the egg) are constituted, each with its appropriate function ; (1) the larva (or caterpillar), whose function is growth ; (2) the pupa (or chrysalis), Avhose function is maturation ; and (3) the imago (or perfect insect), whose function is reproduction. Structure of Imago. All the details of structure hereafter mentioned can be observed with a simple lens of moderate power ; but a strong lens (such as a platyscopic or Coddington) will sometimes be found useful. In the examination of obscure details the proper management of the light is essential ; if the illumination of the object is satisfactory, the magnifying power of the lens is a secondary consideration. A Lepidopterous insect is regarded as normally composed of thirteen segments, of which one (really consisting of several segments fused together) forms the head, three the thorax, and the remaining nine the abdomen, though one or two terminal segments of the abdomen are often much modified and little recognisable ; four wings and six legs are usually present as paired appendages of the thorax, but in certain cases are not developed. S B INTRODUCTION The front part of the bead is called the face, the upper part the crown ; sometimes there is a distinct raised transverse fillet between the antennae; the sides arc mainly occupied by the large eyes, and the lower part by the mouth-organs ; the back, forming the junction with the thorax, is covered by a collar of scales. The organs attached to the head are all paired ; these are the eyes, ocelli, antennae, maxillae (combined to form the proboscis), mandibles, maxillary palpi, and labial yjalpi. Occasionall}' the chitinous substance of the head is enlai'ged to form a pro- tuberance, which is of the nature of an excrescence and not a true organ. The eyes are compound, being made up of a very large number of simple lenses, the whole having a more or less hemi- spherical surface, which is sometimes furnished with erect hairs, but usually glabrous. The ocelli are small simple lenses, placed on the crown close behind the eyes ; they are rarely conspicuous, often partially or quite hidden in scales, or entirely absent ; their function is not understood, but as they are so frequently obsolete, they can hardly be of much importance. They are often erroneously stated to be absent when only concealed ; and in general not much stress should be laid on them for purposes of classifi- cation. The antennae are sense-organs, composed of an indefinite number of joints, inserted above the eyes ; they vary much in length and structure. Often they are pectinated ; i.e. the upper angle of each joint is developed into a slender chitinous process like the tooth of a comb ; if there are two rows of such pro- cesses, the antenna is bi^yectinated, if one, unij^ectinated. If not pectinated, they may be dentate, serrate, or filiform. Very frequently they are ciliated; i.e. furnished with one or two series of usually short fine hairs, closely and evenly arranged ; when the hairs are collected into fascicles or bundles, which usually happens when they are longer, the antennae are said to be fasciculate-ciliated. Occasionally they are j^'uhescent ; i.e. clothed all over their surface with a short fine down. Some- times they are furnished with special structures, such as thicken- ings, notches, sinuations, or tufts of scales. The natui-e of the sense located in the antennae is not known ; but very generally the antennae of the male show an increase of development as compared with those of the female, and there can be little doubt that one of their functions is to enable the former to find the latter. INTRODUCTION The 'proboscis, oi* tongice, is an exteusiblo tubular organ, fitted for sucking up tlie nectar of flowers, and usually spirally coiled when not in use ; it is composed of the maxiUae, which are seniitubular and closely appressed together at the edges, but separable at the will of the insect ; this arrangement enables the apparatus to be cleansed internally. Although it is usually the only means of taking food, it is in some species absent or so rudimentary as to be useless. The mandibles are biting jaws, working against one another sideways ; they have only been observed in a functionally active condition in Eriocephala, being apparently aborted or rudimentai-y in all other imagos, though necessarily well developed in the larvae. The maxillary palpi are jointed organs rising from the base of the maxillae ; when fully developed they are six-jointed and usually more or less folded on themselves, but in the large majority of species they are reduced to mere rudiments, their functions being probably assumed by the labial jjalpi. In certain groups they occur in an intermediate three-jointed stage, somewhat resembling the labial palpi, but on a much smaller scale. The labial palpi are normally three-jointed organs, rising from the labiuiti or lower lip, and projecting outside the maxillary palpi. The basal joint is generally small and incon- spicuous, but the other two in some groups vary greatly in size, form, and scaling. They may be straight or curved ; drooping, porrected, or ascending ; smooth, rough, or tvifted ; obtuse or pointed. The palpi are usually regarded as organs of touch, but no explanation of their variety of form has been suggested ; they are independently movable, but in the case of the Lepidoptera it does not seem that their use is really understood. The thorax varies little except in scaling, and the presence or absence of dorsal crests. Covering the shoulders are two chitinous scaled flaps, termed the patagia. The abdomen is sometimes also furnished with dorsal crests. At its base are two lateral cavities, more or less developed, which appear to be the organs of some sense. The abdomen terminates in a tuft of scales covering the orifice, the anal tuft. Within the orifice are concealed the genital organs, which are capable of protrusion ; and also the ovipositor of the female, though this is in many cases permanently exposed. The genital organs of the male differ greatly in INTRODUCTION different species, and can often be used as a reliable point of distinction between closely -allied species; but they do not seem in general to afford trustworthy characters for wider classification, and are as yet insufficiently studied. Those most readily discernible are two lateral clasping organs, termed the 'prenmrs, and a curved upper process, termed the uncus; these are variously shaped, and often furnished with spines or hooks ; they are often accompanied by an expansible tuft of fine hairs, known as the genital tuft, which is a scent-producing organ. The legs are made up of coxa, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The coxa, or basal joint, is short and varies little. The femur- (plural femora) is sometimes hairy, or furnished with tufts. The anterior tihia is usually comparatively short, and furnished beneath with a median spine-like process, sometimes also with an apical hook ; the middle tibia is normally provided with a terminal pair of spurs, and the posterior tibia with median and terminal pairs of spurs ; frequently the posterior tibia (more rarely the middle one) is furnished in the male with an expan- sible pencil of hairs contained in a longitudinal groove, serving as a scent-producing organ ; all the tibiae may be spinose or hairy. The tarsus is composed of five joints (the basal being- longest), and terminates in two claws ; it is often more or less spinose ; occasionally it may be partly or wholly aborted, when the leg is modified for other purposes than walking. The winf/s were pei'haps originally tracheal gills, respiratory organs afterwards modified for purposes of locom.otion. In form they vary from triangular to almost linear, but tlie triangular shape may be taken as typical. The junction of the wing with the thorax is the base; of the two other angles the upper is the apex, the lower the tortius ; of the three sides the xipper is the costa, the lower the dorsum, and the outer the termen. The termen and dorsum are edged with a fringe of short hairs, the cilia; when, however, the wings are very narrow, as in many of the Tineina, these cilia are greatly developed in compensation, being sometimes six times as broad as the wing itself. Generally from or near the base of the costa of the hindwing rises a stiff" bristle or group of bristly hairs, termed the frenulum, of which the apex passes under a chitinous catch on the lower surface of the forewing, termed the retinaculum, thus serving to lock the wings together ; the frenulum is commonly single and strong in the male, multiple and weak in the female ; the retinaculum in the female is com- INTRODUCTION monly represented by a group of stiff scales. When there is no frennhim, the costal area of the hindwing is generally dilated basally, so as to rest more firmly against the forewing, and avoid dislocation. But in the Micro'pterygina (as recently discovered by Professor Comstock) a different' system prevails ; a membranous or spine -like process called the jugum rises from the dorsum of tiie forewing near the base, and passes underneath the hindwing, which is thus held between the process and tlie overlapping portion of the forewing. The wings are traversed by a system of veins, tubular structures which serve at once as extensions of the tracheal system, and to form a stiff framework for the support of the wing. In the normal type of Lepidoptera the forewings possess three free veins towards the dor- sum, termed la, lb, and Ic ; a central cell out of which rise ten veins, numbered 2 to 11, the sides of the cell being known as the upper median, lower median, and transverse veins i-espectively ; and a free subcostal vein, numbered 12 : whilst the hindwings differ from the forewings in having only six veins rising from the central cell, numbered 2 to 7, so that the free subcostal vein is numbered 8. In some forms a forked parting- vein traverses the middle of the cell longitudinally, and a second parting- vein traverses the upper portion, so as to form a secondary cell ; but these are more frequently absent or represented only by folds in the membrane. In a few forms there is a tendency to the pi'oduction of several false veins, termed pseudoneuria, appearing as short bi'anches from the subcostal vein of the hindwings to the costa ; these are thickenings of the membrane, and are commonly very irregular and variable, often uneven in thickness or incomplete. Some- times one of these near the base is better developed and more permanent in character ; it is then termed the praecostal spur. Modifications in the general arrangement of the veins may arise through any of the following processes, viz. : (1) obsolescence, when a vein loses its normal tubular structure, becoming attenuated and reduced in substance, until it appears a Assumed type of nenration of tlie Lepidoptera. INTRODUCTION mere fold of the membrane ; (2) stalking, when two veins are fused together for a portion of their length from their base, so as to appear to rise on a common stalk ; (3) coincidence, when two veins are fused together for the whole of their length, so that one appears entirely absent, an extreme form of stalking ; (4) anastomosis, when two veins rise separate, meet and are fused together for a certain distance, and then separate again ; (5) concurrence, when a vein rises separate, runs into another, and does not separate again, an extreme form of anastomosis ; (6) connection, when two veins are connected by a short trans- verse bar passing from one to the other, a special form of anastomosis, evolved from the ordinary form under the influ- ence of a tendency to lateral extension. Vein lb in both wings is often furcate at the base. The type of veins in the Micropterygina differs from that described above in two essential particulars, viz. (1) there may be three additional veins in the forewings, rising out of vein 11 or 12 ] and (2) the veins of the hindwings are practically identical in number and structiire with those of tlie forewings, being thus much more numerous than in the ordinary type. There is also often a system of cross-bars between the veins near the base of the wing. The structure of the veins can be best observed on the under- surface of the wing, where they are more prominent. The student should begin by completely denuding of scales a few wings of common species ; the wing should be cut off" and laid on a moistened piece of glass, to which it will adhere ; the scales should then be removed, first from one surface and then from the other, with a fine moist camel's-hair brush, an operation requiring a little patience and delicacy of touch ; the veins will thus be rendered conspiciious. When, however, the student has familiarised himself with the general subject, it will not be fovuid necessary in practice to resort to this process ; most details will be easily observed without denudation ; where this is not the case (as where the veins are closely ci'owdcd or otherwise obscured), the scales can be removed with the brush on the under-surface in the locality of the difticulty only, without cutting off" the wing or otherwise damaging the speci- men, which remains in the collection available for all purposes as before ; with proper practice, even the smallest species are amenable to tliis treatment, which does not require more skill than the actual setting of the specimen. Some workei's prefer to put a drop of benzine on the spot, whicli renders it toni- INTRODUCTION porarily transparent : the effect is sliort-lived, as the benzhic evaporates rapidly, and the cilia (if lonu) are liable to be damaged by this method. Fwpa. The pupa is wholly encased in a chitinous integument, rendering the ordinary organs of locomotion i;seless ; but some pupae, which ai-e subterranean or inhabit the hollow stems of plants, are capable of working themselves along by means of rings of spines on the margins of the abdominal segments. In the more ancestral forms of the Leindopteva the chititious envelopes of the antennae, legs, and other organs are more or less free and detached from the general integument, though incapable of movement ; whilst in the more advanced forms the cases of these organs are fused with the general integu- ment. The only recorded instance of active organs in a Lepidopteroiis pupa is that of Micropteryx, in which the lai-ge mandibles and labial palpi are functionally active. The seg- ments of the abdomen may be either free (movable at their base) or fixed, the number of free segments differing in different groups and genera ; in the earliest forms the segments are all free, but the number of free segments tends continually to diminish ; in certain Papilionina and Tineina all are fixed. Usually the pupa is enclosed in some sort of cocoon, but this protection is sometimes dispensed with. In most cases it is concealed beneath the surface of the ground or amongst leaves and refuse ; in the case of mining species it is often within the mine ; less frequently it is entirely exposed, attached l)y the tail and sometimes by a median silken girdle, and is then usually protectively coloured. When dehiscence (the breaking-up of the pupal integument to allow of the escape of the imago) takes place, in the earlier forms the cases of the various organs remain intact, the organs being simply withdrawn from them; whilst in the more advanced forms the inner wall of these cases, l)eing extremely slight, is [)ractically destroyed, and the general integument is broken up irregularly. Larva. In the larva the thirteen segments ax'e usually clearly de- fined ; they are referred to hereinafter by their numbers, 1-13, 1 being the head. This is furnished with simple eyes and strongly- developed mandibles ; antennae are usually rudimentary, but INTRODUCTION in Eriocephala developed. Usually there is a spinneret beneath the mouth, from which a fine silk is produced. Segments 2-4 bear each a pair of true jointed legs, corresponding to those of the imago, seldom absent. In addition to these there are also in the normal t^'jie of Lepidopterous larva ten prolegs, sucker- like extensions, whose extremities are furnished with series of minute hooks, situated in pairs on segments 7-10 and 13, but some or all of these may be rudimentary or absent. In the archaic Eriocephala there are prolegs on 5-1 2 ; and in one or two other instances there are rudimentary paired ventral pro- cesses on other segments than those on which prolegs normally appear, but so little developed that it can hardly be deter- mined whether they are really homologous with the true pro- legs or not. The surface of the body is fm-nished with numerous dots, spots, or tubercles (variously styled according to their character, which varies much in different species), of which some at least usually bear each a fine hair, or sometimes dense fascicles of hairs ; sometimes these tubercles are developed into spinous processes, branched with hairs. The spiracles, or orifices of the respiratory tubes, are placed in a row along the sides of the body, not far above the legs. The contractile dorsal vessel, which is the main circulatory organ, runs along the middle of the back, and is often visible through the skin. The whole growth of the insect takes place in the larval stage, the increase of bulk being frequently very rapid. During the process the larva casts its skin several times (usually from four to six), sometimes undei'going considerable changes of appearance and habit on these occasions. The markings of larvae usually take the form of longitudinal lines ; of these the one which runs up the middle of the back is termed the dorsal, that which includes the spiracles the spiracular line ; those which margin the spiracular are the supraspiracular and subspiracular respectively ; between the dorsal and spiracular are placed two others, the upper Ijeing the subdorsal, the lower the lateral. These are seldom all present ; the dorsal and spiracular alone rest on a structural basis, the others being assimied by a useful convention. Ovum. The ovum, or egg, is small and more or less globular; its surface is frequently sculptured, and assumes special char- acters in particular groups ; the colour usually undergoes jnarked changes during the development of the embryo. INTRODUCTION Variation. Probably variability is an original chai-acteristic of all organisms ; but the laws of inheritance, and the favouring of a particular type by natural selection, have tended to pro- duce constancy. This constancy is, however, often imperfectly realised ; that is to say, all insects show more or less variation in some particulars. Thus there is always some variability in size and proportions ; often also in colour and markings. Varia- tions in structure are less common ; in certain groups there is variability in some details of neuration. Allied species may be expected to vary in the same way, but otherwise experience is the only guide, the same characters which are absolutely constant in one group being often highly variable in another. Varieties may be broadly classified as being of two kinds, viz. gradual and sudden ; the former being connected with the type-form by numerous slight intermediate gradations, the latter not so connected. The former kind represent the outcome of those subjective tendencies to variation which have not been eliminated by the working of natural selection, and may be termed normal ; whilst the latter are apparently due to some objective interference with the process of develop- ment, and are in that sense abnormal. The line between these two classes is not always easy to draw in pi-actice, but the distinction is real. Gradual varieties attached to a particular locality or region are called local or geographical forms ; those occurring at a particidar time of year seasonal forms. Variation caused by the failure of colouring matter is termed albinism ; that due to an excessive prevalence of black pigment is melanism ; but the application of these terms to varieties which are merely lighter or darker than usual is erroneous. Specimens showing sudden variations in colour or marking are commonly termed aber- rations; in structure, monstrosities. The most common examples of monstrosities are produced by multiplication of parts, as when an insect possesses an additional leg or vein ; or by gynandro- morphism, the term used when an individual of one sex exhibits on one lateral half the organic characters of the other sex, more or less completely. Princiijles of Classification. It is now admitted that the resemblances of allied genera and species are to be explained by community of descent. 10 INTRODUCTION Hence a system of classification will be natural or artificial, according as it does or does not keep steadily in view this principle, with which all sound results must be consistent. When it has been decided that a number of genera possess so much mutual resemblance in structure that they may be regarded with probability as constituting a distinct branch of the genealogical ti'ee of the Lepidoptera (and this is what is meant by family grouping), the question must arise, which of these genera are older than the othei's, and which are the latest developments. It may often be difficult and sometimes impossible to answer this, but in most cases an approximate result can be reached by a consideration of the following laws, viz. : — (1) No new organ can be produced except as a modification of some previously existing structure. (2) A lost organ cannot be regained. (3) A rudimentary organ is rarely redeveloped. To the first of these laws certain monstrosities offer an apparent (though not real) exception, but as there is no evidence to show that such monstrosities arc ever reproduced under natural circumstances, they maj^ be omitted from calculation. Certain other considerations may likewise be of assistance. A large genus, especially if also of very wide distribution, cannot be a very recent one, since it must have required a long period for the differentiation of numerous species, though it must be remembered that as the genus grows larger, the pi'ocess may become more rapid, from the increased basis of production. On the other hand, a small genus may be of any age ; but one which is closely related to a large genus will almost always be later than it, and a small genus which is widely distributed must generally be an old one. In applying the above-mentioned laws in practice, it must be constantly borne in mind that, because two genera are now more closely allied together than to any other, it does not follow that either is descended from the other ; it is vei'v frequently the case that both are equally derived from a third genus now no longer existent ; in such a case they ai-e said to be correlated. Further, when one genus is said to be derived from another, and the earlier genus is rich in species, it is not usually meant that the later genus springs from the more advanced forms of the earlier one, but much more commonly from a species standing very near the bottom of the list. INTRODUCTION 11 In determining the relative vahie to be assigned to different characters for tlie pnrposes of classification, those characters which are adaptive, i.e. liable to be affected by external agencies through the means of natural selection, are generally very un- trustworthy. Conversely, a character which seems of little physiological importance, and not easily modified by ordinary external influences, is commonly of especial value. Thus colour and outline, the hairs of larvae, and the genital organs of imagos are likely to be of slight importance in the definition of groups ; whilst neuration occupies a high position, except when directly influenced by an alteration in form of wing, which is seldom the case. A combination of several charactei's which are apparently not interdependent carries very great weight. It is sometimes said that genei'a (and families) are artificial creations. If by this is intended that they consist of a certain number of species having no other relation than the common possession of certain characters, the statement is not true of any sound system, and the systematist who makes it stands self-condemned ; but if it is only taken to mean that the precise limits of genera may often be differently conceived by different workers, it is to that extent quite true. If two small allied groups of species agree in all essential characters, and are capable of definition as a whole which can be distinguished from all other groups, yet are also constantly separable from one another by a single and perhaps slight character, the question whether they are to be reckoned as two genera or as sub-groups of a single genus must always remain one which may be answered differently by different workers. The same is true of families ; and a consideration of the nature of a genealogical tree and the diversity in the length of its branches will show that it is unreasonable to expect all individual groups of any particular denomination to be of the same actual value. Some writers have urged that secondary sexual characters should never be used to define genera. No doubt there is a convenience in only using such characters as are common to both sexes, since the student who is trying to identify the insect may only possess examples of one sex ; but there is absolutely no scientific justification for the restriction, which would make the classification of some groups of LejndojUera quite impracticable ; when such structural characters are found in any instance to assist the definition of natural genera, there is no reason in nature why they should not be employed with perfect freedom. 12 INTRODUCTION Phylogeny. This term is used to express the scheme of descent of a group. From a consideration of the laws enunciated above, thei-e can be no doubt that the Micropterygina are the ancestral group of the Lepidoptera^ from which all others have descended ; this is sufficiently proved by the existence of the four or more additional veins in the hindwings of that group, for these veins, if not originally present, could not have been afterwards pro- duced. Of the two families of that gi'oup, the Micropterygidae, which possess an additional vein (or veins) in the forewings, and fully-developed six-jointed maxillary palpi, must be more primitive than the Hejjialidae. Now if the neuration of the whole of the Lepidoptera is compared with that of all other insects, it will be found that in no instance is there any close resemblance, except in the case of the Micropterygidae; but the neuration of these so closely approaches that of certain Trichoptera (caddis -flies) as to be practically identical. The conclusion is clear, that the Lepndoptera are descended from the Trichoptera, and that the Micropterygidae are the true connecting link. If the other marked structural characters of the Micropterygidae are taken into consideration, viz., the possession of the jugum, the large development of the maxillary palpi as compared with the labial, and the sometimes functionally active mandibles, they will be all found commonly in the Trichop- tera, affording additional confirmation. It may be added that in one exotic (New Zealand) species of Micropterygidae, vein lb is basally trifurcate, a character frequent in the Trichoptera, but not yet discovered in auy other Lepidopteron. In most Trichoptera the veins of the hindwings are much more numerous than those of the forewings, in the Micropterygina they are usually equal in number, in other Lepidoptera they are less numerous ; in the course of descent there has therefore been a gTcater progressive diminution in the luuiiber of veins of the hindwings as compared with those of the forewings, though these have also diminished. It is unnecessary for the purposes of this book to trace back the descent of the Lepidoptera further ; but it may be worth while to point out that we may assume as the primitive type of Trichopterous neuration, a system of numerous longitudinal veins gradually diverging from the base, mostly furcate ter- minally, and connected by a series of irregularly placed cross- bars near base, and another series beyond middle. INTRODUCTION 13 Method of Arrangement. The natural order of arrangement, which is that of a much- branched tree, cannot be adequately expressed by a simple linear succession, such as is alone practicable in a book. It is however possible to devise a linear succession which shall be consistent with the natural genealogical order, if some ad- ditional explanation can be given. The method here adopted is as follows. Suppose the accompanying diagram represents a portion of the genealogical tree ; then the order will begin at M and descend to K, recommence at L and descend to K, and thence to G, recommence at H and descend to G and |^ thence to B, recommence at F and descend to D, recommence at E and descend to D and thence to B, recommence at C and descend to B and thence to A, and so on. Thus the order begins with the most recently developed forms and descends gradually to the earliest or most ancestral, which are the last in the book. To understand the order in practice, it may be assumed that each genus is descended from that which immediately follows it in the book, unless its actual descent is expressly stated otherwise; such statement will of course require to be made before every recommencement of a fresh branch. This system has been adhered to throughout, and after a little use will not be found unintelligible. If adopted in the arrangement of a collection in the cabinet, it would be a good plan to indicate the recommence- ment of a fresh branch by a special mark, such as a red bar drawn above the first (or highest) species. In the arrangement of species within each genus the same plan has been followed ; but since a more intimate study of very minute points than has been here possible would be required to ascertain accurately the mutual affinities of forms which are often veiy closely related together, it has not been thought necessary to enter into any very precise explanation of their order. Nomenclature. The full name of each insect consists of two parts, the generic and specific, taken togethex", e.g. Vanessa urticae ; and it is a mistake to employ the specific name by itself. Frequently the same species has received different names from different 14 INTRODUCTION authoi's ; in such a ca«L' the earhest name is adapted, unless preoccupied by another species in the same genus, and the other names are called synonyms. In this book synonyms are given in brackets after the adopted name ; but only such synonyms are quoted as have been employed in English works still in common use, and it has not been thought worth while to notice the variations of termination introduced by Doubleday. Following the specific name is given (in abbreviated form) the name of the author who first bestowed it ; this, though not necessary, is often convenient, as the same name has been not unfrequently used by difl^erent authors to apply to different insects. The genera are associated together to form families, all of whose titles have the termination -idae or -adae. Similarly the families are associated together in groups, whose titles have the termination -ina. Occasionally it is found convenient to subdivide a family into sub-families, whose titles have the termination -ides or -ades. Method of Description. . A species will be most quickly identified by means of the complete system of analytical keys supplied ; following the definition of the order will be found a key to the groups, under each group a key to the families contained in it, under each family a key to the genera, and imder each genus a key to the species ; these four stages include the whole process. Every key is dichotomous throughout, that is, each head is subdivided into two until the final results are reached. Each head is numbered consecutively, and each subdivision of a head is made to refer either to a final result or to a following head. Thus, in the tabulation of groups, under the first head, we have to decide whether the species under examination has more than six veins rising from the cell of the hindwings ; if it has, it is at once referred to the Micropteri/gina, to which we should turn for the next tabulation ; if not, it is refei-red to the number 2, meaning the second head, of which the subdivision proceeds in the same way. Care has been taken to make these tabulations as accurate as possible, but they are necessarily based in general on single characters, and should be regarded as affording probable in- dications only, the full description being always consulted for complete verification. The descriptions of groups, families, genera, and species, are framed with a view to conciseness, and do not claim to be com- INTRODUCTION 15 plete, but no character of recognised importance is omitted. If in the description of a family a character is attributed to tlie family as a whole, this chai'acter is not afterwards repeated in the descriptions of the genera ; similarly, charactei's assigned to the groups are not repeated in the families. The characters given are supposed to be absolute for the British fauna, but exceptions occur in exotic forms, which it has not been thought necessary to mention. In structural descrii)tions, proportional measurements are sometimes briefly expressed in numbers as follows : ciliations of the anteiniae are measured in terms of the breadth of the stalk, thus " ciliations h " means " ciliations half as long as the antennal stalk is broad " ; the length of the antennae is expressed in terms of the length of the forewings, thus " antennae over 1 " means " antennae longer than forewings " ; the length of the palpi is expressed in terms of the breadth of the eye, thus " palpi 2^^ " means " palpi two and a half times as long as the eye is broad " ; the length of the tarsus is expressed in terms of the length of the tibia, thus " tarsus 1^ " means " tarsus half as long again as the tibia " ; the outer spurs of the tibiae are ex])ressed in terms of tlie inner, thus " outer spurs f " means "outer spurs | of the length of the inner"; the breadth of the hindwings is expressed in terms of the forewings, thus " hind- wings 1 " means " hindwings as broad as forewings " ; the length of the cilia of the hindwings is expressed in terms of the breadth of the hindwings, thus " cilia 6 " means " cilia six times as long as the hindwings are broad." In describing the veins, they are assumed to be all present and separate, except so far as they are expressly mentioned to be otherwise. Generally, the absence of peculiar characters is assumed unless they are mentioned as present. In specific descriptions, the expanse of the wings (measured on specimens set in the usual way) is given in millimetres (25 millimetres practically = 1 inch). The head and thorax may generally be assumed to be coloured like the forewings, unless particularly mentioned. The markings of the forewings are described in accordance with a certain assumed type ; the type of markings varies in difterent groups, but is explained under the head of each group. Typical markings not mentioned may be assiimed to be absent. All colours are descrilted as seen under a lens of moderate power, which destroys optical illusions. Under each genus is given its geographical distribution, so far as authenticated, but often the available information is very 16 INTRODUCTION incomplete, the Lepidoptem of many regions being as yet very inadequately known. The geographical distribution of each species within the British Isles is reckoned (miless other- wise expressed) from the south northwards, and from the east westwards, and stated in counties except in the case of Ireland, which (being still very inadequately explored) is merely quartered into north, south, east, and west ; England is taken to include Wales, Britain to include England, Wales, and Scotland ; limits are inclusive ; thus " England to York " means " the whole of England and Wales from the south as far as and including Yorkshire ; " " Kent to Dorset and Norfolk " means the whole triangle of which these three counties form the angles. The Clyde is taken to mean the latitude of the Firth of Clyde. The geogi'aphical distribution outside the British Isles is reckoned from the west eastwards, and from the north southwards ; it is no doubt often incompletely known, especially in the smaller species. A species is said to be connnon within its range if it is found wherever its food is plentiful ; local, if it is restricted, within the limits of its range, by other conditions than those connected with the supply of food. Thus an oak- feeding species is common if it occurs wherever oaks grow freely inside its territory, local, if it occurs in some oak woods and not in others. All species may be expected to be less plentiful towards the outskirts of their range. Following the geographical disti'ibution are numbers indicat- ing the months (1 to 12) in which the imago is ordinarily to be found ; thus 6 is June, 10 is October. These dates must be taken to refer to an average district of low elevation in England, and an ordinary season ; great allowance must be made for variation due to differences of situation, latitude, elevation, and weather ; these differences may influence the date by as much as a month or six weeks in either direction. The dates for the duration of the larval stage are indicated in the same way. Some species have normally two generations in the year, and these are noted, but many others are liable to have a second generation in wai'm localities and favourable seasons ; of these irregular and variable appearances no accoimt is taken. The larval descriptions are intended to refer to the larva in its final stage, but whilst still feeding ; after the larva has ceased feeding, a day or two usually elapses before it begins to spin its cocoon, and during that time considerable changes of colour frequently take place, probably mainly due to the cessation in the supply of chlorophyll, since these changes are INTRODUCTION 17 usually in the direction of the loss of green colouring, but perhaps also sometimes influenced by other physical causes, or by a leaning towards a protective dress. The earlier stages are often also more or less different, but are not described, as they would have required a very considerable amount of additional space ; they are moreover less distinctive, less known, and less likely to be met with. The food-plants are in general recorded under their scientific names only, except in the case of a few of the most familiar and unmistakable trees and shrubs (oak, elm, hawthorn, hazel, etc.) ; every entomologist ought to have some acquaintance with practical botany, but for the convenience of beginners an appendix is added giving the ordinaiy English names of those plants which are generally well known. If more than one food- plant is recorded, they are placed, so far as possible, in the usual order of preference, that which is most commonly pre- ferred by the larva being placed first. Some larvae (especially amongst the Caradrinina) are remarkably indiscriminate in their choice ; in such cases a full list of recorded food-plants wouUl be long and useless ; three or four only are given as examples of those generally chosen, followed by an etc., which may usually be taken to include many plants more or less nearly allied to those mentioned. GLOSSARY aTuistomose : to unite for a certain caudate : with a tail - like projec- distance and separate again. tion. antemedian : before the middle. cliitinc : a horny substance, forming anterior : nearer to the head. the hard structures of insects. apodal: without legs. cilia: fine hairs. apterous : without wings. ciliated : with series of cilia. areole : a secondary cell formed by ciliations : antennal series of cilia. anastomosis of veins. concolorous : of the same colour. bicolorous: of two colours. connate: rising from the same bicuspidate : forming two points. point. bijid : centrally cleft. correlated: derived from the same bipectinated : with two series of ancestral form. pectinations. costa : upper margin of wing. 18 INTRODUCTION costal: touching costa. dehiscence : breaking of the pupal integument in emergence. dentate : toothed. dorsal: touching dorsum. dorsum : lower margin of wing. emarginatc : with the margin abruptly excavated. exserted : thrust out and exposed. external: on the side nearest the margin. fascia: a transverse band. fascicle : a small group of cilia. fasciculated: collected in small groups. ferruginous : rust-coloured. filiform: thread-like. fovea: a small round depression. frenulum : one or more bristles from base of costa of hind- wings. fugitive: soon disappearing. furcate : two-branched. fuscous : grey-brown. fusiform: spindle-shaped. glabrous : without hairs. hyaline : without scales and trans- parent. infuscated : tinged with fuscous. internal: on the side furthest from the margin. interneural : between the veins. jugum: a membranous process from dorsum of forewings. labial: attached to the labium. labium : lower lip. lamellate : with scries of broad flat plate-like projections. maxillae: a pair of jaws composing the proboscis. maxillary : attached to the base of the maxillae. neural : of the veins. neuration: arrangement of the ocellus: a sinall simple eye; also used for an eye-like spot. ovipositor : organ for laying eggs. patagia : shoulder - pieces of the thorax. pecten: a row of projecting hair- scales. pectiiiated : with series of pectina- tions. jjcctination : one of a series of slender chitinous processes. pencil : a long slender tuft of hairs. penicillate : terminating in a tuft of hairs. phytogeny : scheme of descent. polyphagous: feeding indiscrimin- ately on many plants. jwrrected : directed straight for- wards. posterior: further from the head. postmedian: beyond the middle. postsubtcrminal : following the sub- terminal line. praecostal spur: a false vein in costal angle at base of hind- wings. praesubterminal : preceding the subterminal line. 2)raetornal : preceding the tornus. pi'ensor : genital lateral clasping organ. proboscis: tubular tongue formed by the maxillae. prolcg : ventral hook-bearing pro- cess serving as a leg. 2)seudoneurium : a false vine, formed by a chitinous thicken- ing. pzibescent : wholly clotlied with short down. quadrifid: cleft into four lobes. retinaculum : a catch to receive the frenulum. semiapteroHS : vith aborted wings. serrate : witli saw-like teeth. INTRODUCTION 19 serrulate : with small saw - like teeth. seta : a fine bristle. sliade : a cloudy ill-defined streak. sinuate : slightly curved inwards. spiracle : a breathing-aperture. stalked: rising from a common stalk. stria ; a fine transverse line. striated : with numerous striae. striga : a slender streak. st7'igula: a short fine transverse mark. strigulatcd : with numerous stri- gulae. suh- : ill composition, denotes nearly or rather. frrmen : posterior margin of wing. tornal : touching tornus. tornus : the junction of the termen and dorsum. trachea : a breathing-tube. trifid : cleft into three lobes. trifurcate : with three branches. truncate: with a straight vertical edge. uncus : a curved upper genital process. unipectinated : with one series of pectinations. %xin: a branch of the tubular framework of the wing. whorl : a circular series. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES B. Boisduval. Barr. Barrett. Bch. Bouche. Bed. Bedell. Bgstr. Bergstriisser. Bjerk. Bjerkander. Bkh. Borkhausen. Boh. Boheman, Brd. Bruand. Brh. Brahin. Cap. Cppieux, CI. Clerck. Clem. Clemens. Curt. Curtis. Dalm. Dalman. Dbld. Doubleday. Desv. Desvignes. Dgl. Douglas. Don. Donovan. Dup. Duponchel. Esp. Esper. Ev. Eversmann. F. Fabricius. Forst. Forster. F. R. Fischer von Roslerstamm, Fr. Frey. Fnil. Fiolich. Err. Freyer. Fuesl. Fuessly. Geoflr. GeofiVoy. Germ. Germar Gern. Gerning. Gn. Guenee. Gregs. Gregson. Gz. Goze. Hatch. Hatchelt. Hb. Hiibner. Hein. Heinemann. Heyd. Heyden. H.-G. Hiibner and Geyer. 20 INTRODUCTION Hoch. Hochenwarth. Retz. Retzius. Hodgk. Hodgkinson. Rich. Richardson. Hof. Hofmann. Roem. Roemer. H.S. Herrich-Sehiiffer. Ross. Rossi. Hufn. Hufnagel. Rott. Rottemburg. Hiim. Hummel. Rsl. Rbssler. Hw. Haworth. Rtz. Ratzeburg. Kb. Kuoch. Sc. Scopoli. Koll. Kollar. Schiff. Schiffermiller. L. Linne. Schl. Schlager. Lasp. Laspeyres. Schm. Schmidt. Latr. Latreille. Schrk. Schranck. Lch. Leach. Sire. Sircom. Ld. Lederer. Sodof. SodofFsky. Lef. Lefebvre. Spr. Speyer. Lew. Lewin. Stgr. Staudinger. Mab. Mabille. Stph. Stephens. McL. McLachlan. Stt. Stainton. Meig. Meigen. Tausch. Tauscher. Meyr. Meyrick. Tgstr. Tengstrom. Mn. Mann. Thnb. Thunberg. Miihl. Miihlig. Tr. Treitschke. Mull. Muller. View. Vieweg. Newm. Newman. Vill. Villers. Nic. Nicelli. Walk. Walker. Nolck. Nolcken. Wallgr. Wallengren. 0. Ochsenheimer. Wernb. Werneburg. 01. Olivier. Westw. Westwood. Pall. Pallas. Wilk. Wilkinson. Panz. Panzer. Wk. Wocke. Pey. Peyerimhoff. Wlsm. Walsingham. Pod. Poda. Z. Zeller. Rag. Ragonot. Zett. Zetterstedt. Ramb. Kambur. Zk. Zincken. LEPIDOPTERA 21 Order — Lepidoptera Characterised b}' the flat coloured scales clothing the four mem- branous wings, the peculiar type of neuration, and the tubular tongue-like structure of the maxillae. A very few Trichopttra show similar scales, but can be distinguished by neuration and mouth parts. The order is divided into nine main groups, which may be tabulated as follows : — 1. Cell of hindwings emitting more than 6 veins 9. Micropterygina. ,, ,, not emitting more than 6 veins 2. 2. Hindwings with Ic absent . . .3. ,, ,, Ic present . . .8. 3. Antennae terminally clavate (clubbed) 4. PapiUonina. ,, not terminall}^ clavate . . .4, 4. Neuration much degraded . 8. Tineina (part). ,, not much degraded . . .5. 5. Hindwings with lb rather strongly furcate 7. Tortricina (part). ,, ,, lb indistinctly or not furcate . 6. 6. Forewings with 5 basally approximated to 4 . 7. ,, ,, 5 parallel to. 4, or approximated to 6 . 2. Notodontina. 7. Frenulum present ; 8 of hindwings remote from 7 1 . Carachinina. ,, absent ; or 8 of hindwings approximated to 7 beyond cell . 3. Ladocamp'ma. 8. Middle-spurs of posterior tibiae very short or absent 6. Psy china (part). ,, (or at least one) well-developed . 9. 9. Wings divided terminally into segments 5. Pyralidina (part). ,, not divided into segments . . 10. 22 LEPIDOPTERA 10. Hindwings with 8 approximated to cell and an- terior half of 7, often anastomosing with 7, never connected with cell . 5. Pi^ralidina (part). Hindwings with 8 remote from 7, sometimes con- nected with cell . . .11. 11. Hindwings with 8 anastomosing with cell 6. Psycldna (part). ,, ,, 8 not anastomosing with cell . 12. 12. Labial palpi obtnse . . 7. Tortricina{\)Avt). ,, more or less pointed . 8. Tineina (part). The phylogeny, or scheme of development of these groups, is shown in the accompanying diagram : — Phylogeny of Lepidoptera. Notodontina Papilionina I I Caradrinina Lasiocampma Pyralidina Psy china Tortriciua Tineina I Micropterygina 1. CARADRININA. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Forewings : lb simple or hardly furcate, Ic absent, 5 approximated to 4 towards base. Hind- wings with frenulum,' Ic absent, 8 connected or anastomosing with cell. The four families which constitute this group in Britain are closely related together ; the first three represent three separate lines of development, rising nearly simultaneously from a common origin in the Ocneriadae, which family is clearly de- rivable from an early form of the Pf^ychkJae. The Si/ntomi- didae (probably not authentically fovuid in Britain) arc an advanced development of the Arctiadae. Imago with forewings more or less elongate-triangular, tcrmen not very oblique ; hindwings broad-ovate. Type of markings. — Forewings with five transverse lines, viz. : subbasal (not reaching dorsum), first, median, second, and subterminal, and three discal spots, viz. : a roundish ARCTIADAE 23 antemedian called the orbicular, a somewhat kidney- shaped postmcdian called the reniform, and an elongate spot placed beneath the orbicular and called the claviform. Hindwings with two posterior lines (representing second and subterininal) and a discal spot (representing reniform), but these are gener- ally faint or obsolete. Larva sometimes very haixy, usually with 10 prolegs, those on 7 and 8 sometimes absent. Pupa with segments 9-11 free; not protruded from cocoon in emergence. Tabulation of Families. 1. Hindwings with 8 connected by bar with cell 4. OCNERIADAB. ,, 8 anastomosing with cell . 2. 2. 8 anastomosing with cell shortly near base only . 3. ,, ,, to near middle or beyond 4. 3. Hindwings with 5 imperfect or obsolete 2. Caradeinidae. ,, ,, 5 well developed . 3. Plusiadae. 4. Face forming a rounded prominence 2. Caradrinidae (Stilbia). „ not prominent . . .1. Arctiadae [Two species of the Syntomididae, an extensive tropical family distinguished from all the four mentioned by the absence of vein 8 of the hindwings, which is wholly coincident with the cell and 7, are said to have occurred in England, viz. : Si/ntoinis 2)hegea, L., a black white-spotted species, in Kent, and Naclia ancUla, L., a small brownish sometimes white-spotted insect with orange hindwings, in Sussex ; but these records are extremely dubious]. 1. ARCTIADAE. Eyes glabrous. Tongue developed. Posterior tibiae with all spurs present. Hindwings : 6 and 7 connate or stalked (rarely approximated or coincident), 8 anastomosing with cell nearly or quite from base to near middle or beyond. Although fairly represented in nearly all regions, this family attains increased development within the tropics. The typical wing-markings ai-e not often distinctly traceable, tending to be replaced by irregular spots and blotches, or altogether lost. There is a considerable range of valuation in structure, as well as in superficial appearance, but the dift'erent forms are linked 24 CARADRININA together in such a way that subdivision into definite groups is not practicable. The pliylogeny is difficult, but Calli- morpha is clearly the most ancestral form (in this and other exotic genera which approach nearest to the two next families, the strong bar- like I'ctinaculum offers an additional point of distinction), and the group of Tyria and Arctia is closely derived from this ; the Lithosia group may probably be a development of the A7xtia group; whilst the Nola group and that of Sarro thrlpus and Halias appear to be two ancient and now frag- mentary sections, to some extent intermediate in character between the two mentioned above, but sufficiently isolated to make their origin at present undecipherable. Ovum in groups of Ai'ctia and Lithosia usually spherical, smooth or minutely pitted ; in Kola group strongly ribbed. Larva usually hairy, except in Halias group ; in Kola group without prolegs on 7. Pupa usually in a cocoon above ground. Tabulation of Genera. 1. Forewings with 7 separate . . .2. ,, „ 7 out of 9, or absent . . 4. 2. Hindwings with 5 absent . 11. Sarrothripus. ,, ,, 5 present . . .3. 3. Head rough-haired . . .14. Halias. „ smooth-scaled . . 13. Hylophila. 4. Hindwings with 4 or 5 absent . . .5. ,, ,, 3, 4, 5 all present . .10. 5. Forewings with 5 absent . . 2. Lithosia. ,, ,, 5 pi'esent . . .6. 6. Forewings with 7 or 8 absent . . .8. ,, ,, veins all present . . .7. 7. Forewings with 10 connected with 9 .1. Oeonistis. „ ,, 10 separate . .12. Earias. 8. Forewings with 10 absent . . 8. Roeselia. ,, ,,10 present . . .9. 9. Hindwings with 4 absent, 3 and 5 j)arallel 9. Nola. ,, ,, 5 absent, 3 and 4 connate 17. Coscinia. 10. Forewings with 7 absent . . .7. Nudaria. ,, ,, ;dl veins present . . .11. 11. Antennae in c? bipectinated . . . 12. ,, ,, ciliated . . . .14. 12. Forewings with 10 out of 9 . . .13. ,, ,,10 rising sepax'ate . 20. Arctia. ARCTIADAE 25 13. Forewings with scale-tufts on surface . 10. Uraba. ,, without scale-tufts . .19. Diacrisia. 14. Forewings with 10 out of 9 . . .15. „ ,,10 rising separate . .16. 15. Head rough-haired . .18. Phragmatobia. ,, with loosely appressed hairs . 15. Tyria. 16. Hindwings with 4 and 5 stalked . . .17. ,, ,, 4 and 5 separate . .19. 17. Forewings with 11 anastomosing with 12 .18. ,, ,, 1 1 not anastomosing with 1 2 3. (jrNOPHRiA. 18. Thorax beneath and abdomen hairy . 4. Cybosia. ,, ,, ,, smooth-scaled 5. Setina. 19. Hindwings with 8 rising from near end of cell 6. MiLTOCHRlSTA. ,, ,, rising from or before middle of cell 20. 20. Thorax hairy beneath . . 21. Callimorpha. „ smooth beneath . . 16. Utetheisa. 1. Oeonistis, ///). Head smooth. Ocelli absent. Antennae in S ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi moderate, ascending, loosely scaled. Thorax haii'y beneath. Abdomen hairy. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings : 2 and 3 sometimes short-stalked, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 coimccted with 9. Hindwings : 3 and 4 shoi't-stalked, 5 absent, 6 and 7 in ^ coincident, in ? stalked, 8 from middle of cell. Only one species is really established. Imago with fore- wings very elongate. Larva with tufts of rather long hairs. 1. 0. quadra, L. 35-48 mm. ^ Head and thorax orange, face dark indigo-blue. Forewings light yellowish-grey, some- times darker posteriorly : an orange basal patch, costal portion dark indigo- blue. Hindwings light ochreous- yellow, apex sometimes sufiuscd with fuscous. 9. Head and thorax ochreous-yellow. Forewings ochreous- yellow ; two dark indigo-liluc spots on costa and fold Vieyond middle. Hindwings light ochi'eous-yellow. Fngland, Aberdeen ("?), E. Ireland, not common ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, Japan ; 7, 8. Larva dark reddish-grey, hairs black and grey ; dorsal area pale yellow streaked with dark grey; 4, 8, 12 with blackish dorsal marks; a subdorsal series of red tubercles; some fine yellowish lines on sides; head black : on lichens ; 9-7. 26 CAKADRININA [lithosia 2. Lithosia, F. Head smootli. Ocelli alisent. Antennae in c^ ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi moderate or short, siibascend- ing, shortly rongh-scaled. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen rough -haired towards base. Tibiae smooth - scaled. Fore- wings: 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 separate or connected by bar with 9, 11 anastomosing with 12. Hind wings: 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from middle of cell. A genus of some extent in the Indo- Malayan region, less numerous in Europe. Imago with forewings very elongate. Larva with tufts of rather short hairs. The variation of struc- ture in vein 10 of the forewings occurs in all the species, and, though curious, is of no importance. Neuration of Lithosia luridtola : tion of (J antenna. a, por- 1. 4. 6 7. Forewings with several black dots . 6. muscerda. ,, without black dots . . .2. Forewings wholly orange . . 9. sororcula. ,, not orange . . . .3. Forewings with a costal orange or ochreous streak 4. ,, with at most costal edge orange . 7. 3. complana. 5. 4. limdeola. . 6. 2. sericea. 5. deplana 9 Costal streak attenuated to a point ,, equally wide thi'oughout 5. Hindwings light yellowish ,, more or less grey Forewings rather dark grey „ yellowish-grey Forewings with basal subcostal orange suffusion 5. deplana $ ,, without orange subcostal suft'usion 8. 8. Costa of forewings hardly arched . 1. Intnre/la. ,, ,, moderately arched . . 9. 9. Hindwings whitish ... 8. aun'o/d. l)ale yellowish or grey .' 7. r/riseo/a. 1. L. lutarella, L. (jri/'/inaeola, Dbld.) 24-28 nmi. Head ochreous-yellow, face sometimes grey. Forewings with eosta lithosia] ARCTIADAE 27 hardly arched ; wliitish-ochreoiis, sometimes greyish -tinged. Hindwings whitish-ochreous, yellowish-tiuged ; costa broadly suti'used with grey. Kent (Deal), on coast sandhills, very local ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 8. Larva brown, hairs short, brown ; dorsal line black ; sul)dorsal dark brown ; spiracular whitish ; head black : on saline lichens ; 9-6. 2. L. sericea, Gregs. {violyhdeola, Gu.) 30-32 mm. Head and collar orange. Foi'ewings with costa gently arched ; rather dark grey ; a whitish-ochreons costal streak, becoming orange on costa, posteriorly attenuated and not reaching apex ; cilia greyish-orange, tips paler. Hindwings light ochreous-yellowish, suflused with grey dorsally, sometimes more or less wholly. Cheshire, Lancashire, local ; not yet found elsewhere ; 7. Larva blackish-grey, hairs short, brown ; dorsal line black ; sub- dorsal interrupted, orange-red, white-spotted ; lateral black ; spiracular ferruginous, black-edged ; head black : on lichens, dead leaves, etc. ; 8-5. It is uncertain whether this is any- thing more than a local form of L. complana ; the larvae are practically identical. 3. L. complana, L. 30-32 mm. Head and collar deep orange. Forewings with costa gently arched ; rather light grey ; a suffused orange costal streak, equally broad throughout ; cilia liglit orange. Hindwings ochreous-yellow. England to Lancashire, N. and E. Ireland, local ; Europe, Asia Minor; 7. Larva blackish-grey or brown, hairs short, brown ; dorsal line black ; subdorsal forming a series of oval orange-red and white spots ; spiracular rather broad, ferrugin- ous ; head blackish : on lichens ; 8-6. 4. L. lurideola, Zk. {complanula, B.) 31-33 mm. Head orange. C(jllar oi'ange, middle more or less grey. Forewings with costa posteriorly arched ; rather dark grey ; a whitish- ochreous costal streak, becoming orange on costa, posteriorly attenxuited and not reaching apex ; cilia whitish-ochreous, towards base orange. Hindwings light ochreous-yellow. Britain to Caledonian Canal, W. Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7. Larva very dark grey, hairs black and yellowish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines black ; sj^iracular orange ; head black : on lichens, oak, Jihanmics, etc. ; 8-6. 5. L. deplana, Bs2). {helvola, Hb.) 28-32 mm. Head and collar greyish-orange. Forewings of $ ochreous-grey, with a subcostal orange suffusion towards base, costal edge posteriorly and ciUa orange ; of 5 yellowish-grey, with posteriorly attenu- 28 CARADRININA [lithosia ated costal streak and cilia orange. Hindwings ochreous- grey. England to York, very local ; C. Europe, N. Asia, Japan ; 7. Larva grey, tinged with brown or green, back paler or whitish, hairs grey ; dorsal line double, black, interrupted ; subdorsal black, interrupted ; black dorsal spots on 4 and 8 ; a white sub- dorsal spot on 9 ; head dark gi'ey, black-marked : on lichens ; 8-6. 6. L, muscerda, Hufn. 26-28 mm. Head and collar light grey. Forewings light grey, slightly brown-tinged ; two black dots obliquely placed towards fold before middle ; an oblique series of four black dots from costa beyond middle, reaching half across wing. Hindwings pale brownish - grey, darker towards apex. Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, in fens, local ; 0. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva blackish -brown, mixed with reddish-grey, hairs dark brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines black ; subspiracular reddish- grey, interrupted; two deep red spots on 2, and one on 13; head black : on lichens and dead leaves ; 8-6. 7. L, griseola, Hb. (stramineola, Dbld.) 32-36 mm. Head and collar ochreous- yellowish. Forewings with costa evenly arched ; vai-ying from light grey to whitish-ochreous ; costa slenderly ochreous-yellow. Hindwings pale ochreous-yellowish, often suffused with pale grey. England to York, in marshy places, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7-8. Larva blackish-brown, hairs dark brown ; dorsal line black ; subdorsal orange -ochreous, interrupted, enlarged and partly confluent on 2, 3, and 13, elsewhere sometimes faint ; head shining black : on lichens and dead leaves ; 8-6. 8. L. caniola, Hb. 28-30 mm. Head and collar orange. Forewings with costa evenly arched ; grey-whitish ; costal edge orange. Hindwings yellow-whitish. Sussex, Devon, Pembroke, Isle of Man, E. Ireland, on coasts, very local ; S. Europe ; 8. Larva grey or brown, hairs brown ; dorsal line black ; subdorsal orange-red, black-edged, sometimes marked with white dots ; head dark brown : on lichens, and flowers of Lotus ; 8-6. 9. L. sororcula, JIufn. (aureola, Hb.) 27-29 mm. Head and thorax orange. Forewings with costa rather strongly arched ; orange. Hindwings pale orange. Kent to Wilts and Norfolk, in woods of tir and beech, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor to N. Persia ; 5, 6. Larva whitish or yellowish, hairs fuscous ; dorsal, subdorsal, and broader lateral lithosia] ARCTIADAE 29 lines black ; blackish dorsal patches on 4, 8, 12 ; a whitish patch on 9; tubercles orange-red ; sides fuscous ; head blackish: on lichens ; 7-10. 3. Gnophria, St2')h. Head with appressed scales. Ocelli small. Antennae in $ ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi moderate, sub- ascending, shortly rough -scaled. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen smooth - scaled. Tibiae smooth- scaled. Forewings: 4 and 5 connate, 6, 7, and 8 out of 9, 10 connected /^ with 9, 11 approximated to 12. Hindwings : 4 and 5 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from middle of cell. There is only one species known: , \ . , '■ ,, Neuration of (77ioj)/man(67'('co?<(s. the genus origmates rather re- motely from Miltochrista. Imago with forewings very elongate. Larva with tufts of rather scanty hairs. 1. Gr. rubricollis, L. 28-32 mm. Head blackish, collar red. Abdomen blackish, apical half ochreous-orange. Wings wholly blackish. Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and W. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6. Larva grey, freckled with greenish-yellow, hairs brownish ; dorsal line fine, whitish, grey-edged ; subdorsal black, interrupted ; head blackish : on lichens ; 7-10. The imago sometimes flies in companies round oaks in the sunshine. 4. Cybosia, Hb. Head smooth. Ocelli absent. Antennae in o ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi short, porrected, loosely scaled. Thorax somewhat hairy beneath. Abdomen hairy. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings: 7 and 8 out of 9, 11 anastomosing with 12. Hindwings : 4 and 5 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from middle of cell. Also restricted to a single species. Larva with dense tufts of hairs, when young spatulate, afterwards finely and densely branched on back. 1. 0. mesomella, L. 29-32 mm. Head and collar light ochreous-orange. Forewings ochreous-whitish ; costa narrowly 30 CARADRININA [cybosia suffused with ochreous-orange ; two blackish subcostal and sub- dorsal dots beyond middle ; termen orange-tinged ; cilia light orange, tips whitish. Hindwings brownish-grey, darker pos- teriorly ; cilia pale orange, tips whitish. Britain to the Clyde, Ross, rather common ; N., C, and SE. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7. Larva blackish, hairs black ; a deep black patch on 2 ; head black : on lichens ; 8-5. 5. Setina, Schrk. Characters of Cyhosia, but thorax not hairy beneath ; abdo- men smooth-scaled. A rather limited genus, mainly Asiatic, with several European representatives. In exotic species veins 6 and 7 of the forewings are sometimes stalked, 5 of hindwings sometimes absent (coincident with 4). Larva with tufts of rather long hairs. L S. irrorella, L. 26-32 mm. Head black, collar orange. Forewings light orange, margins darker ; antemcdian, post- median, and subterminal series of black dots, last sometimes reduced to one or two. Hindwings pale orange ; a subapical blackish dot. S. England to Warwick, Isle of Man, Lanark, Argjdl, Kin- cardine, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva blackish-brown, on sides dark reddish-grey or purplish-grey, hairs blackish ; a dorsal series of bright yellow spots ; subdorsal dull yellow, interrupted; spiracular bright yellow, interrupted; head black : on lichens ; 9-5. 6. MiLTOCHRISTA, Hb. Head with appressed scales. Ocelli absent. Antennae in $ ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi moderate, sub- ascending, rough -scaled. Thorax somewhat hairy beneath. Abdomen hairy. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings : 6 some- times out of 9, 7 and 8 out of 9, 11 approximated to 12. Hindwings : 5 remote from 4, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from near end of cell. An Indo-Malayan genus of considerable extent, correlated with Nwlaria and Uraha ; the European species are stragglers only. Larva with very dense tufts of hairs, some densely and finely branched. Wings rosy . . . . 1. ininiata. ,, not rosy . . . • .2. i^enex. 1. M. miniata, Forst. 26-28 nun. Head and thorax rosy. Forewings ochreous-rosy, costa and termen rather broadly deep miltochuista] ARCTIADAE 31 rosy ; costal edge black towards base ; a black subbasal dot ; lines fine, blackish, obsolete on dorsum, first angulated above middle, second very acutely angu- lated near costa, very strongly dentate in disc ; a black discal dotj a subtcrminal sei'ies of black dots. Hind wings pale rosy, termen darker. England to York, in woods, com- mon ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7. Larva deep greyish- ochreous, hairs blackish- grey : on lichens ; 8-5. 2. M. senex, Hb. 20-22 mm. Head and tliorax pale greyish-ochre- ous, face fuscous. Forewings light greyish-ochi'eous ; a blackish sub- basal dot ; first and second lines formed of blackish dots ; a cloudy ilark grey median line sometimes visible on margins ; a lai-ge blackish discal dot ; an apical fuscous suffusion. Hindwings pale groyish-ochreous, postei'iorly fuscous-sprinkled ; a dark grey crescentic discal mark. England to York, in marshy places, local ; N. and NC. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva deep reddish-grey, hairs brownish ; head black : on lichens ; 8-5. Npuratiou of Miltochrista senex. 7. NUDARIA, IIw. Head densely rough-haired. Ocelli absent. Antennae in ^ evenly ciliated, basal joint rough-haired anteriorly. Palpi rather short, subascending, rough-scaled. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen hairy. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings : 6 and 8 out of 9, 7 absent. Hindwings: 4 and 5 rather ap- proximated, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from middle of cell. It is doubtful whether any other species can be referred to this genus, which is correlated with Utuba. Larva with tufts of long fine hairs. 1. N. mundana, Z. 19-22 mm. Head and thorax fuscous- whitish. Forewings very pale greyish-ochreous, transparent; costal edge fuscous near base ; a fuscous subbasal dot ; lines fuscous, irregular, first angulated in middle, second angulated above middle ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; a faint cloudy pale 32 CARADRININA [nudaria greyish subterminal line, connected with termen in middle. Hindwings transparent, faintly ochreous- tinged Britain to the Clyde, Kincardine, N. and W. Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7-8. Larva pale grey-brown, dorsal area bright pale yellow, hairs rather dark gre3^-brown ; dorsal line dark fuscous; subdorsal blackish-brown ; a blackish dorsal spot on 8 ; head dark brown : on lichens ; 9-5. 8. ROESELIA, Hb. Head with appressed scales, forming a short facial projection. Ocelli present. Antennae in cJ ciliated with fascicles, some- times rising from very short pectinations, basal joint densely tufted in front. Palpi modei'- ately long, straight, porrected, rough -scaled. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen smooth- scaled, with small dorsal crest. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings with scale-tufts on surface ; 7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked, 10 absent. Hindwings : 4 absent, 5 parallel to 3, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from middle of cell. A genus of some extent and i-ather general distribution, but most numerous in Australia. Larva with tufts of hairs, witii- out prolegs on 7. Collar wholly white . . . . L centonalis. ,, with a fuscous band . . .2. confusalis. \. Er. centonalis, Hb. 17-19 mm. Head and thorax white. Forewings white, more or less partially sprinkled or suffused with brown ; an irregular fuscous spot on base of costa ; first, median, and second lines blackish, angulated near costa, space between median and second brown, median line itself often nearly obsolete ; subterminal white, anteriorly often l)lackish- edged, margins suffused with bi-own. Hindwings light grey ; sometimes a darker discal dot. Kent, L of Wight, scarce ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7. Larva dull pink or purjilish-piiik, hairs grey-brown ; dorsal line ochreous-yellow, interrupting a series of black V-s'iaped marks; a subdorsal series of black linear marks ; spiracular very faint, yellowish ; head black-brown : on Trifolium, Lotus, etc. ; 9-5. Neuration of Rocselia C07ifusalis. roeselia] ARCTIADAE 33 2. R. confusalis, HS. (crisfula/is, Dup.) 18-20 mm. Head and thorax white witli a few fuscous scales, collar with a fuscous band. Forewings white, fuscous-sprinkled ; first and second lines fuscous, black-dotted, strongly curved ; a fuscous spot in disc beyond first line, and another on costa before second ; sub- terminal line white, margins suffused with fuscous, anterior sometimes blackish-dotted. Hindwings light grey, in S more whitish on dorsal half ; a dark grey discal spot. Britain to the Clyde, N. and W. Ireland, rather local ; WC. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva dull reddish, dorsal area yellowish, hairs brownish, some much longer ; dorsal line double, black, in- terrupted, on 8-10 forming ferruginovxs V-shaped marks; sub- dorsal black : on oak, apple, etc. ; 7-10. 9. NoLA, Lch. Head with appressed scales. Ocelli present. Antennae in ^ bipectinated to near apex, basal joint densely tufted in front. Palpi rather long, straight, porrected, rough-scaled. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen smooth-scaled, with small dorsal crest. Middle and posterior tibiae rough-haired above. Fore- wings with scale-tufts on surface; 7 absent, 8 and 10 out of 9. Hindwings : 4 absent, 5 parallel to 3, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from middle of cell. Includes a few scattered species. Larva with tufts of hairs, without prolegs on 7. 1. N. cucullatella, L. 17-19 mm. Head and thorax white, sprinkled or barred with fuscous. Forewings white, mixed and posteriorly suffused with grey and fuscous ; basal area suffused with dark fuscous, limited by thick blackish curved first line ; a fuscous suffusion on middle of costa ; second line blackish, waved, sinuate. Hindwings grey, paler towards base. England, common; Europe; 7. Larva pale grey, sides some- times brown, hairs grey, tubercles reddish ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged, traversing several dark grey patches: on blackthorn, hawthorn, apple, etc. ; 8-5. 10. Uraba, Walk. Chai-acters of Hola, but head rough-scaled ; patagia some- times tufted ; 7 of forewings present, out of 9 ; hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked. A small but nearly cosmopolitan genus, related to the fol- lowing, though the mode of connection is obscure. Larva with tufts of rather long hairs, without prolegs on 7. D 34 CARADRmmA [CRABA Nenration of Uraba singula. Head and thorax wholly white . . 2. alhula. ,, ,, not wholly wdiite . .1. strigula. 1. U. strigula, Schiff. 18-21 mm. Head white, face grey- sprinkled; collar grey, with a white blackish -edged anterior transverse bar. Thorax white, anterior edge blackish. Fore- wdngs ochreons - whitish, finely sprinkled with fuscous and black; costa blackish -marked towards base ; first and second lines blackish, sinuate, sharply angii- lated near costa; a blackish spot on middle of costa ; median line indistinct, grey, angulated ; sub- terminal white, margins suffnsed with blackish irroration, anterior V)lack-marked. Hindwings rather dark grey. England, W. Ireland, local ; C. and SE. Europe, Asia Minor; 6, 7. Larva pale ochreous, sometimes pink-tinged, hairs pale brownish or yellowish, some at extremities very long ; dorsal line broad, yellowish, fuscous - edged ; sulxlorsal fuscous, in- terrupted ; a blackish-grey l)Iotch on 7 : on oak ; 8-6. 2. U. albula, Hh. 18-20 mm. Head and thorax white, patagia tufted. Forewings white, partially brownish-tinged ; two brown spots on costa towards base; first line brown, obtusely angulated ; second twice sinuate, often limiting a suffused brown band including darker brown obtusely angulated median line; subterminal white, margins brown. Hindwings ochreoiis- whitish, disc sprinkled and termen suffused with light gi'ey. Kent, local; C. Europe, Asia Minor; 7. Larva whitish, pale pink, or orange, hairs whitish, a few much longer and dark brown; dorsal line double, grey; subdorsal black, interrupted : on bramble (liubifs) ; 8-6. 11. Sarrothripus, Curt. Hend smooth-scaled, with rough projecting tuft between antennae. Ocelli ])rescnt. Antennae in (^ shortly ciliated. Palpi very long, porrectcd, rough-scaled throughout. Thorax with small posterior crest, smooth beneath. Abdomen smooth- scaled. Anterior femoi-a and tibiae densely tufted with long rough scales, posterior tibiae smooth -scaled. Forewings : 9 SARROTHPJPUS] ARCTIADAE 35 and 10 oat of 8. Hiiidwings : 3 and 4 connate, 5 absent, 6 and 7 closely approximated at base, 8 from middle of cell. A small genus, widely distributed but mainly tropical, especially Malayan, only one occurring in Europe ; although so dissimilar to the three following, it is undoubtedly more allied to them and especially to Earias than to any other. Larva without hair- tufts. Cocoon boat-shaped. 1. S. undulana, 111), {revayana, Tr.) 23-27 mm. Forewings varying from grey to brown ; sometimes some black subbasal markings ; first and second lines sinuate-waved, more or less distinctly dai'k-margined : median area often darker or browner towards costa ; a small round brown or black discal spot, some- times obsolete ; sometimes some blackish spots before first line, and on anterior edge of subterminal. Hindwings light grey, terminally darker. Britain to Ross, S. Ireland, local ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 7-4. Larva green ; doi'sal line darker ; head reddish- brown : on Salix cai^rea ; 5, 6. 12. Earias, Hh. Head smooth -sealed, with rough projecting tuft between antennae. (\^elli present. Antennae in $ ciliated. Palpi moderate, subascending, second joint thickened with dense loosely appressed scales. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen smooth -scaled. Tibiae smooth -scaled. Forewings: 7 and 8 out of 9. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 6 and 7 connate, 8 from middle of cell. Includes about forty species, mostly Asiatic, though stra}- re]iresentatives occur almost everywhei'e. Larva without hair- tufts. Cocoon boat-shaped. 1. E. clorana, L. 18-22 mm. Head white. Forewings bright gi'een ; costa white, more broadly towards base. Hindwings white. Kent to Dorset and Norfolk, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. and WC. Asia; 5, 6. Larva whitish, sometimes pinkish-tinged: narrow dorsal and broad subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines light ferruginous-brown, subdorsal much dai-ker on 2-5 and front of 6 and 12; subspiracular white; pairs of rather pointed tubercles on 3, 4, 6, and 1 2 ; head pale green, black-marked : amongst spun leaves of Salix viminalis ; 7, 8. 13. Htlophila, Hb. Head smooth-scaled. Ocelli present. Antennae in $ shortly 36 CARADRININA [lIYLOPHILA ciliated. Palpi short, ascending, with appressed scales. Thorax thinly hairy beneath. Abdomen smooth-scaled. Tibiae smooth- scaled. Forewings : 9 and 10 out of 8. Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 connate, 8 from middle of cell. Two or three species found in temperate Asia are assigned to the same genus. Larva without hair-tufts. Cocoon boat-shaped. 1. H. bicolorana, Fuesl. (quercaiia, SchifF.) 40-45 mm. Head green, face red beneath. Forewings bright green ; costal edge pale yellowish ; first and second lines straight, oblique, parallel, pale yellowish ; cilia white. Hindwings white. S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, E. and W. Ireland, not unconunon ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 7. Larva green ; subdorsal line yellowish : on oak ; 5. Head rou2;h-haired. 14. Halias, Tr. Ocelli present. Antennae slightly fusi- form, in (^ simple. Palpi moder- ately long, ascending, rougli-haired. Thorax hairy beneath. Abdomen liairy towards base. Tibiae smooth- scaled. Forewings : 9 and 10 out of 8. Hindwings : 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 connate, 8 from before middle of cell. Perhaps confined to the single species. Larva without hair-tufts. Cocoon boat-sha])ed. Although show- ing relationship to the group of CaUimorpha and the exotic family Agaristidae (which also originate from CaUimorpha), the actual ancestry of this curious form is obscure. 1. H. prasinana, L. 31-35 mm. Head green, sides of face red. Antennae reddish. Forewings green, median area darker ; costal edge posteriorly crimson ; first, second, and subtcrminal lines snow-white, nearly straight, oblique, parallel, first and second more or loss suft'used ; cilia crimson, more or less mixed with yellow. Hindwings in $ light yellowish, in 5 white. Britain to Ross, N. and E. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, G. Larva light green, sprinkled with yellow dots ; subdoi-sal line yellow ; anterior edge of 2 reddish : on oak, beech, hazel, etc.; 7-9. The imago makes a peculiar stridulatory noise when flying. Neuratiiiii of IlnJInf: j^msitinna. TYRiA], ARCTIADAE 37 15. Tyria, Ilh. Head with loosely appressed hairs. Ocelli large. Antennae in (J ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi short, por- rected, rough -scaled. Thorax hairy beneath. Abdomen smooth-scaled. Femora somewhat hairy, tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings : 6 sometimes out of 9, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 out of 9, 11 connected with 9. Hindwings : 3, 4, 5 rather approxi- mated, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked, 8 from middle of cell. Only one species is known. Larva with scanty hairs. This and the following genus are allied to the extensive Indo-Malayan genus Nyeteinera, ranging to S. Africa and New Zealand. 1. T. jacobaeae, L. 35-44 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Forewings blackish-grey ; a crimson subcostal streak from base to |^, extremity expanded ; a crimson dorsal streak from base to f ; a crimson terminal spot below apex, and another above tornus. Hindwings crimson ; a costal streak, middle of terminal edge, and cilia blackish-grey. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common, scarce north of the Clyde ; Europe, WC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva orange, hairs black ; each segment with a thick black ring ; head black : on Senecio jacobaea and ^S*. vu/(/aris ; 7, 8. The conspicuous larval colouring is a warning-signal, the larva being uneatable. 16. Utetheisa, Jib. Head smooth. Ocelli large. Antennae in ,^ ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi moderate, ascending, with loosely appressed scales. Thorax smooth beneath. Abdomen smooth- scaled. Tibiae smooth-scaled, spurs very short. Forewings : 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 connected with 9. Hindwings: 3, 4, 5 rather approximated, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked, 8 from middle of cell. A small genus, inhabiting the warmer regions of the world ; only one species reaches Europe. Larva with rather scanty hairs, some finely branched. 1. U. pulchella, L. 28-38 mm. Head and thorax whitisli, black -dotted, often orange -marked. Forewings ochreous- whitish ; five transverse series of crimson spots, alternating with six series of black dots ; second to fifth series of dots angulated, fifth partly double, sixth terminal. Hindwings white ; sometimes one or two blackish discal marks ; a very irregulai'-edged blackish terminal fascia, broadest at apex and below middle. 38 CARADRmmA [utetheisa England, Roxburgh, S. Ireland, occasional, not permanently resident ; C. and S. Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand ; 6, 8, 9. Larva dark grey, dixll purplish, or blackish, often with orange-red transverse bars on each segment ; hairs black and whitish ; dorsal area more or less white-marked ; spiracular line often whitish ; head reddish-ochreous, blackish- marked : on Myosotis, grasses, etc.; 7, 8, 10-5. This species has been several times taken on open sea, 500 miles or more from land. 17. CosciNiA, Hh. Head with short rough or loosely appressed haii's. Ocelli present. Antennae in $ bipectinated to apex. Palpi moderate or short, porrected, with long rough hairs. Thorax hairy be- neath. Abdomen smooth-scaled. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Fore- wings : 7 absent, 8 and 10 out of 9. Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 5 absent, 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 8 from middle of cell. A very small European genus, with one or two species else- where. Larva with tufts of hairs. Hindwings grey . . . .1. cribrum. ,, orange .... 2. striata. 1. C. cribrum, L. 33-35 mm. Forewings white, somewhat blackish -sprinkled ; five cloudy blackish-grey more or less interrupted transverse streaks, second angulated ; two longi- tudinal cloudy blackish-grey streaks in disc above and below middle ; a transverse sometimes interrupted blackish discal mark ; a terminal series of blackish-grey marks. Hindwings rather dark grey, sometimes dorsally yellowish-tinged. Hants, Dorset, Derby (?), very local ; Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 7. Larva brown, tubercles black, hairs black and whitish ; dorsal line pale or whitish ; subdorsal sometimes whitish ; head dark brown : on grasses. Erica, etc. ; 8-5. 2. 0. striata, L. {grammica, L.) 34-38 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous, yellowish-tinged ; interneural spaces streaked with black except towards termen ; veins tovvai'ds termen streaked with black ; two black discal dots transversely placed ; cilia light orange. Hindwings orange, sometimes slightly black-sprinkled ; veins blackish-sufiused towards base ; a blackish band along costa and termen, not reaching tornus ; a black discal crescentic mark. Berks, Anglesea, York ('^), probably casual immigrants only, not for many years ; Europe, Asia Minor, Syria ; 7. Larva cosciNiA] ARCTIADAE 39 blackish, tubercles yellowish, hairs browu ; dorsal line orange- vellow ; spiracular whitish ; head black : on yrasses. Erica, etc. ; 8-5. 18. Phragmatobia, Stph. Head rough-haired. Ocelli present. Antennae in $ ciliated, with longer setae at joints. Palpi moderately long, porrected, rough- haired. Thorax densely hairy above and beneath. Abdomen hairy. Femora hairy beneath, tibiae smooth-scaled. Forewings : 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 out of 9, 11 connected with 9. Hindwings : 3 and 4 sometimes connate, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 8 from middle of cell. A rather small genus, mainly inhabiting northern temperate regions. Larva with dense tufts J^ , , 1 1 • Neuration of Pnraffniato&icifiitiowiosa. 01 rather long hairs. 1. P. fuliginosa, L. 28-34 mm. Abdomen red, black- spotted. Forewings reddish-brown, more thinly scaled in disc ; a black discal dot. Hindwings rose-pink ; costal half suffused with thinly strewn black scales, appearing grey ; two obliquely placed blackish discal dots ; a terminal blackish suftused some- times interrupted fascia ; cilia rose-pink. Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, common ; Europe, W. and N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dark grey or brown, hairs brown, reddish, or ochreous ; head black : on grasses, liumex, Myosotis, etc.; 8-4. 19. DiACRisiA, Hh. Characters of Pliragmatohia, but antennae of ^ bipectinated to apex; forewings with 11 separate. This genus is of some extent, and nearly cosmopolitan. Larva with tufts of moderate or long hairs. 1. Dorsum of forewings crimson or ferruginous 5. russula. ,, ,, not crimson or ferruginous 2. 2. Abdomen orange-yellow . . .3. „ not orange-yellow . . 1. mendicu. 40 CARADRININA [diacrisia 3. Hindwings spotted . . . .4. ,, not spotted . . . 2. urticae. 4. Forewings with median scries of black dots 3. mcntliastri. „ without median series of black dots 4. luhricvpeda. 1. D. mendica, Gl. 30-38 mm. Abdomen grey or white, with lateral and sometimes dorsal black spots. Forewings in ^ brownish-grey or dark grey, in $ ochreous-white ; from 3 to 10 scattered black dots. Hindwings in $ brownish-grey or dark gi'ey, in $ ochreous-white ; six blackish dots, all some- times absent. Local forms occur with the black markings more developed, rarely forming streaks. In Ireland the ^ is usually grey-whitish or ochreous-whitish. England, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva grey, tubercles reddish, hairs brown-reddish ; head brown - reddish : on Rumex, Myosotis, Plantago, etc.; 7-9. 2. D. urticae, Esj^. (jmpyratia, Marsh) 38-40 mm. Abdomen orange -yellow, black -spotted. Forewings white ; two small black dots obliquely placed in disc ; sometimes three or four minute black dots towards base and apex. Hindwings white. England, Lanark, Ross, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6. Larva dark brown, hairs dark grey ; spiracles white ; head blackish : on Rumex, Mentha, etc. ; 7-9. 3. D. menthastri, Esj). 35-42 mm. Abdomen orange-yellow, black-spotted. F(jrewings ochreous-whitish ; black basal and subbasal dots ; first, median, and second lines formed by angu- lated series of black dots ; two obliquely placed black discal dots, lower often double ; an irregular subterminal series of pairs of black dots. Hindwings ochreous-white; a black discal spot; three subterminal pairs of black dots, often partly absent. Britain to Ross, Ireland, abundant ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia; 5, 6. Larva brown, hairs long, brown; dorsal line ochreous ; spiracles white ; head black : on Plantayo, Mentha, Rtimex, etc.; 7-9. 4. D. lubricipeda, L. 34-40 mm. Abdomen orange-yellow, black-spotted. Forewings light ochreous-yellow or whitish- ochreous ; first line forming a black costal s])ot, and subdorsal dot; two or three obliquely placed black discal dots; costal end of second line sometimes black ; lower part of second and upper of subterminal forming a straight series of jiairs of black dots, sometimes obsolete in disc, lowest enlarged. Hindwings diacrisia] ARCTIADAE 41 light yellowish or ochreous-Avhitish ; a black discal spot ; some- times three or four subterminal black dots. Britain to Ross, Ireland, very common ; N. and C. Euro])e, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva grey or brown, hairs brown ; dorsal line sometimes pale or whitish ; spiracular whitish, s]iiracles white ; head grey-yellowish: on Jiiwiex, I'/antaf/o, Mentha, etc.; 7-9. 5. D. russula, L. 35-46 mm. S • Forewings dull yellow, dorsum suftused with crimson ; an 8 -shaped crimson discal spot, mixed with dark grey ; costal edge posteriorly and cilia light crimson. Hindwings grey-whitish or ochreous-whitish ; a blackish sinuate discal spot, and subterminal band ; cilia crimson. 5 . Forewings deep orange ; veins, costa, dorsum, discal spot, and cilia ferruginoiis. Hindwings orange ; basal half blackish, confluent with large black discal spot, and dorsally with a blackish subterminal band. Britain to Ross, somewhat locally common ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6. Larva brown, tubercles blackish, hairs brown ; dorsal line ochreous or orange ; spiracles oclu'eous or white ; head dark brown : on Ilieracium, Erica, Scahiosa, etc. ; 8-5. 20. Arctia, Schrk. Characters of Diacrisia, but 10 rising separate, anastomosing or connected with 9. A rather limited genus, principally characteristic of northern temperate regions. Larva with tufts of long hairs. L Hindwings red .... 3. caja. „ orange . . . .2. 2. Base of hindwings black or black-marked 1. plantaginis. „ „ not black-marked . 2. villica. \. A. plantaginis, L. 33-36 mm. Forewings black ; costa an- teriorly orange ; two anterior costal spots, a bi'oad irregular streak along fold, and two posterior fasciae anastomosing in middle pale ochreous-yellow, sometimes variably interrupted or confluent ; cilia orange. Hindwings orange ; basal area l:)lack or with two black longitudinal streaks, upper reaching a black discal spot ; two or three posterior black spots ; a terminal series of partially connected black spots. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common, somewhat local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva black ; hairs black or dark brown, on 5-7 bright brown-reddish, sometimes some on sides I'eddish ; head black : on Myosotis, Plantago, etc. ; 8-4. 42 CARADRININA [arotia 2. A. villica, L. 50-58 mm. Thorax black, with a whiti;k ,, ,, without apical hook 22. Anterior tibiae spinose ,, ,, not spinose 23. Abdomen crested ,, not crested 24. Face with horny projecting plate „ without horny projecting plate 25. Projection quadrangular . . . 24. „ triangular /. 8. 14. MOXIMA. 15. Charaeas. 12. Meliana. 13. Leucania. . 10. . 20. i. Aporophyi^a. . 11. . 12. . 15. ASTEROSCOPUS. . 13. 4. Valeria. . 14. 6. DiLOBA. . FfErJOPHOBUS. 3. Dasypolia. . 16. . 17. . 19. 1. CUCULLIA. . 18. thoracic 5. MiSELIA. or tho- 2. POLIA. 11. COMSTRA. 10. Orthosia. . 21. . 24. 22. Heijothis. 22. 20. AOROTIS. . 23. 34. Actinutia. 21. Tripiiaena. . 25. NoXAGRIA. . 26. 46 CARADRININA 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 37. 28. 29. 33. MoilA. . 30. 3-5. Habena. . 31. Spodoptera. . 32. Tibiae with appressed scales . . 25. Coenobia „ rough-scaled . . 23. Ochria Hindwings with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to middle . . . 33. Stilbia „ with vein 8 anastomosing near base only Abdomen more or less crested ,, not crested Patagia somewhat crested posteriorly „ not crested posteriorly Thorax with well-marked anterior crest ,, without anterior crest Posterior tibiae with appressed scales 27. ,, ,, rough-scaled Ciliations of antennae in ^ minute, even 38. Acrontcta. ,, ,, ,, moderate, fasciculated 36. Metaciirostis. Antennae in ^ bipectiuated to apex . 28. Rusina. „ „ not bipectiuated to apex . . 34. Tibiae with appressed scales . . . 35. ,, rough-scaled . . . .36. Thorax with anterior crest . . 32. Senta. ,, not crested . . 29. Acosmetia. Tongue short, slight . . .26. Luperina. ,, well-developed .... 37. Palpi short, densely hairy . 39. Arsilonche. ,, moderate or long .... 38. Palpi long, terminal joint pointed 30. Amphipyra. „ moderate, terminal joint obtuse 31. Caradrina. STib-Fam. 1. POLIADES. Eyes glabrous, ciliated (furnished with a marginal row of long cilia curving over them). 1. Cucullia, Sc/irJr. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae in S shortly ciliated. Thorax with slight posterior crest, collar much enlarged and forming a prominent rounded hood, some- times crested in middle. Abdomen more or less crested ueai- base. A large genus, extending throughout the teniju'rate regions of the northern hemispliere, but most plentiful in Europe. Imago cucullia] CARADRINIDAE 47 with forewings more elongate than usual ; usual!}- imitating dead wood or fungus, the hood serving to conceal the head. Ijarva rather brightly coloured, feeding exposed on low plants. 1. Forewings wdth broad dark costal streak . . 2. ,, without such streak . . .5. 2. Forewings with cilia distinctly toothed . . 3. ,, ,, „ slightly waved . "i. aftferis. 3. Expanse 41 )nm. or less, costal streak whitish- sprinkled . . .8. ///chnifis. „ 42 mm. or more, costal streak not whitish-sprinkled . . .4. 4. Forewings with whitish subdorsal posterior suf- fusion, cilia more toothed . 7. verhasci. „ without such suffusion, cilia less toothed . . 6. scrojihuJariae. 5. Lines thickly blackish-edged . .1. ahsinthii. ,, hardly marked . . . .6. 6. Orl)icular and reniform distinct . . 2. gnajihalii. ,, ,, ,, obsolete . . .7. 7. Forewings with fine dark bai's in cilia on veins . . .3. chamomiUae. without such bars . . 4. innhratica. 1. C. absinthii, L. 37-40 mm. Forewings pale brown, clouded with whitish ; svibbasal line blackish-edged on costa : first and second lines irregular, thickly blackish-edged, second obsolete in disc, median blackish on upper half ; orbicular and reniform indicated by several black dots ; a terminal row of black dots. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; a suffused rather dark fuscous terminal band. SW. England, Suffolk, Merioneth, E. Ireland, local; C. Europe, NW. Asia; 6, 7. Larva pale yellow-green, dorsally suffused with purple-grey except at incisions ; dorsal and sub- dorsal lines pale green ; head and }ilate of 2 ochreous-grey : on Artemisia absinthium ; 8, 9. [C. artemisiae, Hufn., has been recorded as British, In it apparently on doubtful grounds.] 2. 0. gnaphalii, ffl>. 37-40 mm. Forewings fuscous, purple- tinged, partially finely whitish -irrorated ; base mixed with light ochreous ; veins finely dark fuscous ; dorsinn slenderly blackish ; first and second lines dentate, almost obsolete ; orbicular and reniform pale-edged, outlined with dark fuscous ; one or two dark fuscous interneural streaks beyond reniform ; CAEADRININA [cucullia a dark fuscous terminal dash above tornus. Hindwings fus- cous, darker posteriorly. Kent, Sussex, scarce and local ; C. Eui'ope, NW. Asia ; 6. Larva bright green ; dorsal stripe broad, purplish-brown, darker- marked ; spiracles yellow, placed in purple-reddish marks ; head bluish-green : on Solidago and Artemisia ; S, 9. 3, 0. chamomillae, Schif. 42-45 mm. Forewings pale ashy- brownish, with obscure paler or whitish interncural streaks posteriorly; veins marked by fine blackish lines; fine black interneural sti'eaks in middle posteriorly and towards tornus ; cilia cut by fine dark bars on veins. Hindwings light fuscous, in S whitish-tinged anteriorly. Britain to Fife, Ireland, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor, Syria ; 4, 5. Larva pale yellow-green, with purplisli- rosy band on each segment ; subdorsal series of oljlique olive- green marks ; lateral and spiracular lines irregular, olive-green, interrupted ; head yellow-green : on Fyrethrunn and Anthemis ; 6,7. 4. C. umbratica, L. 40-52 mm. Differs from C. chamomillae as follows : f(jrewings without dark bars in cilia ; hindwings in (^ more or less wholly, in ^ anteriorly whitish-suftuscd. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SE. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6. Larva oohrcous-yellow or grey, with numerous fine irregular raised blackish markings ; head black ; plate of 2 black-brown : on Sonchus and Lactuca ; 8, 9. 5. C. asteris, Schif. 42-45 mm. Foi'cwings pale brown, whitish-sprinkled ; costa broadly suffused with reddish-fuscous ; a narrow dorsal streak and tornal blotch reddish-fuscous streaked with blackish, blotch including a whitish crescentic mark near anterior edge ; orbicular and reniform partly outlined with dark fuscous ; cilia slightly waved. Hindwings whitish-fuscous ; n fuscous terminal band. 5. England to Hereford and Norfolk, Lancashire, Westmore- land, local ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6. Larva pale yellow-green or purplish-rosy ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines yellow, black-edged, subdorsal sometimes greenish ; head pale yellow or rosy, black-speckled : on Solidago and Aster ; 8, 9. 6. C. scrophulariae. Gap. 42-46 mm. Forewings pale ochreous or ochreous-brownish ; a rather broad dark fuscous costal streak, suffused with reddish-brown beneath, with two whitish costal dots posteriorly; a reddish -brown gradually dilated dorsal streak from near base, streaked with dark fuscous and on tornus with whitish -ochreous, cut by waved cucullia] CAKADRINIDAE 49 uliitisli extiviuity of second lino; a reddish -brown wedge- shaped terminal sulTusiun above middle ; cilia tootlicd. Hind- wings in ^ whitish, in $ whitish-fuscous ; a suffused fuscous terminal band. S. England (except SE.) to Gloucester and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia; 5. Larva blue-whitish, with a yellow band on each segment ; dorsal scries of black bars alternating with })airs of black spots ; spiracular series of yellow spots and black marks ; head yellow, black-spotted : on ScropJiuljD'ia (especially S. nodosa) and Verhascuin ; G, 7. 7. C. verbasci, L. 43-47 mm. Differs from C. scrophu- lariae as follows : forewings with costal streak browner, dorsal streak edged above posteriorly by a whitish suffusion, termen more oblique, cilia more sharply toothed ; hind wings in ^ some- what more infuscated. England, E. Ireland, common; (J. and S. Europe, Asia Minor; 4, 5. Larva blue-whitish, with a yellow band on each segment ; double dorsal series of black bent marks alternating with black spots ; spiracular series of yellow spots and black marks ; head yellow, black-spotted : on Verhascum and iScro- phu/aria ; G, 7. 8. C. lychnitis, Rauib. 38-41 mm. Differs from C. scro- phulariae as follows : forewings with costal streak more whitish- sprinkled, orbicular and reniform slightly paler, dorsal streak more attenuated anteriorly ; hindwings with band broader. Sussex to Gloucester and Norfolk, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva green-whitish, with pale yellowish band on each seg- ment ; dorsal series of curved black bars alternating with rows of four black spots ; spiracular series of black spots : on Ver- bascum ; 7, 8. 2. POLIA, 0. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae in $ ciliated, or bipectinated with apex filiform, rarely simple. Thorax with more or less prominent anterior and slight pos- terior crest. Abdomen more or less crested. Fairly numerous and widely distributed throughout northern temperate regions. Most of the species are autumnal, and some of them hybernate. L Thorax ashy-blackish except collar and sides . 2. ,, not ashy-blackish . . .3. 2. Forewings with dorsal half red-brown . 2. vetusta. „ „ ,, „ not red-brown 1. exokta. E 50 CARADKININA [polia 3. Forewings whitish-green . . .13. aprUina. „ not whitish-green . . .4. 4. Forewings with blackish median dash from base . 5. ,, without blackish basal dash . . 10. 5. Basal dash furcate . . .8. ormtliopus. ,, ,, not furcate . . . .6. 6. Antennae in S pectinated . .10. viimnalis. „ „ not pectinated . . .7. 7. Forewings with black central submedian dash . 8. ,, without such dash . . .9 8. Claviform defined . . .7. furcifera. ,, obsolete . . .6. lambda. 9. Orljicular and renifoi'm connected by claviform 9. areola. ,, ,, ,, separate . . 5. socia. 10. Antennae in c? bipectinated . .11. Uchenea. „ ,, not bipectinated . . .11. 11. Claviform confluent with orbicular . 12. 2'rotea. ,, separate or absent . . .12. 12. Subterminal line edged with yellowish spots . 13. ,, ,, not yellowish-edged . . 14. 13. Hind wings with two darker shades . 15. flavicincta. ,, without darker shades 16. xanthomista. 14. Second line black- marked opposite claviform 14. chi. „ ,, not black-marked . . .15. 15. Forewings with dorsal half red-brown . 4. scmihrunnea. ,, ,, ,, not red-brown 3. soJidaginis. 1. P. exoleta, L. 54-60 mm. Thorax ashy -blackish, sides whitish, collar brownish. Forewings whitish -ochreous, rosy- tinged, much suffused and streaked with light fuscous ; oi'bi- cular transverse, fuscous, reniforni ochreous-whitish above, blackish beneath, both edged with a pale dark-margined rim, reniform followed by a blackish suffusion ; subterminal line obscurely pale, twice shar[)ly dentate below middle, preceded in middle by a short black dash. Hindwings fuscous, suffused with pale rosy-ochreous basally. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 9-4. Larva green ; lateral line yellow, surmovuited on each segment by a pair of connected white black -circled dots ; spiracular red, sometimes interrupted, white-edged be- neath, marked with triplets of white black-circled dots : on Carduui<, Si/cnc, Ononis, etc. ; 5-7. 2. P. vetusta, ///>. 50-57 nun. Ditt'ers from F. exoleta as follows : forewings whitish - ochreous, towards costa more polia] CAKADKINIDAE 51 brownish-ochreous, dorsal half suftused irregularly with dark red-brown, orbicular rounder, nearly obsolete, praesubterminal black dash longer. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SW. Europe, N. Asia ; 9-4. Larva green ; dorsal and lateral lines yellow; subdorsal series of white black -circled dots; spiracular orange - yellow, blackish -edged above: on Rumex, Trifoliiihi, Car ex, etc. ; 5-7. 3. P. solidaginis, lib. 40-44 mm. Forewiugs light brown, somewhat whitish -sprinkled, veins black; base whitish; first and second lines obscui-ely whitish, dentate, second double except towards costa ; orbicidar and claviform forming two small obliquely placed whitish rings ; reniform large, Avhite, enclosing a narrow-oval fuscous ring ; subterminal line white, dentate, preceded by a series of black wedgeshaped marks. Hindwings grey, paler basally, with darker discal spot. Devon, Hants, Warwick to Ross, local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia; 8, 9. Larva dai-k purplish-brown; doi-sal line blue- grey, darker-edged ; spiracular broad, pale yellow, finely black- edged above ; a black mark on front of 2 ; head pale brown : on Vacciiihint ; 5, 6. 4. P. semibrunnea, IIw. 37-42 mm. Abdominal crests strong. Forewings narrow, liglit brown, dorsal half suftused with dark reddish-brown ; oblique orbicular, and reniform obscurely out- lined with pale ; lines very obscurely pale, dentate; subterminal more distinct, sufi'usedly edged with reddish-brown, preceded near dorsum by an elongate blackish-fuscous spot. Hindwings light grey, dai'ker terminally. England to York, rather common ; WC. Europe, Austria ; 9-4. Larva bright green, irrorated above with yellow-white ; dorsal line white ; subspiracular yellowish-white ; subdorsal and lateral series of irregular whitish marks : on ash ; 5-7. 5. P. socia, Hott. (jjetrificata, F.) 37-42 mm. Forewings light brown, mixed with whitish-ochreous ; a slender dark fuscous median dash from base ; orbicular and reniform pale, obscure ; first and second lines vexy obscure, pale, dark-edged, dentate ; median shade brown, distinct ; subterminal pale, dentate, edged with reddish-brown. Hindwings grey. England, Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 9-4. Larva pale green ; dorsal and lateral lines white ; head black : on ash, oak, and Tilia ; 5-7. 6. P. lambda, F. {Zinclcenn, Tr.) 37-42 mm. Abdominal crests very slight. Forewings grey, violet - tinged ; a dark CARADRININA [polia brown median dash fi'om base, white-edged above ; first and second lines very obscure, partly whitish, dark-edged, waved ; median shade brownish ; a blackish submedian dash join- ing first and second lines, white-edged beneath. Hindwings fuscous. Kent, Middlesex, scarce and local ; N. and NC. Euroj)e ; 9. Larva on Myrica; 5-7. 7. P. furcifera, Hufn. {conformis, F.) 40-44: nmi. Abdomen with a strong crest. Forewings grey, violet-tinged ; a black median dash from base, white-edged above ; first and second lines very obscure ; median shade brownish ; reniform reddish-tinged, with a black dash beneath it; claviform oval, blackish-edged posteriorly, connected with second line by a black dash ; sub- terminal line obscure, brown-edged anteriorly. Hindwings grey, lighter basally. Glamorgan, Moimiouth, scarce and local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 8-4. Larva greenish-brown, darker-marked, form- ing a dorsal series of diamonds ; dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines pale yellow ; above subdorsal a series of oblique black streaks : on alder and birch ; 5, G. 8. P. ornithopus, Rott. {rhizolitha, F.) 36-40 mm. Fore- wings white, irregularly mixed with light grey ; costa marked with short black strigulae ; a black furcate median dash from base ; spots edged with white, claviform posteriorly and reni- form beneath outlined with black ; lines very indistinct. Hind- wings grey, lighter basally. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. and SW. Europe ; 9-4. Larva pale blue-green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines white, edged wath dark green; spiracular yellow-whitish, indistinct : on oak ; 5-7. 9. P. areola, Esp. (lithorhim, Bkh.) 31-35 mm. Forewings brown, much mixed and suffused with white, sometimes rosy- tinged ; a black median dash from base ; first and second lines obscurely pale, waved, internally blackish -edged ; claviform oval, confluent with both orbicular and reniform, all edged with pale and outlined with blackish ; subterminal line })ale, dentate, followed by a series of short black dashes in brown spots. Hindwings light grey. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common, scarcer northwards ; W. Europe, Asia Minor ; 3, 4. Larva pale grcyish-ochreous ; dorsal line paler, double ; darker brown dorsal blotches on 8 and 9 ; 12 with small prominence: on Lonicera ; 6-8. 10. P. viminalis, F. 27-30 nmi. Antennae in c^ bipectinated. pou.v] CARADRINIDAE 53 Forewings fuscous, sometimes much suffused with whitish ; a black median dash from base, edged above with ochreous- whitish; subbasal Hue whitish, followed by a black mark in disc ; orbicular and reniform subquadrate, edged with whitish, partly outlined with black ; first and second lines obscure, sometimes connected by a black dash below middle ; sub- terminal whitish. Hindwings grey, lighter anteriorly. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia; 7. Larva whitish-gi-een ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines white, indistinct : on willow (Salix) ; 5, 6. 11. P. lichenea, Hh. 3.3-30 mm. Antennae in ^ bipectin- ated. Foi'ewings light greenish -grey ; subbasal line partly blackish - edged ; first and second obscurely pale, internall}' black-edged; second followed by a whitish or ochreous suffusion; orbicular and reniform edged with whitisli or ochreous, partly outlined with black ; claviform small, roundish, black-edged ; subterminal line whitish or pale ochreous, preceded by dark spots. Hindwings in ^ white, in 5 grey-whitish, with two grey posterior lines ; a grey discal dot. W. England to Lancashire, Kent, Sussex, York, E. Ireland, local ; WC. and SW. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva pale dull green or brownish, reticulated with darker ; spiracular line pale green ; head yellowish or yellow-brown : on Scahiosa, Senecio, Rumex, etc.; 11-5. 12. P. protea, Bl-h. 32-35 mm. Forewings light brown, mixed with olive -green and whitish; lines obscure, partly blackish-edged ; orbicular and reniform edged with whitish, claviform represented by an irregular whitish blotch confluent with orbicular, edged by a black dash beneath ; subterminal line whitish, twice dentate below middle, jjartly blackish-edged posteriorly. Hindwings whitish-grey, with dark grey subter- minal suifusion ; discal mark outlined with grey. Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, common ; C. and SW. Europe ; 9. Larva pale greyish-ochreous or greenish ; dorsal line pale yellowish, sometimes edged with dark fuscous ; spiracular brownish or yellowish ; head brownish : on oak ; 4-6. 13. P. aprilina, L. 40-48 mm. Collar edged with l)lack posteriorly. Forewings whitish-green ; lines white, waved, subbasal edged with strong black marks, first and second strongly black -edged internally, subterminal posteriorly : median line black ; orbicular and renifoi"m edged with white and outlined with black, placed on a black bar reaching second line ; claviform subquadrate, whitish, black-edged, placed above 54 CARADRmiNA [polia a similar bar. Hindwings grey, discal spot and subterminal suflFusion darker. Britain to Ross, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. Eiu'ope ; 9, 10. Larva pale greenish -ochi'eous, freckled with black, forming dorsal series of diamonds ; dorsal line pale, interrupted, black-edged ; spiracular pale, blackish-edged above : on oak ; 4-6. The larva rests by day on the oak-trunks, whose colouring it mimics. 14. P. chi, L. 31-37 mm. Forewings white sprinkled with pale brownish ; lines waved-dentate, edged with light brownish ; orbicular and reniform outlined with brownish ; claviform semi- oval, posteriorly outlined with black, more or less connected with a black mark on anterior edge of second line ; sometimes some black wedge-shaped marks before subterminal line. Hind- wings in ^ white; in 9 fuscous-whitish, with two posterior fnscous shades. Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common, scarce in sonth; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 7-9. Larva pale green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish ; spiracular broad, white, edged above with suffused dark green : on hawthorn, Rumex, Sonchus, etc. ; 4, 5. 15. P. flavicincta, F. 37-44 mm. Forewings very pale greyish-ochreous, mixed with grey and whitish, and irregularly marked with pale orange, especially on edges of spots and sub- terminal line ; spots and lines obscurely margined with grey, median shade grey. Hindwings grey-whitish, postmedian and subterminal shades grey. England, E. Ireland, common ; C. (except EC.) and SW. Europe; 8, 9. Larva pale green ; dorsal line darker; spiracular white, sometimes black-edged above : on birch, Rumex, StcUaria, etc.; 5-7. 16. P. xanthomista, Hb. {iiuirocincta, Tr.) 36-40 mm. Forewings pale grey, mixed with blackish and whitish, median area snffusedly darker ; a short median basal streak, vein 1 b, edges of spots and subterminal line marked with orange-yellow. Hindwings in $, white, in $ uniform rather dai'k grey. Cornwall, Devon, Isle of Man, local ; C. (except EC.) Europe ; S, 9. Larva brown ish-ochreous, posteriorly orange-tinged ; dorsal and spiracular lines pale ; head pale brown : on SUene, Statice, Planta(/o, etc.; 6, 7. 3. Dasypolia, Gn. Head densely I'ough-haircd ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Tongue dasypolia] CARADRINIDAE 55 short, slight. Antennae in ,^ ciliated. Thorax densely hairy, without distinct crest. Abdomen not crested. Tarsi shortly ron till -haired. Restricted to the single species ; it is probably correlated to the preceding genus. 1. D. templi, Thnh. 41-4G nun. Forewings pale ochreous, mixed with brownish and dark fuscous; subbasal, first, and second lines waved-dentate, rather dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform small, pale ; subterminal line pale, darker-edged anteriorly. Hindwings pale ochreous, fuscous-s[)rinkled, witli two posterior fuscous shades. Britain to the Shetlands, E. Ireland, local, commoner nortli- wards ; N. and mountains of C. Europe ; 10-3. Larva pinkish- ochreous, dotted with blackish ; head yellowish-brown : in roots of Heracleum ; 5-8. 4, Valeria, Germ. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae in S bipectinated to apex. Thorax with small anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen witli several crests. Tliere is a second European species, but the genus has not been identified elsewhere. 1. V. oleagina, /''. 40-42 mm. Forewings fuscous, veins more or less Ijroadly suffused with dull green; subbasal, first, and second lines partly blackisli ; orl)icular edged with white, reniform wholly white; subterminal line whitish -marked. Hindwings whitish, with fuscous postmedian line and terminal suffusion. Pemln'oke, not since ninety years ago, ■[)erhaps now extinct ; C. Europe ; 3-4. Larva witli 2-4 swollen ; ochreous, much marked with brown ; 2 anteriorly yellow-ochreous, with a series of dark fuscous dots ; spiracular line yellow-ochreous after 4 ; head brown : on blackthorn ; .5, 6. 5. MlSELTA, 0. Head rough-scaled, tufted ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae in S dentate, ciliated. Thoi'ax with slight anterior and double posterior crests, patagia dilated towards tips. Abdomen with several crests. Only the two following species are known ; tlie genus is cor- related with Polia. Forewings with veins suffused with green 1. oxyacanthae. ,, ,, not oreen . . 2. biviaculosa. 56 CARADRINIlSrA [miselia 1. M. oxyacanthae, L. 36-42 mm. Forewings rather light brown, veins and dorsum suffused with brassy-green, interrupted before subterminal line ; a black median dash from base passing- first line ; first and second lines black, second followed by a white crescent near dorsum ; spots rather pale, roundish, finely and indistinctly blackish-cdged, reniform lai-ge ; subterminal line whitish-dotted, preceded by dark fuscous dots. Hindwings fuscous, with darker angulated postmedian line. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Eui'ope, Asia Minor ; 9, 10. Larva fuscous, darker-marked, dots pale; dorsal and subdorsal lines indistinctly pale ; 12 somewhat raised, with four small tubercles ; head brown : on hawthorn and blacktliorn ; 4-G. 2. M. bimaculosa, L. 48-54 mm. Forewings pale brown much mixed witli white, veins partly black-marked ; lines waved-dentate, brown-edged ; spots i-oundish, brown-edged, reni- form lai'ge, partly suffused with white, edged beneath by a black dash ; a brown suffusion on fold above tornus. Hindwings whitish-fuscous; discal spot rather large, fuscous; a fuscous subterminal suff'usion, forming a darker spot above tornus. Gloucester, once eighty years ago, perhaps now extinct ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva brown, darker anteriorly, dots pale ; spiracular line pale, dai'k-edged above; 12 with two tubercles: on elm ; 5-6. 6. DiLOBA, B. Head rough-haired ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Tongue short, slight. Antennae in c? bipectinated to apex. Thorax with slight posterior crest. Abdomen not crested. The single species is of somewhat peculiar facies, but un- doubtedly referable here. 1. D. caeruleocephala, L. 32-.37 mm. Forewings fuscous, basal and praesubterminal spaces browner ; a short black median dash from base ; first and second lines black ; spots bi'oadly edged with bluish-white, orbicular and claviform circular, con- fluent ; subterminal line pale, terminal space often irrorated with whitish. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; discal spot and post- median line grey ; a suffused black tornal mark. Jlritain to the Clyde, L-eland, common ; Europe, Asia ISTinnr; 9. Larva blue-gre}^ ; dorsal line yellow, interrupted ; s])iracnlar yellow ; tuljcrcular dots black : on hawthorn and blacktiiorn ; 4-6. 7. ASTEROSCOPUS, B. Head rough-scaled ; eves glabrous, ciUnted. Tongue short, ASTKRORCorus] CAEADRIXIDAE 57 slig-ht. Antennae in (^ bipectinatcd to apex. Palpi densely hairy thvonghout. Thorax without distinct crest. Abdomen not crested. Anterior tibiae with strong' horny apical hook. Besides the following, a species from NE. Asia has been referred to this genus. First and second lines distinct . .1. 7iuhecuIosus. „ ,, obsolete . . .2. sjihinx. 1. A. nubeculosus, Esp. 40-45 mm. Fore wings pale brownish mixed with whitish and mvich sprinkled with black ; veins mai'ked with blackish ; first, median, and second lines dark fuscous ; reniform whitish, black-edged, enclosing two dark mai-ks ; claviform, oval, black-edged. Hindwings wliitish- fuscous, with dark fuscous discal spot and terminal dots. Perth, local ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva pale yellow-green deeper laterally ; tubercular dots pale yellow ; an oblique lateral streak on 4, and transverse streak on 12 yellow; legs more or less red : on birch ; 5, 6. The larva habitually rests with the anterior segments strongly thrown back over the body, and tlie legs outspread. 2. A. sphinx, Hufn. (cassmea, Hb) 37-40 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous, suffused with whitisli and mixed with pale brownish ; veins partly black posteriorly ; a rather long black median dash from base ; lines fuscous on costa ; subterminal dentate, whitish, edged by blackish interneural dashes. Hind- wings whitish, partly fuscous-sprinkled ; a round fuscous discal spot. England, rather common; C. Europe; 10, 11. Larva pale green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish, latter connnencing on 5; spiracular yellow-whitish, brown-edged above; 12 with slight prominence : on oak, elm, hawthorn, etc. ; 5, 6. 8. Aporophyi.a, (t>i. Face with rounded horny prominence; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae in ^ bipectinated or dentate, towards apes simple. Thorax with slight anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen not crested. Only one other European species is known. 1. Forewings with black median basal dash . 1. ausfralis. ,, without l)lack basal dash . . 2. 2. Forewings with veins pale . . 4. /»ho.w. ,, ,, not pale . . .3. 3. Posterior edge of reniform whitish-ochreous 3. nir/rir. „ ,, ,, not whitish-ochreous 2. Ixtxienta. 58 CARADRININA [aporophyla 1. A. australis, i?. 35-38 mm. Forevvings light brown, more or less sutfused with wliitish, darker along costa, veins dark fiiscons posteriorly ; a black median dash from base ; first and second lines fine, black, acntely dentate ; spots finely outlined with black, sometimes obscure, reniform with a dark spot on lower end ; a subterminal series of dark fuscous interncural marks, sometimes reaching termen. Hindwings in ^ white, in $ fuscous. Kent to Devon, Norfolk, SE. Ireland, local ; S. Eui'ope ; 8, 9. Larva yellow-green, dorsally reddish-suffused ; dorsal line pale reddish, marked with black V-shaped spots; subdoi'sal series of black marks ; spiracular pale yellowish ; head greenish, brown-speckled: on grasses and C'^c^ormm ; 10-4. 2. A. lutulenta, Bhh. 37-40 mm. Forewings rather dark fuscous, discal area dai-ker ; first and second lines and margins of spots finely darker, very obscure ; subtei'minal line obscurely darker-edged anteriorly. Hindwings in ^ white, in $ fuscous. Britain to the Orkneys, W. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 9. Larva pale green ; 2-4 dorsally rosy-suffused ; dorsal and sub- dorsal lines brownish, interrupted, commencing on 5 ; spiracular white, crimson -edged above : on Myosotis, Lithospermum, Achillea, etc. ; 10-4. 3. A. nigra, Hio. 39-42 mm. Forewings dark fuscous, costa, median area, and termen darker ; first and second lines fine, blackish, obscure, waved-dentate ; spots indistinctly margined with blackish, posterior edge of renifoi'm whitish-oclu'cous ; three or four whitish-ochreous dots on costa posteriorly. Hind- wings whitish, in $ more or less suffused with fuscous. Britain to Ross, Ireland (except S.), rather common ; C. and S. Europe ; 9, 10. Larva gTeen, yellow-brown, yellow, or dull crimson ; 2-4 often suftused with red ; dorsal and subdorsal lines usually darker, often interrupted ; spiracular paleyellowish ; spiracles white, in black marks on 5-7 : on Jiumc.r, Flantago, Galium, etc. ; 10-5. 4. A. lunosa, Hw. 31-34 mm. Forewings brown, veins ochreous - whitish ; costal edge whitish-yellowish; lines fine, whitish, subterminal edged anteriorly with small black spots or dots ; median shade dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform dai-k brown, edged with ochreous-whitish. Hindwings whitish ; a gi'ey crescentic discal spot ; a grey subterminal suftusion, some- times reduced to two or three spots. Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, rather connnon ; France, Spain; 9. Larva yellow-brown or green ; dorsal and subdorsal aporophyla] CARADRINIDAE lilies pale or whitish ; spiracular whitish, brown-edged above ; tubercular spots large, black : on grasses ; 10-4. 9. Heliophobus, B. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabi'ous, ciliated. Antennae in :$ bipectinated to apex. Thorax with small posterior crest. Abdomen not crested. llestricted to the single species. 1. H. hispidus, H-G. 31-34 mm. Forewings brown, veins in disc white, posteriorly whitish-edged ; subbasal, first, and second lines white, black-edged, median black, subterminal even, white ; orbicular and reniform pale ochreous, edged with whitish and outlined with black ; claviform outlined with black. Hind- wings in $ whitish, in 5 pale grey ; discal mark, postmedian line, and terminal suft'usion grey. Hants and Devon to Northampton and Warwick, local ; France, W. Spain ; 9. Larva yellow-green or brownish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale, darker- edged ; spiracular broad, yellowish-white; tubercular dots black : on grasses ; 10-4. 10. Orthosia, 0. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrovis, ciliated. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Thorax with or without anterior crest. Abdomen not crested. A considerable genus of nearly universal distriliution, though mainly found in temperate regions of both hemispheres. The imagos are almost all autumnal, and their yellow and ferruginous colouring is doubtless adapted to the autumn tints of falling leaves. 1. Forewings yellow or orange . . .2. ,, ochreous, brown, or grey . . 7. 4. Collar fuscous-purplish . . 5. flavctf/o. ,, yellow or orange . . . .3. 3. Hindwings with grey discal spot and line. 2. croceago. ,, without grey discal markings . . 4. 4. Forewings with median space dorsally purplish- fuscous . .1. xerampelina. ,, ,, ,, not purplish-fuscous . 5. 5. Thorax with purple dorsal streak . . 3. citrar/o. ,, without purple dorsal streak . . 6. 6. Hindwings with pui'plish subterminal sutTusion 4. aurago. ,, without purplish subterminal suffusion 6. fulvago. 60 CARADRTNINA [obthosia 7. Hindwings whitish . . . .8. grey . . . . .9. 8. Hindwings ochreous-tinged . . 7. (jilvrnjo. ,, not ochreous-tinged . . 8. ocellaris. 9. Forewings with subterminal line nearly straight . 10. ,, ,, ,, not nearly straight 11. 10. Forewings ochreous . . .13. iniacilenta. ,, gi'ey . . . . 14. lota. 11. Hindwings with termen pale reddish-ochreons 10. helvohi. grey . . .12. 12. Forewings with black costal subterminal mark 11. litura. ,, witliont such mai'k . . .13. 13. Orbicular very narrow, oblique . . \'2. pistai^lua. ,, not narrow . . . .14. 14. Reniform forming a spot and two dots . 17. sdieN/tia. ,, normal . . . . .15. 15. Forewings ochreous . .9. chrelfaru. ,, brown or grey . . . .16. IG. Subterminal line whitish . . .15. ypsi/on. „ „ hardly paler . .16. susjiecta. 1. 0. xerampelina,//?^ 31-35 mm. Forewings orange-yellow; first and second lines even, pale, lower f of median space and an oblong projection from it between obsolete orbicular and reni- form light purplish-fuscous; a light purplish-fuscous terminal fascia, not reaching costa. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, more ochreous-tinged posteriorly. Britain to Perth, N. and E. Ireland, rather local ; C. (except EC.) Europe ; 9. Larva brown-grey, darker-freckled ; dorsal line pale, irregular, darker-edged ; subdorsal and spiracular pale, dark -edged above : on ash ; 10-6. The larva rests in the crevices of the bark, which it resembles in coloui*. 2. 0. croceago, F. 31-35 mm. Palpi long. Forewings orange, mixed with ferruginous ; subbasal, first, and second lines edged with grey dots sprinkled with black ; median and sub- terminal lines grey sprinkled with black, median angulated in middle; orbicular and reniform paler-edged. Hindwings yellowish-white, slightly rosy -tinged ; discal spot and irivgular postmedian line grey. Kent and Devon to Worcester, Leicester, York, E. Ireland, local ; C. and SW. Europe ; 9-4. Larva pale orange-ochreous, darker-fi-ockled ; brown dorsal V-shaped marks on 5-12; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler, darker edged : on oak ; 5, 6. 3. 0. citrago, L. 33-35 mm. Thoi-ax witli a pui-jilc dorsal oetiiosia] CARADRINIDAE 61 streak. Forewingis yellow, sprinkled with ferruginous; veins ferruginous ; subbasal, first, median, and second lines ferru- ginous, with a few blackish scales ; orbicular and reniform outlined with ferruginous ; subterminal line pale, obscurely ferruginous-edged anteriorly. Hindwings yellow-whitish. England, lioxburgh, the Hebrides, E. Ireland, not uncom- mon ; N. and C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva brown-grey or pinkish- brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale, latter edged above with blackish marks ; spiracnlar area grey-whitish, edged above with black marks : on lime {Tilia) ; 5, 6. 4. 0. aurago, F. 31-35 mm. Forewings orange-yellow ; basal, praesubterminal, and terminal spaces light purplish ; median line ill-marked, ferruginous ; orbicular and reniform more or less marked with purple and ferruginous. Hindwings light yellowish, darker terminally ; a subterminal jjurplish suffusion. England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 9, 10. Larva brownish ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines pale greyish-ochreous ; tubercular dots pale ; head ochreous : on beech ; 5, 6. 5. 0. flavago, F. {silago, Hb.) 30-35 mm. Thorax yellow, collar fuscuus-purplish. Forewings deep yellow ; some pur- plish dots anteriorly ; a greyish-purple costal blotch towards base ; median shade greyish-purple, interrupted, followed by a purplish suffusion on lower half ; second line edged with greyish-pui'ple, followed by a greyish-purple costal blotch ; sub- terminal indicated by a row of dark grey dots. Hindwings yellow-whitish, sometimes dorsally greyish-tinged ; a faint grey postmediaii line. Britain to Caledonian Oanal, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 9, 10. Larva dull pinkish- ochreous, brown-freckled ; dorsal line pale, indistinct, darker- edged ; spiracular pale, rather broad ; plate of 2 dark brown, with three j^ale lines : in catkins (and on leaves) of Salix cajirea ; 4-6. 6. 0. fulvago, L. {cerago, F.) 33-37 mm. Forewings pale yellow ; median line and margins of first and second lines variably marked with purplish-fuscous and suffused with light ferruginous, forming blotches towards costa ; orbicular and reniform outlined with ferruginous and brown, lower end of reniform grey; subterminal line indicated by two series of dots, first blackish, second pale ferruginous. Hindwings ochreous- white. Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 8, 9. Larva pinkish-brown, darker- 62 CARADRININA [orthosia freckled ; dorsal line paler, dark-edged ; plate of 2 dark brown, with three pale lines : in catkins (and on leaves) of Salix caprea ; 4-6. 7. 0. gilvago, Esp. 31-36 mm. Forewings yellow-ochreous, brownish- tinged ; median line and margins of first and second lines marked with blackish-grey and suffused with red- brownish, somewhat blotched towards costa ; orbicular and reniform outlined with brown and blackish-grey ; subterminal line edged with blackish -grey dots. Hindwings ochreous- whitish, more ochreous posteriorly. England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva pinkish- brown ; dorsal line paler, traversing a series of dark brown V-shaped marks ; subdorsal pale, partly blackish-edged above ; spii'acular pale ; posterior dorsal dots of each segment inside the dark mark : on seeds of elm ; 5, 6. 8. 0. ocellaris, BMi. 32-37 mm. Forewings dull reddish- ochi'eous, more or less sprinkled with grey and whitish-ocfireous, sometimes mixed with yellowish or brown-reddish ; veins pale ; first and second lines pale, dark-margined, median grey, sub- terminal edged with blackish-grey dots ; orbicular and reniform edged with yellow-whitish, dark-outlined, lower end of reniform marked with a Avhite dot edged with dark grey. Hindwings whitish, dorsally fuscous-tinged. Kent, Surrey, scarce ; WC. and S. Europe, WC. Asia ; 9, 10. Larva in buds (and on leaves) of poplar; 4-6. 9. 0. circellaris, Hufn. {ferrugmea, Esp.) 34-39 mm. Fore- wings ochreous sprinkled with brown-reddish ; subbasal, first, and second lines reddish-fuscous ; median shade dark brown- red ; orbicular and reniform outlined with dark brown-red, lower end of reniform mixed with black and whitish ; subter- minal line pale, edged anteriorly with dark brown-red, and preceded and followed by faint fuscous shades. Hindwings grey, darker terminally, costa broadly whitish-ochreous. Britain to the Shetlands, L-eland, common ; C Europe ; 9, 10. Larva brown or ochrcous-brown ; dorsal line paler, traversing a series of dark brown V-shaped marks ; subdorsal pale, partly black -edged above; spiracular pale; posterior dorsal dots of each segment outside the dark mark : on seeds and buds of elm, poplar, and Salix ; 4-6. 10. 0. helvola, L. (rufina, L.) 32-37 mm. Forewings greyish-ochrcous, mixed or wholly suflfused with brown-red, with darker bands before first and beyond second line ; lines obscurely pale ; median shade dark brown-red ; orbicular and oraHOsiA] CAKADRINIDAE 63 iviiifona ubscurcly pale or pale-edged. Hiiidwiugs grey, costa and termeii whitish-ochreous ssuftused with pale reddissh. Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather conunon ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, NW. Asia; 9, 10. Larva brown, brownish-green, or ochreous-reddish ; dorsal line whitish, indistinct ; spiracular broad, white : on oak, elm, hazel, etc. ; 4-6. 11. 0. litura, L. 32-37 mm. Forewings light fuscous, sprinkled or })artly sutt'used with brown, slightly reddish- tinged ; five more or less distinct black costal marks on origin of lines ; subbasal, first, and second lines obscurely darker- edged ; median shade dark brown ; orbicular and reniform finely outlined with pale, reniform fuscous. Hind wings fuscous, darker terminally. Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common; Europe; 9, 10. Larva dull yellowish-green, darker-freckled ; dorsal and sub- dorsal lines pale, indistinct, darker-edged ; spiracular whitish- yellow, blackish-edged above; head brownish-tinged: on Ijramble {Suhm), Salix, Eumex, etc. ; 4-6. 12. 0. pistacina, F. 33-38 mm. Forewings ochreous or reddish-ochreous, sometimes brownish-tinged, veins sometimes paler; first and second lines faintly dai"k-edged, sometimes marked with black dots on costa ; orbicular and reniform darker or partly blackish, obscurely pale-edged, orbicular very narrow, oblique ; subterminal line sometimes pi'eceded by black dots. Hindwiugs grey. England to York, Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor; 9, 10. Larva green or brown, darker-freckled; dorsal line slender, whitish ; spiracular broad, whitish : on grasses, Carex, Hatmnculus, etc. ; 4-6. 13. 0. macilenta, Hb. 31-35 mm. Forewings ochreous or reddish-ochreous ; subbasal, first, and second lines indicated by black dots ; median shade indistinctly fuscous ; orbicular and reniform faintly outlined with darker, lower end of reniform usually blackish ; subterminal line almost straight, broken near costa, pale, edged anteriorly with brown or red- brown. Hindwings grey, discal spot and postmedian line obscurely darker. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common; C. Europe; 9, 10. Larva ochreous-brown, darker -freckled ; dorsal line wdiitish, distinct ; subdorsal pale or whitish ; spiracular ochreous-whitish or white, dark-edged above : on beech, oak, and hawthorn ; 4-6. 14. 0. lota, CI. 32-36 mm. Forewings grey, sometimes 64 CARADRININA [ortuosia reddish-tinged ; subbafsal, first, and second lines indicated by black dots ; median shade darker gx'ey ; orbicular and reniforni edged with whitish and outlined with brown-red, lower end of reniforni bkickish ; subterminal line nearly straight, broken near costa, grey-whitish, edged anteriorly with brown-red. Hindwings grey, darker terminally. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. and SW. Europe, Asia Minor, NW. Asia; 9, 10. Larva brown, sometimes purplish or reddish-tinged; dorsal and subdorsal lines white, interrupted, dark -edged; spiracidar broad, ochre- ous-whitish ; tubercular dots white : on Salix fraf/Uis, etc. ; 5-6. 15. 0. ypsilon, Bkh. {fissvpuncta, Hw.) 33-35 mm. Fore- wings brown more or less mixed with dark fuscous, slightly purplisli - tinged ; subbasal, first, and second lines obscurely jjale, darker-edged ; median shade darker fuscous : orbicular and reniforni outlined with whitish, connected beneath ; clavi- form outlined with darker ; subterminal line whitish. Hind- wings pale grey, darker posteriorly. Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe, WC. and NW. Asia; 7. Larva brown, sometimes reddish-tinged, blackish-marked ; dorsal line pale ; subdorsal pale, interrupted ; spiracular pale, dark-edged above : on Salix and poplar ; 5. 16. 0. suspecta, lib. 28-32 mm. Forewings grey, more or less tinged with violet-reddish ; first line darker, blackish- sprinkled, second indicated by black dots ; median shade darker ; orbicular and reniforni outlined with whitish, lower end of reniforni somewhat darker ; subterminal line faintly paler. Hindwings grey, darker terminally. Britain to Ross, local, scarce southwards ; C. Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 7. Larva purplish-])rown ; dorsal line almost white ; subdorsal series of blackish marks ; faint lateral series of whitish freckles ; subspiracular pale, greenish-tinged ; iiead ycllow-l)n)wn, black-marked: on birch and poplar; 5. 17. 0. satellitia, L. 38-45 mm. Forewings reddish-ochre- ous-browii, somewhat purplish - shining ; subbasal, first, and second lines dark brown, first straight ; median shade brown ; renifoi'm orange or clear white, forming a semi-oval spot with a dot at upper and lower extremity; subterminal line obscurely pale. Hindwings grey. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia; 10-3. Larva dark brown; dorsal and subdorsal lines sometimes somewhat paler; spiracular whitish, often reduced orthosia] CARADRINIDAE 65 to white spots on 2, 3, 6, and 12; head ochreous-brown : on oak, beech, etc., but often habitually carnivorous, feeding on other larvae of Lepidoptera ; 5, 6. 11. CONISTRA, Hb. Head rongh-haircd ; eyes glabrous, ciliated. Antennae in S ciliated. Palpi hairy throughout. Tliorax with slight anterior crest. Abdomen broad, rather flattened, not crested. A small genus of closely allied species, inhabiting tempei'ate regions of the northern hemisphere ; it is correlated with the preceding. The imagos appear in late autumn and hybernate. 1. Foi'ewings with numerous series of blackish dots 1. Tuhiijinea. ,, without such series . . .2. 2. Reniform with three black dots beneath 2. erythrocepihala. ,, without separate black dots . 3. 3. P^jrewings dark brown, apex quadrate . 3. iU/ula. ,, reddish-ochreous, apex obtuse 4. vaccinii. 1. C. rubiginea, F. 33-36 mm. Forewings ferruginous- yellowish or ferruginous-ochreous, sometimes partly tinged with ferruginous-brown ; subbasal, first, second, and subter- minal lines edged with blackish dots, and two or three additional series of blackish dots ; orbicular and reniform faintly outlined with pale, lower end of reniform blackish. Hindwings rather dark fuscous. England to York, E. and S. Ireland, local and luicommon ; N. and G. Europe ; 10-3. Larva pur})lish-brown, clothed with golden-brown hairs; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines obscurely paler, surrounded by blackish freckles ; a dorsal series of blackish spots : on Taraxacum, Rumex, apple, etc. ; 5, 6. The colouring of the imago is very suggestive of a faded elm-leaf. 2. 0. erythrocephala, F. 35-39 mm. Head light reddish- ochreous. Forewings greyish-ochreous, more or less mixed or suffused with light red-brown ; subbasal, first, second, and sub- terminal lines palei', darker-edged; orbicular and reniform paler-edged, lower end of reniform marked with two or three black dots; a reddish -brown costal praesubterminal spot. Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally. Kent to Devon, local and rare; C. Europe; 10-3. Larva fuscous ; spiracular line whitish : on Galium, Plantaf/o, etc. ; 5. 3. C. ligula, Esp. {spadicea, Hw., nee Hb.) 29-32 mm. Forewings with apex quadrate ; dark ferruginous-brown, some- F 66 CARADRININA [conistra times thinly sprinkled with grey-whitish ; first and second lines paler, darker-edged, almost obsolete ; orbicular and reniform seldom pale-edged, outlined with dai-k red-brown, lower end of reniform often blackish -grey ; subterminal line obsoletely paler, seldom light reddish-ochreous. Hindwings rather dark grey. England, common; C. and SW. Europe; 10-3. Larva yellowish-brown ; dorsal line pale, indistinct ; spiracular light pinkish-ochreous, darker-edged above ; head reddish-brown : on Lonicera, hawthorn, etc.; 5, 6. 4. C. vaccinii, L. 29-32 mm. Forewings somewhat broader than in C. lignla, apex distinctly obtuse ; ochreous, more or less mixed or suffused with brown reddish, sometimes fuscous- tinged ; lines more or less sti'ongly darker-edged, median shade darker, subterminal preceded by blackish dots ; orbicular and reniform pale-edged, lower end of reniform fuscous-purple mixed with blackish. Hindwings fuscous, with a darker sub- terminal suffusion. Britain to Ross, Ireland, very common ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, NW. Asia; 10-3. Larva pinkish-brown; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler, indistinct; subspiracular pale, greenish -tinged ; head brown, darker-marked : on elm, oak, Salix, etc.; 5, 6. Sub-Fam. 2. MELANGHRIDES. Eyes hairy. 12. Mbliana, Curt. Head loosely scaled ; eyes hairy. Antennae in S ciliated. Thorax without crest. Abdomen elongate, not crested. Tibiae with appressed scales. Only contains a single species ; like many other reed- frequenting insects, it is protectively coloured in imitation of dead reeds. 1 . M. flammea, Curt. 33-36 mm. Forewings whitish-ochrcous, partly suffused with whitish, with a few dark fuscous scales ; fine interneural lines and margins of veins fuscous ; a moi'e or less marked central longitudinal brownish suffused streak, edged above with whitish suffusion ; second line indicated by a few dark dots. Hindwings whitish, ochreous-tinged. Suffolk and Norfolk to Hmits, local, in fens ; 0. Europe ; G. Larva rather liglit brown ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged ; sub- dorsal, triple lateral, and supraspiracular pale ; subspiracular pale greyish - ochreous ; head darker - reticulated : on reed meliana] CARADRINIDAE 67 {Phragmites) ; 8, 9. The larva hides itself by day in the old reed-stems. 13. Lbucania, 0. Head rough-scaled ; eyes hairy. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Thorax with or without slight anterior crest. Abdomen not crested. A very large cosmopolitan genus, equally common every- where ; it is a development of Mdanchra, to which some of the New Zealand species give such a complete transition that a line of demai'cation can hardly be drawn. The larvae all feed on Gramineae. 1. First and second lines dark, entire . . 2. ,, ,, ,, dotted or absent . 4. 2. Hindwings brassy-whitish . . 7. vitellina. ,, not whitish . . . .3. 3. First line sharply angulated below middle 6. conigera. „ ,, not angulated below middle . 1. turca. 4. Foi'ewings with black median basal dash . 5. ,, without black basal dash . . 7. 5. Reniform forming a clear white dot . . 6. ,, not forming a white dot . 8. comma. 6. Hindwings wholly white . . 4. Loreyi. ,, with termen fuscous . 9. indrescena. 7. Forewings witli white median streak throughout 5. littoralis. „ without such streak . . 8. 8. Second line indicated by dots . . .9. ,, ,, wholly absent . . 12. inipudens. 9. Second line indicated by a series of dots . 10. ,, ,, ,, by two dots only . .13. 10. Forewings with distinct oblique aj^ical fuscous dash . . .11. unipwicta. „ without such dash . . .11. 11. Veins whitish, outlined with fuscous . 10. obsoleta. ,, not outlined with fuscous . .12. 12. Reniform curved-linear . . .2. lithargyrea. ,, dot-like . . .3. alhipuncta. 13. Hindwings with postmedian series of black marks 13. straminea. ,, without such series . . . 14. 14. Hindwings dark grey . . .14. im'pura. ,, white . . . 15. pollens. 68 CAKADRININA [lkucania 1. L. turca, L. 40-45 mm. Posterior tibiae in $ with very dense large tuft of dull reddish scales. Forewings brownish- ochreous, sufFusedly strigulated with red -brown; first and second lines dark fuscous ; reniforni linear, whitish, edged posteriorly with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey, more or less tinged with dull crimson. Britain to the Clyde, local, in woods ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva ochreous-yellow, freckled with dark grey and purplish, anteriorly purplish-suffused ; doi'sal and subdorsal lines pale ochreous, subdorsal dark-edged ; a dorsal series of dark grey marks ; head brown : on grasses ; 8-5. 2. L. lithargyrea, Esp. 35-39 mm. Abdomen in ^ beneath with large basal tuft of l)lack hairs. Forewings pale greyish- ochreous suffused with light reddish-ochreous, with a few black scales ; first and second lines indicated by series of black dots ; reniform curved-linear, obscurely whitish, lower end clear white. Hindwings grey, terminally darker. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor, Syria; 6, 7. Larva pinkish -ochreous; dorsal line white, blackish - edged ; subdorsal whitish, edged above with dark fuscous ; supraspiracular sometimes paler : on grasses ; 9-5. 3. L. albipuncta, F. 29-34 hub. Abdomen in $ bencatli with large basal tuft of black hairs. Forewings greyish- ochreous suffused with light brown -reddish, partly fuscous- tinged, somewhat sprinkled with blackish ; first and second lines faintly pale, internally grey-edged, second followed by indistinct blackish dots ; reniform forming a conspicuous clear white dot. Hindwings light fuscous or whitish-fuscous, terminally dai'kcr. Kent to Devon, scarce, perhaps a recent immigi'ant ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor; 8, 9. Larva pale groyish-ochreous, brownish-freckled; dorsal line pale, brown -edged; subdorsal pale, edged above with blackish, below with brown ; lateral pale ; spiracular whitish ; head ochreous, reticulated with brown: on grasses ; 11-6. 4. L. Loreyi, Dwp. 37-39 mm. Abdomen in $ beneath with basal tuft of fuscous scales on each side. Forewings pale brownish-oclu'cous, more whitish costally ; an indistinct median dash of black scales from base, nearly reaching a black dot at \ ; reniform forming a clear white dot ; second line represented by a series of black dots ; an oblique fuscous subapical suffusion. Hindwings white. Sussex, a rare immigrant only; S. Europe, S. Asia, Afi'ica, S. America : 7 leucania] CARADRINIDAE 69 5. L. littoralis, Curt. 33-36 mm. Alidomcn in ^ beneath witli large basal tuft of black hairs. Forewings pale brownish- ochreous, costally whitish-ochreous, some veins white posteriorly; a narrow clear white median longitudinal streak from base to termen, edged with dark fuscous scales except posteriorly. Hindwings white. Britain to Forfar, E. Ireland, on coasts, local ; N. France, N. Germany; 6, 7. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous, grey, or greenish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines white, dark-edged ; lateral sometimes white ; spiracular pale or whitish ; head pale brown; on Ammophiia arundinacea ; 8-5. (X. l-alhum, L., a pale bi'ownish-ochreous species with clear white hooked median discal dash, and blackish interneural dashes posteriorly, and with large black basal tuft of abdomen in $, is said to have occurred in Kent, but the authenticity of the record is doubtful ; it is common in C. and S. Europe.) 6. L. conigera, F. 29-35 mm. Forewings yellow-ochreous, sufFusedly sprinkled with reddish-ochreous or brownish ; first and second lines dark fuscous, first sharply angulated below middle ; orbicular small, pale ; reniform pale, narrow, sur- rounded by a darker suffusion, lower end forming a small subtriangular clear white spot ; a somewhat darker terminal fascia. Hindwings light yellowish-fuscous, darker terminally. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and 0. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7. Larva ochreous or brownish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale yellow or greyish, black-edged ; lateral pale yellow or greyish, sometimes black-edged ; subspiracular blackish ; head brownish, black-marked : on grasses ; 9-5. 7. L. vitellina, Hb. 33-38 mm. Forewings pale yellow- ochreous, sprinkled with pale brown-reddish ; first and second lines light brown-reddish, first dentate, second waved, much approximated doi'sally ; orbicular and reniform light brown- reddish, orbicular very small, lower end of reniform with a blackish dot; subterminal line brown -reddish, not reaching costa. Hindwings brassy-whitish. Sussex to Devon, scarce, perhaps a recent immigrant ; WC. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 8, 9. Larva pale reddish -brown; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines whitish, brown-edged ; subspiracular pale ; head reddish-brown, reticu- lated with black : on grasses ; 10-5. 8. L. comma, L. 33-35 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous, beneath costa black-sprinkled, veins whitish, suffusedly out- 70 CARADRININA [leucania lined with fuscous ; a black median streak from base to near middle ; reniform represented by a small whitish transverse mark ; some black interneural streaks posteriorly. Hindwings grey, anteriorly whitish-suftused. Britain to Perth, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva varying from greyish-ochreous to reddish-brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale or whitish, edged with dark brown, with a brown line between them ; lateral and spiracular pale ochreous, separated by a dark brown space ; head brown, blackish-marked : on grasses ; 8-4. 9. L. putrescens, Hh. 29-32 mm. Forewings whitish-ochre- ous, beneath costa black -sprinkled, veins obscurely whitish, sufFusedly outlined with light purplish-fuscous ; a slender black median dash from base ; disc and a very irregular dentate ter- minal fascia purplish-fuscovxs ; reniform forming a clear white dot ; second line represented by a series of black dots. Hind- wings white, termen fuscous. Dorset and Devon to Caermarthen, local, on coast ; W. and S. France, Spain ; 7, 8. Larva greyish-ochreous to reddish- brown ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged, on 2-4 almost white; subdorsal and lateral whitish, dark-edged, separated by a more ochreous-brown space ; spiracular brown ; subspiracular pale ; head grey, darker-marked : on grasses ; 10-2. 10. L. obsoleta, Hb. 35-38 mm. Forewings pale brownish- ochreous, more brownish in disc, with brown interneural lines ; veins whitish, outlined with fuscous ; reniform forming a clear white dot ; second line represented by a series of black dots. Hind- wings whitish, posteriorly suffused with fuscous, veins fuscous. Kent to Bucks, Norfolk, Cheshire, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva pale greyish-ochi-eous, sometimes reddish or greenish-tinged ; dorsal line pale, edged with green ; subdorsal pale or whitish, dark-edged ; lateral whitish ; spiracular darker or green ; head marked with brown : on reed [Phragmites) : 8, 9. The larva hides by day in the reedstems. 11. L. unipuncta, Hw. (extranea, Gn.) 33-42 mm. Fore- wings ochreous or pale ochreous, somewhat reddish -tinged, more or less strigulated with fuscous, sprinkled with black ; orbicular and reniform sometimes paler, lower end of renifoi'm forming a small whitish dot ; second line indicated by a series of blackish dots ; an oblique apical fuscous dash. Hindwings pale fuscous, darker posteriorly. Kent to Cornwall, Suffolk, a rare immigrant only; Madeira, S. Asia, N. America, Australia, New Zealand ; 8, 9. leucania] CARADRINIDAE 71 12. L. impudens, Hb. {pudorina, Hb.) 35-40 mm. Fore- wings whitish-ochreous, tinged with pale rosy, sprinkled with blackish, veins pale ; three or four grey interneural streaks pos- teriorly. Hind wings grey, slightly rosy-tinged. England to York, S. Ireland, local; C. Europe, N. Asia; 7. Larva pale ochreous-brown ; doi-sal line pale, blackish-edged ; a dark line below this ; subdorsal pale or whitish, blackish- edged, strongly above ; lateral dark-edged ; spiracular fuscous ; head pale brown, darker-marked : on reed (Phnu/mifes) and grasses ; 9-4. 13. L. straminea, Tr. 31-37 imii. Forewings whitish- ochreous, with a few black scales ; veins whitish, outlined with pale rosy-brownish ; fine pale rosy-brownish interneural lines ; a dai'ker suflusion beneath median vein ; a small black dot representing reniform ; second line indicated by two black dots. Hindwings grey -whitish, whiter towards costa, with postmedian series of ill-defined blackish marks. Kent to Somerset and Norfolk, local ; NO. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva brownish-ochreous, grey-freckled ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines tine, pale, edged with dark grey ; subspiracular pale ochreous ; head brownish-ochreous : on reed {Phraginites) and grasses ; 9-5. 14. L. impura, Hb. 30-37 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous, with a few black scales ; veins pale, outlined with light reddish- brown ; light reddish-brown interneural lines; a darker suf- fusion beneath median vein ; a black dot representing reniform ; second line usually indicated by two black dots. Hindwings dark grey. Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, very common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva pale greyisli-ochreous, sometimes reddish- tinged ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines whitish, edged with dark brown, subdorsal more strongly above ; spiracular brown or dark bi'own ; head pale brownish, darker- marked : on grasses ; 9-5. 15. L. pallens, L. 31-35 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous, veins pale, outlined with rosy-ochreous ; rosy-ochreous inter- neural lines ; a minute black dot representing reniform ; second line indicated by two minute black dots. Hindwings white, more or less tinged with ochreous or grey posteriorly. Britain to Ross, Ireland, abundant ; N. and (J. Europe, Asia Minor, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva ochreous or greyish- ochreous ; dorsal line whitish, edged with dark grey, followed by a brownish shade ; subdorsal whitish, edged above strongly 72 OARADRININA [leucania with grey, Ijcneath with brown ; lateral and subspiraciilar pale ochreous ; spiracular grey ; head brown-marked : on grasses ; 9-5. 14. MONIMA, Hb. Head rough -haired ; eyes hairy. Antennae in ^ bipecti- nated or acutely bidentate, towards apex simple, basal joint with hairtuft. Thorax without distinct crest. Abdomen not crested. A genus of rather few species, occurring throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, more commonly in America. The imagos all appear in early spring. 1. Antennae in S bidentate . . . .2. ,, bipectinated . . .4. 2. Hindwings with postmedian series of elongate dots 3. gracilis. ,, without series of dots . . .3. 3. Lower half of I'eniform blackish . . 1. incerta. ,, ,, not blackish . 2. opima. 4. Discal cell black round orbicular . . 9. gothica. ,, not black . . . .5. 5. Hindwings white . . . .6. miniosa. ,, not white . . . .6. 6. Subterminal line conspicuously pale . . 7. ,, ,, hardly paler . . .8. 7. Subterminal line preceded by two small dark marks 5. populeti. „ ,, not preceded by two dark marks 4. stabilis. 8. Subterminal line preceded by two l)lack spots 8. munda. „ ,, not preceded by two black spots 7. pulverulenta. 1. M. incerta, Hufn. (instabilis, Esp.) 34-37 mm. Antennae in S bidentate. Forewings dark purplish-grey, sometimes much mixed with light grey or suffused with ferruginous- brown ; first and second lines usually indistinct, median shade darker ; orbicular and reniform finely outlined with pale, reni- form with lower half blackish ; subterminal line grey-whitish, slightly irregular. Hindwings whitish-grey or grey, darker l)Osteriorly ; a darker discal crescent. Britain to Ross, Ireland, very common ; N. and (J. l<'.ui-()pe, N. Asia ; 4. Larva green, with numerous yellowish or whitish dots ; dorsal and spiracular lines pale yellow or w hitish ; sub- monima] CARADRINIDAE 73 dorsal formed of pale dots ; head green : on oak, poplar, haw- thorn, etc. ; 5-7. 2. M. opima, Hh. 34-37 mm. Antennae in $ bidentate. Forewings grey, brownish-tinged, median area darker and more brownish ; first and second lines brown, indistinct ; median shade suffused, brown ; orbicular and reniform outlined with pale ; subterminal line ochreous-whitish, nearly straight, an- teriorly dark-edged. Hindwings fuscous or whitish-fuscous. Sussex, W. and N. England from Somerset, S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva dull olive-green to red-brown, darker-freckled ; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler ; spiracular yellow or yellowish-green, dai'k-margined above ; head brownish : on Salix and rose ; 5, 6. 3. M. gracilis, F. 35-40 nuu. Antennae in ^ bidentate. Forewings light grey, moi-e or less suffused with light reddish- ochreous, especially in disc, with some black scales; first and second lines i;sually faintly dai'kei-, marked with black dots ; orbicular and reniform outlined with pale, lower end of reniform darker; subterminal line pale reddish-ochreous, nearly straight. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, basally winter; discal spot and a postmedian series of elongate dots dark fuscous. Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ; 4, 5. Larva dull-green or pinkish-brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler ; spiracular pale greenish or seldom pinkish, edged above with dark grey or blackish ; head pale brown or greenish : on Salix, Garduus, Lysimachia, etc. ; 5-7. 4. M. stabilis, F^>»^ 31-35 mm. Antennae in (;^ bipectinated. Forewings light greyish-ochreous, sprinkled or suffused with grey, sometimes suffused with light reddish-ochreous, veins posteriorly pale ; first and second lines faintly darker ; median shade darker grey ; orbicular and reniform outlined with pale, sometimes touching, reniform usually darker ; subterminal line ochreous- whitish, nearly straight. Hindwings grey. Britain to Ross, Ireland, abundant ; C. and S. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva green, with numerous yellow-whitish dots ; dorsal, sub- dorsal, and spiracular lines yellow-whitish, sometimes very indistinct ; anterior edge of 2 and posterior of 12 yellow-whitish ; head green, sometimes black -dotted : on elm, oak, Salix, etc. ; 5-7. 5. M. populeti, Tr. 33-35 mm. Antennae in c^bipectinated. Forewings brown-grey, slightly purplish-tinged ; first, median, and second lines somewhat darker, especially on costa ; orbicular and reniform darker, outlined with pale ; subterminal line pale 74 CARADRININA [monima greyish-ochreous, edged anteriorly in middle with two small red-brown or black marks. Hindwings grey. England, E. and S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva pale green or greenish-whitish ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines whitish ; head pale greenish-ochreous, more or less black- marked : between joined leaves of poplar and aspen ; 5-6. 6. M. miniosa, F. 31-35 mm. Antennae in $ bipectinated. Forewings pale greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with pale reddish and black, and much suffused with ferruginous-ochreous, especially on median area ; first and second lines darker ; orbicular and reniform darker, outlined with pale ; subterminal line hardly paler, edged with darker marks anteriorly. Hind- wings white, rosy-tinged ; discal dot and postmedian line grey. England, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva blue- grey to light pinkish-brown, reticulated with black ; dorsal line yellow, irregular, edged by a row of black spots, followed by another of black dots ; subdorsal yellow, sometimes obsolete ; spiracular broad, yellow, black-dotted, edged above with black spots ; head black-marked : on oak, hawthorn, I'ose, etc. ; 5, 6. 7. M. pulverulenta, Esj:). {cruda, Tr.) 26-29 mm. Antennae in $ bipectinated. Forewings pale greyish-ochreous, more or less mixed with light ferruginous-ochreous, sprinkled with black and sometimes strigulated with grey ; subbasal, first, and second lines indicated by indistinct blackish dots ; orbicular and reniform grey, outlined with pale, lower end of reniform darker; subterminal line obscurely paler. Hindwings grey. Britain to Perth, Ii-eland, vei'y common ; C. and S. Elurope ; 3, 4. Larva green or brown, with pale yellowish dots ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale yellow or whitish ; spiracular yellow, often spotted with reddish ; posterior edge of 12 pale yellowish or whitish ; head sometimes marked with white or black : on oak, hawthorn, Salix, etc. ; 5, 6. 8. M. munda, ^s/5. 38-41 mm. Antennae in c? bipectinated. Forewings pale brownish-ochreous, thinly sprinkled with black, somewhat mixed with light ochreous-brown, faintly reddish- tinged ; a black median subbasal dot ; first, median, and second lines sometimes darker ; orbicular and reniform outlined with pale, lower end of reniform reddish-grey ; subterminal hardly paler, edged anteriorly in middle by two conspicuous black spots, and at extremities with red -brown or blackish. Hind- wings fuscous. Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, local ; (I Europe ; 3, 4. Larva pale ochreous, much marked with brown ; tubercular dots white; monima] CARADRINIDAE 75 dorsal line pale, brown-edged ; spiracular pale, marked with white on 4-7 or part of them, edged above with a dark brown or blackish stripe; posterior edge of 12 pale, preceded by dark spots ; head marked with brown or black : on oak, birch, poplar, etc. ; 5, 6. 9. M. gothica, L. 31-35 mm. Antennae in ^ bipectinated. Forewings purple-reddish-brown, more or less mixed with grey, darkest in disc; subbasal line partly blackish -edged ; first and second lines pale, dark-edged ; orbicular and reniform outlined with pale, discal cell black from first line to reniform ; a blackish submedian dash before second line ; subterminal line pale or yellowish, darker-edged anteriorly. Hindwings grey. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; 4, 5. Larva light green, with numerous pale yellowish dots ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale yellowish or whitish ; spiracular very broad, whitish, dark-edged above ; head light green : on oak, Salix, hawthorn, etc. ; 5-7. 15. Charabas, Stph. Head rough-scaled ; eyes hairy. Anteimae in ^ bipectinated, towards apex simple. Thorax without distinct crest. Abdomen not crested. Includes the following species only : — 1. C. graminis, Z. 29-37 mm. Forewings brown or brownish- ochreous, disc darker or mixed with dark fuscous; median vein white in disc to beyond origin of branches, more broadly posteriorly ; spots pale ochreous ; subterminal line indicated by posterior series of dark fuscous spots or suifusions. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, in dry open gi*assy places, common, sometimes abundant; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7-9. Larva much wrinkled, gi'eenish-ochreous to dark bronzy-brown ; dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, and subspiracular lines pale, blackish-edged; head brownish, dark -marked : on grasses ; 4-6. The larva sometimes appears in exceptional pro- fusion, and is then natui'ally very destructive. 16. Neuronia, Hh. Head rough-scaled ; eyes hairy. Tongue short, slight. Antennae in ,^ bipectinated to apex. Thorax with slight anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen slightly crested near base. Also restricted to a single species ; it is a development of Melanchra, and approaches nearest M. cespitis. 76 CARADRININA [neuronia 1. N. popularis, F. 36-41 mm. Forewings brown, veins whitish ; first and second lines edged with dark fuscous ; spots outlined with dark fuscous, orbicular and reniform edged with whitish ; subterminal line whitish, preceded by dark fuscous spots. Hind wings whitish -fuscous, with fuscous subterminal suffusion. Britain to Perth, Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 8, 9. Larva bronzy-brown ; dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, and subspiracular lines pale ochreous, blackish-edged ; head brownish, blackish-marked : on grasses ; 4-6. 17. Panolis, m. Head rough-haired ; eyes hairy. Antennae in ^ dentate, ciliated. Palpi very short, clothed with long rough hairs. Thorax without distinct crest. Abdomen not crested. The single species is a development of Melanchra. 1. P. piniperda, Panz. 31-35 mm. Forewings light reddish, disc more ochreous-tinged, veins mixed with dark grey and white; subbasal, first, and second lines deeper red • orbicular white, sending a projection along median vein ; reniform bent, edged with white ; subterminal line indicated by darker mai-gin. Hindwings dark grey, reddish-tinged. Britain to Ross, E. and W. Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe ; 4. Larva varying from deep green to pale bi'own, with scattered black dots ; dorsal line white ; subdorsal white, sometimes double, black-edged ; spiracular white, edged beneath with orange or yellow ; lieacl brownish : on Ptntis si/lvestris ; 6, 7. IS. Harmodia, Jib. Head rough-scaled ; eyes hairy. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Thorax witli more or less developed anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen more or less crested, in $ acutely pointed. A chiiracteristically Eui'opean genus of about thirty species, of which the larvae appear all to feed on Caryophyllaccae {Silene and its allies), usually in the seed-vessels. 1. Forewings with white space beneath orbicular . 2 ,, without white space beneath orliicular 4. 2. Lower half of median area wholly white . 3. co)npflackish marks. Hindwings light fnscous, posteriorly darker. Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor, NW. Asia; 6, 7. Larva pale greyish-ochreous or brownish- ochreous ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines pale ; head light brown, darker-marked : in seed-capsules of Silene injlata and aS'. viaritima : 7, 8. 8. H. capsincola, Bb. 33 - 37 mm. Forewings brown, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; subbasal, lirst, and second lines lilackish-edged ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reni- form edged with whitish, claviform broad, suftused w'ith dark fuscous; subterminal line whitish, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous marks; a terminal series of blackish mai-ks. Hind- wings pale fuscous, posteriorly darker. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common; Europe, NW. Asia ; 6, 8. Larva light brownish-ochreous, brown-sprinkled ; dorsal line pale, indistinct, traversing a series of dark V-shaped marks ; head darker-marked : in seed-capsules of Silene and Li/chnis : 7-9. 9. H. cucubali, Fuesl. 31-35 mm. Forewings brown, veins suffused with pale purplish; subbasal line ochreous- whitish, black-edged ; first and second lines pale purplish, blackish- edged ; spots outlined with blackish, orbicular and reniform edged with pale yellowish, touching at lower angle, claviform broad, suffused with dark brown ; subtei-minal line pale yellowish, sutfusedly edged with blackish ; a terminal series of blackish marks. Hindwings light fuscous, posteriorly darker. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6. Larva greenish-grey, orange-tinged, with numerous white dots ; dorsal line brown ; subdorsal series of oblique brown marks ; head dark-marked : in seed-capsules of Silene and Lychnis ; 7, 8. 19. Melanchra, lib. Head rough-scaled ; eyes hairy. Antennae in S ciliated, or sometimes bipectinated with apex simple. Thorax with more or less developed anterior and posterior crests. Al)domen more or less crested, in $ obtuse. Anterior tibiae rarely with apical hook. A large genus of very general distribution, but much commoner in temperate regions of both hemispheres. 80 CARADRININA [melanchra Anterior tibiae with apical hook . ,, ,, without apical hook Hindwings orange-yellow . ,, not yellow Forewnngs ferruginous-red dark grey Antennae in ^ bipectinated ,, ,, not bipectinated . Hindwings white . ,, light fuscous . Hindwings white . ,, not white Forewings with black median basal dash 19. hrassicae. . 2. . 3. . 4. 22. myrtiUi. 23. cordigera. . 5. 6. 1. cespitis. 15. hucophaea. . 7. . 8. 8. conspicillaris. . 24. vielanopa. . 9. . 10. 14. p)isi. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. ,, without such dash Claviform obsolete ,, distinct Subterminal line strong, yellowish, irregular ,, ,, fine, white, with median teeth 13 Claviform followed by a black dash ,, not followed by a black dash Forewings with black median basal dash ,, without such dash Orbicular edged with whitish ,, not edged with whitish Orbicular connected with tornus by pale suffusion 9. rontiyua ,, without such connection Subterminal line forming pale dots ,, ,, entire Reniform almost wholly white ,, at most white-marked . Edges of spots mixed with orange ,, ,, not mixed with orange Foi'ewings white . ,, not white Orbicular and claviform connected poster pale spot oleracea. . 11. . 14. . 12. 7. glauca. . 31. 10. genistae. 11. tJialassina. . 15. . 17. 20. persicariae. . IG. 4. cJirysozona. 21. alhicolon. 3. Serena. . 18. iorh^ by 6. dentina. ,, ,, ,, not so connected . 19. Forewings with dark praesubtcrminal spot above tornus .... 20. „ without sucli spot . . . 22. melanchra] CARADRINIDAE 81 20. Spots outlined with brown . .17. advena. „ black . . .21. 21. Forewings with conspicuous bhack median prae- subterminal spot . . IG. tincta. „ without such spot . .18. nehulosa. 22. Forewings witli black median basal dash . 12. dissimilis. „ without such dash . . . 23. 23. Forewings with veins conspicuously pale . 2. retictdata. „ „ „ not conspicuously pale 5. trifolii. 1. M. cespitis, F. 31-37 mm. Antennae in $ shortly bi- pectinated. Forewings rather dark fuscous ; first and second lines obscurely pale, internally black-edged ; spots finely out- lined with blackish, orbicular and reniform edged with fuscous- whitish ; subterminal line fuscous-whitish. Hindwings white, postmedian line and termen sometimes fuscous. Britain to Ross, N. and E. Ireland, local, scarce in Scotland ; C. Europe ; 8. Larva bronzy olive-brown ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines whitish, dark-edged ; lateral hardly paler, dark-edged ; head brownish : on grasses ; 4-6. 2. M. reticulata, Vill. {saponariae, Bkh.) 37-42 mm. Fore- wings l)rown, veins whitish-ochreous except before subterminal line, with darker interneural marks ; subbasal, first, second, and subterminal lines whitish-ochreous ; spots outlined with dark fuscous, orbicular and reniform edged with whitish-ochreous. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, with fuscous terminal suffusion. England to York, not conunon ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva light greenish-ochreous or pinkish-ochreous, darker-freckled ; dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines faintly paler ; head light brownish : on Silene, Riimex, Primula, etc. ; 8-4. 3. M. Serena, F. 29-33 mm. Forewings white, median area grey ; subbasal line edged with black ; first and second lines edged internally with black, externally with grey ; median line black ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform edged with white ; subterminal line edged by some black marks, terminal space grey. Hindwings liglit grey, with dark posterior suffusion. Britain to Forfar, E. and W. Ireland, rather common ; (J. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 6, 7. Larva dull yellowish-green, with dark grey iiToration forming obscure blotches ; spiracular line yellower, well-marked ; head greenish- ochreous : on flowers of Sonchus and Lactuca ; 7, 8. 4. M. chrysozona, Bkh. {dysodea, Hb.) 30-33 mm. Foi-e- G 82 CARADRININA [melanchra wings whitish ii-rorated with grey, median area suffused witli grey and partly mixed with orange ; subbasal line whitish, edged anteriorly with black mixed with orange ; first and second lines whitish, edged internally with blackish ; spots out- lined with black mixed with orange ; subterminal line formed of orange spots, preceded by some black scales. Hindwings pale grey, with darker posterior suifusion. S. England to Worcester and Norfolk, local ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7. Larva pale dull green, or yellowish freckled with brown ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged ; lateral dark, indistinct ; spiracles black ; head ochreous-brown or dull greenish : on flowers of Sonchus and Lactuca ; 7, 8. 5. M. trifolii, Rott. {chenopodii, F.) 34-37 mm. Forewings greyish-ochreous sprinkled with grey ; subbasal, first, and second lines hardly paler, darker-edged ; median line darker ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform edged with pale, reniform with a grey inner ring ; subterminal line obscurely pale, with two strong teeth below middle. Hind- wings whitish-fuscous, with fuscous terminal band. England to York, common ; Europe, N. Africa, N. and C. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva green, black-freckled ; dorsal line pale; subdorsal pinkish-white or yellowish-white, edged above with black marks ; spiracular pink edged with white, marked above with black ; head greenish : on Chenopodium and Atripilex ; 7-9. 6. M. dentina, Esp. 31-35 mm. Forewings light ochreous- grey, median area mostly suffused with bi'own or dai'k fuscous ; subbasal line pale, black-edged ; an indistinct orange dorsal suffusion beyond this ; first and second lines pale, internally blackish-edged ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reni- form pale-edged, an irregular angular pale or whitish spot limiting orbicular beneath and claviform posteriorly ; subter- minal line whitish, partly black-edged, with two moderate submedian teeth. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva light brown-grey ; a dorsal series of connected blackish spots, edged with white ; spiracular line darker; lateral and subspiracular less marked : on roots of Taraxacum ; 5. 7. M. glauca, Hb. 31-37 mm. Forewings ashy-fuscous mixed with ashy - whitish ; subbasal, first, and second lines pale, blackish - edged ; spots outlined with blackisli, orbicular and reniform suffused with ashy-whitish, claviform roundish, suf- melanchra] CARADRINIDAE 83 fused with whitish-ochreous, emitting a black dash posteriorly ; subtei'minal line whitish-ochreous, edged anteriorly with blackish, with two moderate median teeth. Hindwings fuscous. Britain from Norfolk and Worcester to the Orkneys, N. and E. Ireland, common, scarcer southwards ; N. and C. Europe ; 6. Larva brown, darker-freckled ; dorsal line narrow, darker ; subdorsal series of oblique dark and light markings; spiracxilar whitish ; head pale brown, darker-freckled : on Salix, Tussilago, etc.; 7, 8. 8. M. conspicillaris, L. 33-41 mm. Forewings variably mixed with fuscous, dark fuscous, and whitish, dorsal area usually pale, veins posteriorly black ; markings in dai'k speci- mens obscured ; a black median dash from base ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform usually pale-edged ; median shade sometimes darker ; subterminal line suffusedly pale. Hindwings white, termen and veins fuscous. Kent to Suffolk and Worcester, local and uncommon ; C. Europe, WC. Asia; 4-6. Larva greenish-ochreous, freckled with fuscous, forming darker dorsal blotches ; dorsal and sub- dorsal lines obscurely dark- edged ; spiracular pale reddish- ochreous, dark - edged above ; head pale pinkish - ochreous, blackish-marked : on Lotus, Polygonum, etc. ; 6-8. 9. M. contigua, Vill. 34-38 nun. Forewings pale fuscous, mixed with whitish and reddish-fuscous ; a black median dash from base, surmounted by a pale ochreous-tinged blotch ; first and second lines pale, darker-edged; spots outlined with blackish, orbicular edged with whitish, claviform emitting a black dash postei'iorly ; a pale suffusion extending from orbicular to tornus ; subterminal line white, with two strong median teeth preceded by blackish wedges. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia; 6, 7. Larva dull yellowish-green, above suffused with orange-ochreous and freckled with brown-reddish, fomiing doi-sal series of V-shaped marks ; spiracular brown-reddish : on oak, birch, Solidago, etc. ; 8, 9. 10. M. genistae, Bkh. {iv-latinum, Bkh.) 39-43 mm. Fore- wings pale brown, i-eddish-tingcd, partly whitish-sprinkled ; a Ijlack median dash from base, surmounted by a pale ochreous- tinged suffusion ; first and second lines pale, partly black-edged internally ; spots partly outlined with black, claviform darker and traversed by a l)lack dash reaching second line ; subter- minal line yellow-whitish, with two strong median teeth tra- versed by blackish dashes. Hindwings light fuscous. 84 CARADRININA [melanchra England to York, Renfrew, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dull brown, sometimes greenish or purplish - tinged ; dorsal and subdorsal lines dark-edged, indistinct ; dorsal series of darker diamonds and wedges ; head black-marked : on Genista, Polygonum, SteUaria, etc. ; 7-9. 11. M. thalassina, Rott. 36-43 mm. Forewings reddish- brown, partly sprinkled with whitish and whitish-ochreous ; a black median dash from base, surmounted by a whitish-ochreous suffusion ; lines ochrcous-whitish, partly black-edged internally ; spots partly outlined with black, orbicular sufFusedly edged with whitish-ochi'coiis, claviform emitting a black dash posteriorly ; subterminal line yellow-whitish, with two strong median teeth preceded by blackish wedges. Hindwings light grey, posteriorly darker, with distinct darker discal crescent. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva pale pinkish-brown, freckled with dark brown ; a double dorsal series of oblique darker marks ; dorsal line indistinct ; spiracular pale, edged above with white or black, or wholly black : on birch, Lonicera, Polygonum., etc. ; 7, 8. 12. M. dissimilis, Kn. (suasa, Bkh.) 34-41 mm. Forewings reddish-grey ; a black median dash fi'om base ; first and second lines obscurely pale or grey-whitish ; spots partly finely outlined with black, orbicular and reniform obscurely pale-edged ; sub- terminal line fine, whitish, with two strong median teeth. Hindwings pale fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia; 6. Larva green or brown, white-dotted, freckled with dark grey ; dorsal and svibdorsal lines darkei", variable ; spiracular yellow-oclu-eous, edged above with brown or black, below with light reddish : on Rumex, Chenopodium, Plantago, etc. ; 7, 8. 13. M. oleracea, L. 3.5-40 mm. Forewings pui-ple-reddish- brown, somewhat whitish-sprinkled ; first and second lines very faint ; median shade somewhat dai'ker, angulated ; orbicular and reniform usually edged with whitish, reniform including a suffused yellow-ochreous or whitish-yellow spot ; subterminal line fine, white, with two sharp median teeth. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, with fuscous discal crescent and posterior suffusion. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; Europe, Asia Minor; 6. Larva green or brown, white-dotted ; ordinary dots black ; spiracular line yellow, edged above with dai'k grey ; on Urtira, Rumex, elm, Brassica, etc. ; 7-9. mrlanchra] CARADRINIDAE 85 14. M. pisi, L. 35-39 mm. Forewings purple-reddish, mixed witli ferruginous-ochreoiis ; first and second lines hardly paler, darker-edged; median shade darker; orbicular and reniform partly outlined with ferruginous-brown, hardly pale-edged ; subterminal line strong, whitish-yellow, irregular, rather dilated and angulated near tornus, pax'tly ferruginous-edged anteriorly. Hindwings pale fuscous, suffused with whitish-ochi-eous anter- iorly, with fuscous subterminal suffusion. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6. Larva green or pui'ple-brown, black-dotted ; subdorsal line yellow, black-edged ; spiracular yellow or pale greenish, black- edged above ; head pale green or pinkish-ochreous ; legs some- times rosy : on Pteris, Gytisus, Scabiosa, etc. ; 8-10. 15. M. leucophaea. View. 37-41 mm. Antennae in (^ bipec- tinated. Forewings light brown, partly sprinkled with white, basally suffused with light ochreous ; a short black median basal dash joining black edge of whitish subbasal line ; first and second lines pale, internally black-edged ; median shade suf- fusedly dark fuscous; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform edged with white ; subterminal line whitish, preceded by dark fuscous wedges, with two moderate median teeth. Hind- wings light fuscous, with darker discal crescent. Kent, Surrey, local and scarce ; C. and SE. Europe, NW. Asia ; 5-7. Larva ochreous or brownish-ochreous ; dorsal line pale, traversing a double series of oblique blackish marks; sub- dorsal indistinct ; spiracular pale, edged with blackish marks above : on grasses ; 6-4. 16. M. tincta, 3rh. 42-50 mm. Forewings light fuscous, partly crimson-tinged, much suffused with greenish - whitish ; first and second lines pale, darker-edged ; median line fuscous ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform edged with whitish ; suV)terminal line whitish, brown-edged, strongly edged anteriorly with reddish-black in middle and towards tornus. Hindwings light fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to Sutherland, local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva pale reddish-brown, finely freckled with black and white; dorsal line slender, whitish, blackish-edged ; head brown : on bircli, Vaccmium, grasses, etc.; 9-5. 17. M. advena, F. 41-48 mm. Forewings light brown, rosy-tinged in disc, somewhat whitish - sprinkled ; a fine dark brown median basal dash joining edge of subbasal line ; first and second lines obscurely pale, darker-edged ; spots outlined with brown, orbicular and reniform pale-edged, posterior edge CARADRININA [melanchra of reniform whitish ; subterminal line obscurely pale, anteriorly brown - edged, more strongly in middle and towards tornus. Hindwings light ochreous- fuscous, with darker terminal suf- fusion. Britain to Perth, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva pale brown, sides darker, freckled with grey ; dorsal line pale, brown-edged ; spiracles bright red-brown, black-edged : on Sonchus, Achi/lta, Polygonum, etc. ; 8-4. 18. M. nebulosa, Hufn. 45-54 mm. Forewings light grey, sometimes ochreous-tinged, suffusedly sprinkled with white ; subbasal, first, and second lines whitish, blackish-edged, sub- basal connected with base in middle ; median line blackish, distinct on upper half; spots outlined with black, whitish- edged ; subterminal line obscurely whitish, slender, anteriorly blackish-edged, pi'eceded by a black spot above tornus. Hind- wings pale grey, ochreous-tinged, with darker tei'minal suf- fusion. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, WC. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva light brown, sides darker ; dorsal lino pale, traversing a series of dark diamonds ; supraspiracular indistinctly dark : on birch, willow, elm, etc. ; 9-5. 19. M. brassicae, L. 33-43 mm. Anterior tibiae with apical hook. Forewings grey, slightly reddish-tinged, sprinkled with black ; subbasal, first, and second lines blackish-edged ; spots partly outlined with blackish, reniform partly edged with white dots and marks, sometimes with white central mark ; subter- minal line whitish, with two moderate median teeth. Hind- wings light grey, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 5-8. Larva brown to dull green, some- times blackish-marked ; dorsal line darker ; subspiracular dull yellowish; 12 somewhat raised ; head yellowish-brown, darker- marked : on Brassica, Humex, Glienopodium, etc. ; 6-9. This larva is very destructive to garden cabbages. 20. M. persicariae, L. 37-41 mm. Forewings dark purplish- fuscous; subbasal, first, and second lines black-edged; median line blackish ; spots outlined with black, oi'bicular blackish- centred, reniform clear white, brownish-centred ; subterminal line formed by pale ochreous dots, blackish-edged. Hindwings ochreous-whitisli, fuscous-tinged, with rather dark fuscous discal mark and broad terminal suffused band. Britain to Forfar, S. Ireland, local ; C. and SE. Europe ; G, 7. Larva green to brown ; dorsal line whitish, traversing a melanchra] CARADRINIDAE 87 double series of oblique dark marks, darkest on 5 and 6 ; spiracular whitish, sometimes edged above with oblique dark marks; 12 prominent above: on Rumex, Pteris, Chrysanthe- mum, etc. : 8, 9. 21. M. albicolon, Hb. 37-10 mm. Forewings fuscous, some- what sprinkled with whitish and dark fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines edged with dark fuscous ; spots outlined with black, reniform with two white marks on lower posterior angle ; subterminal line forming a series of ochreous-whitish dots. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, with darker terminal suffusion. Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva green ; dorsal line fine, pale, dark- edged ; spiracular pale, including a darker line ; head pale green : on Chenojiodium, Atriplex, Sisymbrium, etc. ; 7, 8. 22. M. myrtilli, L. 22-25 mm. Forewings ferruginous-red, mixed with black and pale ochreous ; veins partly white ; sub- basal line pale ochreous, white towards costa ; first and second lines pale ochreoiis, internally black-edged, white on costa; orbicular and reniform outlined with black, orbicular with a white adjacent spot beneath ; subterminal line white. Hind- wings orange-yellow ; base, costa, and dorsum narrowly blackish; a broad black terminal band. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SW. Eui'ope ; 6, 7. Larva gi-een, sometimes brownish-tinged, with scattered pale yellowish or whitish marks ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular series of whitish spots : on Erica ; 8, 9. 23. M. cordigera, Thnb. 22-25 mm. Forewings dark grey mixed with black, basal and terminal areas sprinkled with gi'ey- whitish ; first and second lines blackish ; reniform large, wliite, including a blackish mark ; subterminal line indistinctly indi- cated with blackish. Hindwings orange-yellow ; base and costa blackish ; a black terminal fascia. Forfar to Caledonian Canal, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. America; 5, 6. Larva purplish-brown mixed with black; dorsal line whitish ; subdorsal indistinct ; subspiracular brown- ish-ochi-eous, reddish-marked: on Vaccinium ; 7, 8. 24. M. melanopa, Thnh. 25-31 mm. Forewings brown, densely sprinkled with black and white ; first and second lines black, more or less inteiTupted ; spots outlined with black ; subterminal line indicated by several blackish spots. Hind- wings white ; dorsmn broadly dark grey ; a blackish discal crescentic spot and terminal fascia. Lanark to the Shetlands, local ; N. and mountains of C. CARADRININA [melanchra Europe, N. America; 6. Larva purplish -rosy ; dorsal line ochreous-brown, edged with dark grey, marked with reddish spots ; subdorsal yellowish, black-edged ; series of black marks above and below this ; spiracular pale yellow, red-marked : on Vaccinium ; 6, 7. Sub-Fam. 3. GARADRINIDES. Eyes glabrous, not ciliated. 20. Agrotis, 0. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated, often acutely bidentate or bipectinated with apex simple. Thorax usually with more or less developed anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae all spinose. A very large genus, occurring all over the world but much more plentifully in the northern hemisphere. The larvae are very indiscriminate in their tastes, often feeding on almost any low plant ; they are frequently subterranean in habit, but usually emerge by night to feed. 1. Hind wings orange . . .2. ,, not orange . . . .4. 2. Hindwings with blackish discal niai'k . . 3. ,, without blackish discal mark . 32. pronuha. 3. Forewings with black costal mark before subter- minal line . . . 34. (yrhona. ,, without such mark . . 33. comes. 4. Forewings dark fuscous with whitish veins 45. typica. ,, not dark fuscous with whitish veins 5. 5. Claviform dot-like, blackish . . .6. ,, not dot-like . . . .8. 6. Forewings with blackish discal dot before first line 41. f estiva. ,, without such dot . . .7. 7. Subterminal line pale yellowish . . 40. Dahiii. ,, ,, not yellowish . . 39. ruhi. 8. Claviform more or less distinctly marked . D. ,, obsolete .... 28. 9. Forewings light grey-greenish . . 10. praecox ,, not greenish . . . .10. 10. Subterminal line preceded Ijy three or four dark fuscous wedges . .11. „ „ not so preceded . .12. AGROTIS] CARADRINIDAE 89 Orbicular narrow-elongate ,, round . Forewings with black median basal dasli without black basal dash 11. 12. 13. Posterior half of collar conspicuously darker 28. flammatra. 14. 1. vestigialis. 18. tritici. . 13. . 16. 14. not conspicuously d Costa broadly whitish-suft'used to beyond middle 17. agathina. ,, not whitish-suft'used . . .15. 15. Orbicular small, white . . .16. strigula. „ moderate, pale-edged . . 7. obelisca. 16. Reniform followed by a short black dash . 4. ypsiloji. ,, not followed by a black dash . .17. 17. Forewings darker- strigulated ; antennae in $ pectinated „ not strigulated ; antennae in tate or ciliated 18. Hind wings pale grey „ white . 19. Claviform wholly blackish ,, not wholly blackish 20. Orbicular small, whitish . ,, not whitish . . 6. 21. Hiudwings whitish or whitish-fuscous ,, fuscous 22. Subterminal line forming whitish dots ,, ,, not forming whitish dots 23. First and second lines black-dotted ,, „ ,, not black-dotted 24. Forewings reddish-tinged . ,, not reddish-tinged 25. Veins partly whitish-marked ,, not whitish-marked 26. Forewings partly whitish-sprinkled ,, not whitish-sprinkled . 27. Reniform suffused with pale yellowish ,, not yellowish-marked . 28. Forewings with broad whitish costal suffusion ,, without whitish costal streak 29. Orbicular triangular, pale ochreous ,, not triangular . 30. Orbicular dot-like, dark fuscous . ,, not dot-like 8. . 18. 6 dcn- . 19. 2. coifticea. 3. segetum. . 20. . 21. 5. lunigera. cxdamationis. . 22. . 26. nigricans. . 23. . 24. . 25. 14. puta. 13. ripae. cursoria. 9. saucia. 20. occulta. . 27. 35. hrunnea. 19. augiir. 15. pAecta. . 29. 29. c-nigrum. . 30. 12. cinerea. . 31. 11. 90 CARADRININA ' [agrotis 31. Antennae in S pectinated ; species very rosy 21. suhrosea. ,, ,, ciliated .... 32. 32. First and second lines black . 22. Ashivorthii. „ ,, ,, not black . . . 33. 33. Subbasal line anteriorly black-edged . . 34. ,, ,, not black-edged . . . 38. 34. First line posteriorly black-edged . . 35. ,, ,, ,, not black-edged 30. ditraj^ezium. 35. Forewings suftusedly irrorated with whitish 43. glareosa. „ not irrorated with whitish . . 36. 36. Subterminal line preceded by black costal mark 31. triangulum. „ „ not preceded by black mark . 37. 37. Forewings rather dark purplish-fuscous 42. stigmatica. „ light ochreous-brown . . 44. depuncta. 38. Reniform perceptible . . , .39. ,, obsolete . . . 23. lucernea. 39. Hindwings towards base whitish . . . 40. ,, ,, ,, not whitish . . 42. 40. Forewings with dark suffused costal streak 26. putris. „ without dark costal streak . .41. 41. Reniform edged with pale yellowish 36. xanthographa. ,, not pale-edged . . . 25. ohscura. 42. Orbicular and reniform pale-edged . 27. fennica. „ „ not pale-edged . . 43. 43. Median shade dark fuscous . . 38. umhrosa. „ ,, very faint . . . .44. 44. Lines partially distinctly dark-edged . 24. sinudans. ,, very faint .... 37. castanea. 1. A. vestigialis, ^0^^. (vai^i^^^^rera, Hb.) 31-35 mm. Antennae in S bipectinated. Forewings light ochreous-brownish, much suffused with whitish along veins ; veins partly blackish ; a short black basal inedian mark ; subbasal, first, and second lines whitish, blackish -edged on costa ; spots outlined with black, orbicular narrow -elongate, claviform brown, reniform dark brown, pale- edged; subterminal line whitish, preceded by dark brown wedges. Hindwings whitish ; discal spot and terminal suffusion (broader in 5 ) fuscous. Britain to tlie Hebrides, Ireland, common on coasts ; N. and C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva light greenish-grey ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged ; lateral pale or whitish, dark-edged ; tubercular dots black ; head light ochreous, dark-mai"ked : on grasses, Galium, Stellaria, etc.; 5, 6. AGROTis] CARADRINIDAE 91 2. A. corticea, Hb. 34-39 mm. Antennae in $ bipectinated. Forewings pale brownish-ochreous or brownish, with darker fuscous strigulae mixed with black scales ; subbasal, first, and second lines more or less distinctly edged with dark fuscous ; spots blackish-edged, suft'used with rather dark brown ; sub- terminal line very faint. Hindwings pale grey, darker towards apex ; a darker discal crescentic spot. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SE. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva rather rough, bi'ownish-grey, darker-freckled ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged ; subdorsal pale, edged above with dark brown ; subspiracular pale, double ; head blackish-marked : on Ghenopodium, Riiviex, Trifolium, etc.; 8-5. 3. A. segetum, Schiff. 33-41 mm. Antennae in $ bipecti- nated. Forewings brownish, sometimes reddish-tinged, with darker fuscous strigulae mixed with black scales, sometimes wholly darker-suffused ; subbasal, first, and second lines edged with dark fuscous, second sometimes with dots only ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform centred with fuscous; subterminal line faint or whitish-sprinkled, followed by darker suftusion. Hindwings white, termen brownish. Britain to Eoss, Ireland, very common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 6-8. Larva pale grey or greyish-ochreous, some- times pinkish-tinged ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines usually indicated by dark edges, subdorsal sometimes grey ; head pale, with two brown marks ; plate of 2 more or less brown : on roots of Brassica, Rumex, Chrysayitheniuvi, etc. ; 7-4. 4. A. ypsilon, Rott. {suffusa, Hb.) 38-48 mm. Antennae in $ bipectinated. Forewings brown, reddish-tinged, mixed with pale greyish-ochreous, costa and sometimes median area suftused with dark fuscous ; first and second lines edged with dark fuscous ; spots outlined with black, reniform followed by a short black dash ; subterminal line obscure, usually preceded in middle by two fine black marks. Hindwings whitish-grey or whitish, tei-minally suffused with fuscous. Britain to the Shetlands, N. and E. Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia, N. America; 8-4. Larva ochreous- brownish or bronzy-grey, sides sometimes greenish ; dorsal, sub- dorsal, and spiracular lines faintly darker or lighter, usually darker-edged ; head sufFusedly brown-marked : on roots and leaves of Brassica, Lactuca, Cheiwpodium, etc.; 5-7. 5. A. lunigera, Stph. 34-40 mm. Antennae in c? acutely 92 CARADRININA [agrotis dentate. Forewiiigs fuscous, slightly reddish-tinged, more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous, in $ darker ; first and second lines darker-edged ; spots outlined with blackish, orbicular small, whitish, reniform with anterior edge pale, claviform wholly dark fuscous ; subterminal line obscure, followed by a darker suffusion. Hindwings in S white, in $ fuscous-whitish ; a terminal fuscous suffusion. Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. and S. Ireland, especially on coasts, local ; N. France, further range doubtful ; 7, 8. Larva dull brownish, on sides greyer, sometimes greenish- tinged ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines hardly palei", sometimes dark-edged ; head brownish, black-marked ; plate of 2 blackish, cut by yellowish dorsal line : on Polygonum, Chenopodium, Plantago, etc.; 8-10. 6. A. exclamationis, L. 34-40 mm. Antennae in S acutely dentate. Forewings light brown, soinetimes i-eddish- tinged ; first and second lines darker-edged, sometimes very faint ; orbicular and reniform edged with blackish, reniform partly suffused with dark fuscous, claviform wholly black ; subter- minal line obscurely pale. Hindwings in $ white, in 9 fuscous. Britain to Ross, Ii'eland, veiy common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia; 6-8. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous or brown; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines more or less dark-edged ; spiracles unusually large, black ; head pale, with two dai-k brown mai'ks : on roots and leaves of Brassica, Chenopodium, Peucedamim, etc.; 7-4. This larva, and that of A. segeUim, are often highly injurious to garden vegetables. 7. A. obelisca, Hh. 34-38 mm. Antennae in S acutely dentate. Forewings light brown, reddish-tinged ; a whitish- ochreous subcostal suffusion towards base ; a blackish median dash from base; subbasal, first, and second lines partly blackish- edged ; spots outlined with blackish, orbicular and reniform edged with pale or whitish-ochreous, connected by a blackish- fuscous spot, orbicular preceded by a smaller blackish spot ; claviform fuscous or dark fuscous ; subterminal line obscurely paler. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, with fuscous terminal suf- fusion. Britain to Aberdeen, E. and W. Ireland, local ; C. and S. Europe ; 8. Larva brownish, paler laterally ; dorsal, sub- dorsal, and spiracular lines pale, darker- edged : on Helian- theninm, daliion, etc.; 5, 6. 8. A. nigricans, L. 33-39 mm. Antennae in 6 acutely AGEOTis] CARADRINIDAE 93 dentate. Forewiugs dark fuscous, reddish -tinged, sometimes slightly sprinkled with whitish ; subbasal line edged with black marks in middle and on costa ; first and second lines sometimes partly blackish-edged ; median shade dai'ker ; spots partly outlined with black, orbicular preceded and followed by blackish spots, reniform with posterior edge whitish-ochreous ; subterminal line forming ochreous-whitish dots. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, with terminal fuscous sufiiision. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva ochreous or ochreous-brown, sides light grey-greenish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale grey-greenish, blackish-edged ; spiracular blackish-green ; subspiracular double, whitish ; head l)lackish-marked : on Trifolium, Plantago, Hera- chum, etc.; 4-6. 9. A. saucia, Hh. 43-50 mm. Antennae in S fasciculate- ciliated. Forewings fuscous, reddish-tinged, sometimes slightly sprinkled with grey-whitish ; fii'st and second lines indistinctly darker-edged ; spots obscurely outlined with darker, reniform grey, posteriorly edged with grey -whitish ; subterminal line obscurely pale. Hindwings whitish, veins and a narrow tei*- minal suffusion dark fuscous. Britain to the Shetlauds, E. Ireland, local, sometimes common, scarce in Ireland ; WC. and S. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa, N. America; 5, 6, 8-10. Larva reddish-brown, sides paler; dorsal line pale yellowish, dark-edged, interrupted ; spiracular pale, black-edged above ; a black ti'ansverse mark on 12 ; anal shield pale ; head black-marked : on Ruviex, Trifolium, Stellaria, etc. ; 10-2, 7, 8. 10. A. praecox, L. 40-44 mm. Antennae in <^ cihated. Forewings light grey-greenish, whitish-sprinkled ; some white costal dots ; first and second lines internally blackish-edged ; spots indistinctly outlined with darker, orbicular and reniform ochreous-whitish, bx'ownish-centred, claviform ochreous-whitish mixed with bi'ownish ; subterminal line preceded by a red- brown shade not reaching costa. Hindwings light fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to Sutherland, E. and W. Ireland, on coasts, local ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 8. Larva pale brown to ferruginous-ochreous, sides greenish or pale grey; dorsal line grey-whitish, dilated to form a series of connected spots, edged with dark spots ; sub- dorsal whitish, dark-edged ; subspii*acular whitish ; head pale brownish, indistinctly dark -marked : on Salix, grasses, Arte- misia, etc.; 5, 6. 94 CARADRININA [agrotis 11. A. cursoria, Hufn. 33-37 mm. Antennae in $ acutely dentate. Forewings gi-eyisli-ochreous or light brownish, some- times darker in disc ; veins partly whitish-marked ; first and second lines more or less edged with dark fuscous ; spots some- times partly blackish-outlined, orbicular and reniform edged with pale or whitish, lower end of reniform dark grey ; sub- terminal line partly brown -edged, often followed by dark suffusion. Hind wings whitish ; a small discal spot and suf- fused terminal fascia rather dark grey. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, on coasts, local ; C Europe; 8. Lai'va pale ochreous, greenish - tinged ; dorsal line paler, greenish -edged ; subdorsal and spiracular whitish, edged with grey or greenish ; head pale ochreous : on grasses, Arenaria, Artemisia, etc.; 5, 6. 12. A. cinerea, Hh. 33-37 mm. Antennae in <$ bipectinated. Forewings fuscous, more or less sprinkled with light grey, in 9 darker fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines blackish ; median shade darker fuscous ; orbicular reduced to a dark fuscous dot; reniform narrow, fuscous, darker-edged; traces of a darker praesubterminal shade. Hind wings in ($ whitish- fuscous, darker posteriorly, in $ fuscous ; a darker discal spot. England to Lancashire, Perth, local ; C. and NW. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6. Larva dark grey or blackish-green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines fine, pale, dark-edged ; spiracular dark ; head black-marked : on Thi/mus, Rumex, etc. ; 7-4. 13. A. ripae, Hb. 35-38 mm. Antennae in S acutely dentate. Forewings greyish-ochreous or ochreous, veins sometimes suf- fused with white ; first and second lines indistinctly edged internally with brownish, externally with black dots ; spots outlined with blackish-brown, orbicular and reniform grey- centred, whitish - edged ; subterminal line obscurely pale. Hindwings in $ white, in 5 whitish-fuscous. Britain to Ayr, E. Ii'eland, on coasts, local ; NC. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva pale green, yellow-grey or pinkish-whitish ; dorsal line dark, double ; subdorsal, triple lateral, and spiracular in- distinctly darker ; head and plate of 2 pale yellow-l)i-own : on C//nor/hssi()n and Salsola ; 8-4. 14. A. puta, lib. 29-31 mm. Antennae in S acutely den- tate. Forewings pale ochreous, reddish-tinged, in $ suffused with fuscous; basal area suffused with reddish -fuscous and dark fuscous except dorsally ; first and second lines indistinctly edged internally with brownish, extei'nally with blackish dots; AGEOTis] CARADRINIDAE 95 spots outlined with dark reddish-fuscous, orbicular very elon- gate, dark -centred, reniform mostly dark reddish - fuscous ; subterminal line partly edged with reddish-fuscous suffusion. Hindwings in S white, in 5 whitish-fuscous. England to York, N. Ireland, rather common ; WC. and S. Europe to Syria, N. Africa ; 8, 9. Larva light fuscous, above brownish-ochreous ; dorsal line darker, double, traversing a series of freckled spots ; subdorsal dark brown, finely pale- edged beneath ; head and plate of 2 brown, darker-marked : on Polygonum, Taraxacum, Lactuca, etc.; 9-4. 15. A. plecta, L. 27-29 mm. Antennae in S serrate. Forewings purplish - brown ; a broad ochi'eous- whitish costal suffusion from base to beyond middle, edged beneath by a suffused blackish streak; orbicular and reniform small, fuscous, whitish-edged. Hindwings white, with a few grey scales towards apex. Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Amei'ica ; 6. Larva pale ochreous, pale brown, or reddish-brown, darker-freckled, with numerous dark fuscous dots ; dorsal and subdorsal lines slender, whitish, interrupted, dai'k-edged ; spiracular broad, ochreous-whitish, brown-dotted ; head brown, dark-marked : on Galium, Atriplex, Rumex, etc. ; 7, 8. 16. A. strigula, Thnh. {porphtjrea, Hb.) 23-31 nun. An- tennae in c? serrate. Forewings brown-reddish mixed with dark fuscous and on veins with whitish ; a submedian black basal dash; first and second lines grey-whitish, internally blackish-edged : spots outlined with black, orbicular small, white, reniform whitish-edged; subterminal line obscurely grey-whitish, edged anteriorly with suffused blackish spots. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, on heaths, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva ochreous or pinkish-brown, some- times darker-irrorated ; dorsal line interrupted, whitish, edged with dark fuscous marks ; subdorsal similai", less marked ; spira- cular pinkish-whitish, dark-edged above ; head pale yellow-brown, darker-marked : on Calluna and Erica ; 9-5. 17. A. agathina, Diq). 27-35 mm. Antennae in $ serrate. Forewings light fuscous, reddish-tinged, whitish-sprinkled ; costa rather broadly suffused with whitish to beyond middle ; a fine blackish median basal dash : subbasal, first, and second lines obscurely blackish ; spots outlined with black, orbicular white, placed on a blackish streak reaching from first line to whitish- CARADRININA [agrotis edged reniform, claviform ending in a black mark ; sulaterminal line preceded by blackish spots, forming a whitish tornal spot. Hindwings whitish-fuscoxis, with darker discal spot and post- median line. Britain to the Orkneys, N. and E. Ireland, on heaths, local ; WC. Europe ; 8. Larva green or pinkish-brown, darker- irrorated ; dorsal line whitish, dark-edged ; subdorsal whitish, blackish-edged above ; spiracular broader, ochreous- whitish, sometimes dark-edged above; head pale yellow-brown, darker- marked : on Calluna and Erica ; 9-6. 18. A. tritici, L. {aquilina, Hb.) 29-37 mm. Antennae in $ serrate. Forewings brown, sometimes pale-mixed or reddish- tinged, veins sometimes black, sometimes with a whitish sub- costal streak ; sometimes an irregular black median basal dash ; median vein whitish ; first and second lines pale, dark-edged ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform edged with pale or whitish, space between them often darker ; subterminal line pale, preceded by dark or black wedges in disc. Hind- wings white or whitish, posteriorly more or less fuscous-tinged or sufltused. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common, especially on coasts ; N. and C. Europe, NW. and WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7, 8. Larva dull brownish ; dorsal line pale ; subdorsal fuscous, dark, pale-edged beneath ; lateral and spiracular dai'k greenish- fuscous ; head brownish, dark-marked : on Plantago, SteUaria, Brassica, etc.; 5, 6. 19. A. augur, i^. 38-43 mm. Antennae in c? ciliated. Fore- wings fuscous, slightly reddish-tinged ; first and second lines internally blackish-edged ; spots more or less outlined with black ; subterminal line very faint. Hindwings fuscous, lighter anteriorly. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva purple-brownish or grey-greenish ; a double dorsal series of whitish dots and oblique darker mai'ks ; spiracular line dark brown ; on 12 a dark brown transverse mark dilated at extremities, pale-edged posteriorly; head pale brown : on hawthorn, Salix, Rwnex, etc.; 8-5. A. helvetina, B., was erroneously recoixled as British from a bleached example of this species. 20. A. occulta, L. 50-58 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore- wings fuscous, mixed and partly suff'used with dark fuscous, veins and margins whitish-sprinkled ; subbasal, first, and second lines dentate, whitish; spots outlined with blackish, orbicular AGROTis] CARADRINIDAE 97 whitish, claviform pale or whitish, reniform darker- marked ; subterminal line hardly paler, edged anteriorly witli dark fuscous. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; cilia white. Britain (except WC. and SW. England) to the Slietlands, local, commoner northwards ; N. and EC. Europe, N. Asia, N. America; 7, 8. Larva brown, darker- irrorated ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale yellowish, latter including a series of oblique dark marks; spiracular whitish; dots pale yellowish; head bi'own : on Primula, Taraxacum, etc. ; 9-5. 21. A. subrosea, Stph. 37-41 mm. Antennae in $ bipecti- nated. Face blackish -fuscous. Forewings rosy-ochreous or pale rosy-grey, sprinkled with dark brown-reddish or rosy- fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines waved, dark reddish- fuscous ; orbicular and reniform pale-edged, partly blackish- outlined, a quadrate spot between them and a spot before orbicular darker reddish -brown, partly marked with dark fuscous ; subterminal line anteriorly indistinctly darker-edged. Hindwings fuscous- whitish or pale fuscous-yellowish; discal spot and subterminal fascia fuscous. Cambridge, Hunts, in fens, formerly not scarce, now many years extinct; NW. Russia; 7, 8. Larva rosy-grey or purplish- grey; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale ; spiracular bright yellow; head and plate of 2 reddish-brown : on Myrica, Salix, and Andi-omeda ; 9-5. 22. A. Asliworthii, Dhld. {candelarum, Stgr.) 35-40 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings pale fuscous, very densely irrorated with violet- whitish, especially towards costa; sub- basal, first, and second lines fine, blackish, second sharply dentate ; orbicular and reniform faint, sometimes pale-edged, sometimes connected by a dark spot ; median sliade and some- times subterminal darker. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly. Merioneth, Denbigh, Caernarvon, in mountainous districts, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva dull dark grey-green, blackish- grey, or fuscous ; subdorsal series of narrow rectangular black marks ; head red-brown : on Helianthemum, Hieracmm, Salix, etc.; 9-5. 23. A. lucernea, L. 35-45 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings grey, faintly greenish-tinged, pale -sprinkled ; sub- basal, first, and second lines edged with dark grey ; median shade dark grey ; subterminal line margined anteriorly or sometimes wholly obscured with dark grey suffusion. Hind- wings fuscous, becoming dark fuscous posteriorly ; cilia white, base pale brown. H 98 CARADRININA [agrotis Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, especially near coasts, local ; N. and mountains of C. Europe ; 7. Larva fuscous •, subdorsal series of dark fuscous arrow-heads, terminated posteriorly by pale spots; head fuscous, black- marked : on Sedwn, SteUaria, Campanula, etc.; 9-4. 24. A. simulans, Hufn. (jyyrophila, F.) 40-42 mm. Antennae in c? ciliated. Forewings light fuscous, slightly ochreous-tinged; subbasal, first, and second lines edged with dark fuscous marks or dots ; orbicular and reniform partly outlined with dark fus- cous, reniform obscui-ely d ark er- marked ; median shade very faint ; subterminal line edged antei'iorly with dark fuscous shade. Hindwings fuscous; cilia whitish, base whitish - ochreous. Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, local ; Europe, NW. and WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7. Larva said to be fuscous : on grasses and low plants ; 8-5 (?). 2.5. A. obscura, Brh. [ravida, Hb.) 41-44 mm. Antennae in (J ciliated. Forewings fuscous, towards costa rosy-tinged ; an obscure blackish median dash from base ; subbasal, first, and second lines slightly ])aler, obscurely darker-edged, distinct on costa ; orbicular and reniform partly outlined with black, sometimes connected by a blackish mark or touching, orbicular rather elongate ; subterminal line pale, anteriorly with some- what darker sufltusion. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Clyde, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva ochi-eous-brown ; dorsal line somewhat paler ; subdorsal series of curved or sometimes neai'ly straight oblique yellowish marks, edged above with dark fuscous ; head grey, f uscous- mai'ked : on Taraxacum, SteUaria, etc. ; 9-5. 26. A. putris, L. 29-33 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore- wings whitish-ochreous, somewhat mixed with darker ochreous ; an irregular suffused dark fuscous costal streak from base to apex, partly reddish, broadest beyond middle ; edges of first line marked with some blackish scales, strongly dentate, of second with black dots ; interiors of orbicular and reniform dark fuscous, touching costal streak ; a dark fuscous terminal wedge below apex. Hindwings grey -whitish, termen inter- ruptedly dark fuscous. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6. Larva pale brown, darker- irrorated ; dorsal line pale, in- terrupted ; subdorsal series of dark greenish-fuscous oblique marks, especially distinct on 5, 6, 10, 11, edged beneath with AGROTis] CARADRINIDAE 99 pale oclireous ; a pale ochreoiis bar on 12; spiracular pale, pinkish or yellowish-tinged; head brown, darker-marked: on Stellaria, Atriplex, Plantago, etc. ; 7, 8. 27. A. fennica, Tausch. 38-43 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore wings rather narrow, in $ ochreous-bi'own, becoming broadly light oclireous towards dorsum, in $ uniform rather dark ashy-grey ; subbasal, first, and second lines faintly darker- edged ; orliicular and reniform sutfusedly edged with whitish. Hindwings pale fuscous, darker terminally. Derby, once, probably a casual immigrant only ; NE. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7, 8. Larva on Ejyilohium, Corydalis, etc. ; 9-5. 28. A. flammatra, F. 43-48 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Posterior half of collar dark fuscous. Forewings brown, reddish- tinged, on costa anteriorly broadly paler; a blackish-fuscous basal median dash terminating in an oval spot; subbasal, first, and second lines paler, darker-edged ; orbicular and margin of reniform pale, a quadrate spot between them and wedge before orbicular blackish-fuscous; dark margin of claviform partly indicated ; subterminal line edged anteriorly with dark fuscous marks. Hindwings fuscous, paler or whitish towards base. Isle of Wight, Norfolk, a casual only ; SC. and S. Europe, Asia Minor; 7. Larva said to be green, with pale subspiracular line : on low plants ; 9-5. 29. A. c-nigrum, L. 34-39 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Collar anteriorly pale greyish -ochreous. Forewings brown, tinged with purplish or reddish ; subbasal, first, and ' second lines pale, jmrtly dark-edged; a dark fuscous suffused patch extending from first line to reniform ; orbicular triangular, pale oclireous, extending as a broad suffusion to costa ; reniform with edges and central mark pale ; subterminal line obscure, preceded on costa by a blackish mark. Hindwings fuscous- whitish, termen suffused with fuscous. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 6-8. Larva light brownish or greenish-grey ; dorsal line slightly paler ; subdorsal series of blackish marks, obsolete anteriorly ; indistinct oblique latei'al darker marks ; subspiracular line broad, pale yellow -ochreous or whitish- ochreous ; head pale brownish, dark-marked : on Rumex, Stel- Jaria, Primuhi, etc.; 8-4. 30. A. ditrapezium, Bkh. 38-43 mm. Antennae in J ciliated. Collar with a pale transverse line. Forewings brown, tinged with purplish or reddish ; subbasal line pale yellowish. 100 CARADRININA [agrotis anteriorly blackish-edged ; first and second somewhat paler, darker-edged ; a dark fuscous patch extending from first to reniform ; oi'bicular and reniform suffused with purplish-grey, orbicular narrowed beneath ; subterminal line obscure, pre- ceded on costa by a blackish mark. Hindwings pale yellowish- fuscous, darker terminally. Kent to Cornwall, Norfolk, York, W. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva dull pinkish-ochreous, blackish- speckled ; dorsal line pale, obscure ; subdorsal series of dark marks on posterior segments, on 12 blackish and sometimes connected, followed by a pale bar ; subspiracular line pale ; head ochreous, brown-niai'ked : on Ruiiiex, Ruhus, SaJix, etc. ; 8-5. 31. A. triangulum, Hufn. 38-42 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Collar anteriorly pale greyish-ochreous, with whitish transverse line. Forewings light purplish-brown, suff'usedly irroi'ated with pale ochreous ; subbasal line whitish, anteriorly black-edged ; fii'st whitish, posteriorly black-edged ; orbicular and reniform pale-edged, former narrowed beneath, a quadrate spot between them and triangular spot before orbicular dark fuscous; second line dark-edged; subterminal obscure, pre- ceded on costa by a blackish mark. Hindwings fuscous. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. and SE. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva ochi'eous or brown, blackish-speckled ; dorsal line pale; subdorsal series of oblique dark marks on 5-12, darker on 1 2 and connected, followed by a pale bar ; subspiracular line pale ochreous ; head pale brown, blackish-marked : on Rumex, Stellaria, Salix, etc.; 8-5. 32. A. pronuba, L. 48-56 mm. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Forewings ochreous-brown to dark fuscous, sometimes reddish- tinged, sometimes partly irrorated with grey-whitish, especially towards costa anteriorly ; lines often paler, dark-edged, some- times faint, subterminal pi'eceded on costa by a blackish mark ; orbicular and reniform more or less pale-edged, outlined with darker, reniform partly marked with dark grey. Hindwings ochreous-orange ; a blackish terminal band. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very i)lentiful ; Europe, NW. and WC. Asia, N. Africa; 6, 7. Larva i)ale green to dull l)rown ; dorsal line pale ; subdorsal series of blackisli longitudinal marks on 5-12; a pale line beneath these; sub- spiracular pale ; head light brown, dark-marked : on Jhymsica, Taraxacum, Runiex, etc. ; 9-5. 33. A. comes, ///>. {orho)ia, F.) 38-45 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewino-s li<:-ht fuscous or reddish-bi-own to dark AGROTis] CARADRINIDAE 101 fuscous, sometimes partly irrorated with pale greyish-oclireous ; lines somewhat paler, indistinctly darker-edged ; orbicular and reniform usually darker, pale-edged. Hindwings ochreous- orangc, base sometimes infuscated ; a crescentic discal mark and terminal band blackish. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 7, 8. Larva pale greyish- ochreous to brown ; dorsal line faint ; subdorsal dark brown longitudinal marks on 11 and 12, pale-edged beneath, tending to connect on 12 ; usually a spiracular series of dark brown oblique marks ; subspiracular line pale, sometimes pinkish- tinged ; head light brown, darker-marked : on Stellaria, Salix, Ruhus, Rumex, etc. ; 9-5. 34. A. orbona, Hufn. (suhsequa, Hb.) 37-41 nun. Diifers from A. comes as follows : forewings with subterminal line pre- ceded on costa by a black mark. Britain to the Slietlands, N. and W. Ireland, local and un- common ; Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva greyish-ochreous or fuscous ; dorsal line broad, ochreoxis-yellow, finely black- edged ; subdorsal series of dark fuscovis oblong marks; beneath these a pale grey-yellowish line ; latei'al pale ; subspii-acular broad, pale ochreous, dark-edged ; head pale fuscous, dark- marked : on grasses, Ratiunculus, Frimitia, etc. ; 9-4. 35. A. brunnea, F. 35-40 mm. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Forewings reddish-bi'own, with a purple gloss ; subbasal, first, and second lines darker-margined, median darker ; s])ots out- lined laterally with black, reniform more or less suflused with pale ochreous-yellowish ; a dark quadrate spot between or- bicular and reniform ; subterminal line preceded by a dark suffusion, especially towards costa. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia light-reddish. Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva brown or reddish-brown ; dorsal line pale or whitish-ochreous, dark-edged; subdorsal series of oblique darker marks ; lateral line pale yellowish, sometimes inter- rupted ; spiracular sometimes darker ; subspiracular flesh-colour ; a pale yellowish bar on 12; head pale brown, dark-marked : on Salix, Ruhus, Rumex, etc. ; 9-4. 36. A. xanthographa, F. 34-38 mm. Antennae in c? cili- ated. Forewings fuscous or pale fuscous, more or less strongly reddish-tinged ; subbasal, first, and second lines fine, dark fuscous, sometimes obsolete, second dotted ; median sometimes darker ; orbicular and reniform outlined with dark fuscous and 102 CARADRININA [agrotis edged with pale yellowish, reniform often with pale central mark ; subterminal line hardly paler, anteriorly suflPusedly dark-edged. Hindwings whitish, in S' w'ith fuscous terminal band, in $ posteriorly suffused with fuscous. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; C. and S. Europe ; 8. Larva light brownish-ochreous, sometimes reddish- tinged ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged ; subdorsal pale, dark- edged beneath, edged above by a series of dark fuscous marks, nearly obsolete on 2-4; spiracular brown; head ochreous, brown-marked: on grasses, Rumex, Plantago, etc.; 9-5. 37. A. castanea, Esp. {neghcta, Hb.) 35-40 mm. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Forewings ochreous - grey, reddish - grey, or reddish-fuscous ; lines very faint ; orbicular and reniform faintly outlined, lower end of reniform darker. Hindwings fuscous. Britain to the Orkneys, N. and W. Ireland, on heaths, common ; WC. Europe to Germany and N. Italy ; 8. Larva pale green or dull brown, darker-sprinkled ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale ; spiracular broad, whitish ; head brown or greenish : on CaUuna ; 10-5. 38. A. umbrosa, tlb. 35-37 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings light red-brownish, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; veins dark fuscous ; subbasal, fii'st, and second lines, median and subterminal shades dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform outlined with dark fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, paler an- teriorly. Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common ; WC. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva pale ochreous or brownish, darkei'-strlated ; dorsal line ochreous-whitish, edged with dark-brown ; subdorsal ochreous- whitish, edged above by a series of blackish dashes or wedges ; spiracular dark brown ; head pale brown, darker marked : on Rumex, Ruhus, Plantago, etc. ; 8-5. 39. A. rubi, View, (bella, Bkh.) 32-35 mm. Antennae in o ciliated. Forewings reddish-fuscous; subbasal, first, and second lines distinctly margined with darker fuscous ; median shade darker ; orbicular and reniform obscurely edged with ochreous- grey-whitish ; claviform represented by a dark fuscous dot ; subterminal line darker- edged posteriorly. Hindwings pale fuscous, darker terminally. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 5, G, 8. Larva greyish-ochreous, grey, or brown ; doi'sal and sub- dorsal lines pale, dark -edged; subspiracular conspicuously pale ; head brown, darker-marked : on grasses, Rumex, Taraxa- cum, etc. ; 6, 7, 9-3. AGKOTis] CARADRINIDAE 103 40. A. Dahlii, Hh. 33-38 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings reddish-brown, with purplish gloss ; subbasal, first, and second lines darker-edged; median shade darker; orbi- cular and reniform more or less edged with ochreous-whitish ; claviform represented by a black dot ; subterminal line usually pale ochreous- yellowish, darker-edged. Hind wings fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, local ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva greyish-ochreous to dull green, dorsal area whitish-ochi-eous to deep brown, markedly contrasting ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged, interrupted, travei'sing series of darker diamonds ; subdorsal pale, edged above with series of black dashes ; subspiracular pale ; head pale brown ; plate of 2 darker brown : on Rumex, PriviuJa, Plantcuio, etc. ; 9-5. 41. A. festiva, Hb. {conflua, Tr.) 27-36 nuu. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings pale ochreous or pale brown, often reddish-tinged ; lines somewhat paler, darker-edged, median shade reddish-fuscous ; a blackish dot in disc before first line ; orbicular and reniform darker-outlined, usually pale-edged or sometimes wholly pale ; claviform represented by a blackish dot ; a reddish-fuscous fascia before subterminal line. Hind- wings light fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, plentiful ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva pale ochreous or grey-greenish to purplish-brown ; dorsal line pale, dark-edged, indistinct ; subdorsal pale or whitish, edged above with a series of thick dark or blackish marks ; sometimes a lateral series of oblique darker marks ; subspii'acular pale ; head brown, dark- marked : on Rumex, Ruhus, Salix, etc. ; 8-5. The name confiua was given to the small northern and alpine form. 42. A. stigmatica, Hh. {rhomhoidea, Tr.) 36-43 mm. An- tennae in S ciliated. Forewings rather dark fuscous, purplish- tinged ; subbasal line anteriorly black-edged ; first line strongly black-edged posteriorly except towards dorsum ; median shade indistinctly darker, angulated ; orbicular and reniform finely edged with pale yellowish, separated and orbicular preceded by quadrate darker spots ; subterminal line obscurely pale yellowish, anteriorly edged with dark suffusion. Hindwings dark fuscous-grey. Britain to the Clyde, common ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva reddish-brown or deep brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale ochreous or greenish, sometimes indistinct, subdorsal usually edged above by dark wedges on 9-12 ; subspiracular pale 104 CARADRININA [agrotis ochreous ; a pale bar on 12: head brown, darker-marked: on Rumex, Primula, Stellaria, etc. ; 9-5. 43. A. glareosa, Esp. 33-38 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings pale brown, snff'uscdly irrorated with whitish ; sub- basal line anteriorly black-edged ; first line black-edged pos- teriorly except towards dorsum ; second paler, darker-edged ; orbicular and reniform indistinct, separated and orbicular preceded by triangular dark-brown spots. Hindwings fuscous- whitish, more fuscous terminally, in § more infuscated. A race occurring in the Shetlands has the forewings suffused with dark fuscous. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, rather local, commoner northwards ; WC. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva light brown, sides darker-freckled ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale, dark-edged ; spiracular pale ochreous ; head pale brownish, dark-marked : on Cytisiis, Rurnex, Stellaria, etc. ; 9-6. 44. A. depuncta, L. 35-38 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings light ochreous -brown ; subbasal line anteriorly black-edged ; first line black-edged posteriorly except towards dorsum ; second partly dark-edged, on costa anteriorly blackish- edged ; orbicular and reniform finely pale-edged, space between them and before orbicular browner ; subterminal line anteriorly darker-edged. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to Caledonian Canal (except SE. England), local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva dull brown ; a dorsal series of diamonds darker-outlined ; spiracular sufFusedly darker, spiracles white, dark-edged ; subspiracular ochreous-whitish ; head light brown, darker-marked : on Primula, Urtica, Rumex, etc. ; 9-5. 45. A. typica, L. 35-40 nmi. Antennae in S ciliated. Fore- wings brown mixed with dark fuscous; veins marked with whitish lines ; subbasal, first, second, and subterminal lines whitish, edged with dark fuscous , orbicular and reniform out- lined with dark fuscous and edged with whitish, reniform with whitish central line, space between them darker ; claviform sometimes indicated ; a terminal series of crescentic dark fuscous marks. Hindwings dark fuscous-grey. Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SW. Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva pale greyish-ochreous, brown-freckled ; subdorsal blackish marks on 11 and 12, latter connected posteriorly ; a lateral series of indistinct pale oblique marks ; s]iiracular line pale, blackish - edged above ; head grevish-ochreous, brown -marked : on Rumex, Sonchus, apple, etc."; 8-4. triphaena] CARADRINIDAE IOp 21. Triphaena, 0. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated, or bipectinated with apex simple. Thorax usuall_y with more or less developed anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen not crested. Middle and posterior tibiae spinose. Nearly correlated to the preceding genus, but much less extensive, and appai'ently restricted to the northern hemi- sphere. 1. Hindwings orange . . . .2. ,, not orange . . .4. 2. Hindwings with base dark fuscous . . 3. ,, ,, base not dark fuscous . 1. jtmhria. 3. Forewings with crimson costal praesubterniinal blotch . . .2. ianthina. ,, without such blotch . 3. interjecta. 4. Forewings greenish . . .9. />ra.s?'na. ,, not greenisli . . . .5. 5. Subterminal line preceded by blaclv subcostal spots 4. haja. ,, ,, not preceded by black spots • 6. 6. Hindwings whitish . . 7. leu^or/rapha. ,, not whitish . . .7. 7. Orbicular suftused with whitish . . 8. hyjierhorea. ,, not whitish . . . .8. 8. Head dark ferruginous-reddish . . 5. sohrina. ,, not dark ferruginous-reddish . 6. rubricosa. 1. T. fimbria, L. 50-57 mm. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Fore- wings rather narrow, ochreous-brown, variably tinged with reddish or greenisli or partially suffused with wliitish-ochreous ; subbasal and first lines dark ; orbicular and reniform approxi- mated, edged with ochreous - ^v'hitish ; second line wliitish- ochreous, preceded by a dark and followed by a pale band ; subterminal pale, preceded on costa by a dark blotch enclosing a black mark. Hindwings bright orange, with a very broad black terminal band. Britain to Eoss, Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva reddish-ochreous, brown-dotted, becoming paler laterally ; dorsal line obscurely pale ; a dark posteriorly pale-edged bar on 12; spiracles pale, placed in dark spots ; head brown, darkex'-reticulated : on birch, Salix, hawtliorn, Rumex, etc. ; 9-5. 2. T. ianthina, Esp. 35-41 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings rather dark brown, more or less tinged with purple- 106 CARADRININA [triphaena reddish, towards costa irrorated with ashy-whitisli ; first and second lines and median shade darker fuscous ; orbicular and reniform sometimes partly edged with grey -whitish, usually indistinct ; subterminal line usually indistinct, preceded on costa by a fuscous-crimson blotch. Hind wings orange; base broadly suffused with dark fuscous ; a broad black terminal fascia. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe ; Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva pale greenish or ochreous, blackish-dotted ; dorsal line pale, partly edged with short dark marks ; two blackish spots on 12; sometimes a lateral series of oblique darker marks ; subspiracular line pale ; head pale, darker- marked : on Primula, Stellaria, Ruhtis, etc. ; 9-5. 3. T. interjecta, Hh. 30-33 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings ochreous -reddish- brown ; first and second lines darker-edged ; median shade fuscous ; orbicular and reniform sometimes outlined with dai'ker, usually indistinct ; subterminal line preceded by a fuscous suffusion. Hindwings orange, towards base irregularly suffused with dai'k fuscous ; a rather broad black terminal fascia. England to York, Ireland, common ; WC. Europe ; 7. Larva pale ochreous ; dorsal and subdorsal lines' whitish, brown-edged ; spiracular pale : dots black ; head pale ochreoiis, dark-marked: on gi'asses, Priviula, Bumex, etc.; 9-5. 4. T. baja, F. .37-40 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore- wings light reddish-brown, ochreous-tinged ; a blackish dot in disc before first line ; first and second lines indistinctly dark- margined, median shade darker ; orbicular and reniform out- lined with darker, edged with whitish-ochreous, reniform grey beneath ; subterminal line obscure, preceded beneath costa by two small black spots. Hindwings pale yellowish -fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia, N. America ; 7. Larva grey, brown, or brown-reddish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale, between them a series of oblique dark marks; spiracular pale; a pale bar on 12; head pale brownish, darker-marked : on Salix, hawthorn, birch, Primula, etc. ; 9-5. 5. T. sobrina, Gn. 33-38 mm. Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Head deep ferruginous-reddish. Forewings rather dark purplish-brown ; lines very indistinctly darker-margined, median shade faintly darker; orbicular and reniform indistinctly outlined with darker, lower end of reniform darker ; subter- triphaena] CARADRINIDAE 107 miual line somewhat paler. Hindwings light fuscous, darker terminally. Perth to Aberdeen, local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia • 7. Larva brown -reddish ; sides grey -freckled ; dorsal and sub- spiracular lines pale ; dots minute, black ; head brownish- ochreous : on birch and Calluna ; 9-6. 6. T. rubricosa, F. 31-35 mm. Antennae in S serrate, ciliated. Forewings reddish -fuscous, much suffused with purplisli-gi'ey ; lines somewhat lighter, obscurely darker-edged, more strongly on costa ; median shade darker ; orbicular and renifoi'm darker -outlined, lower end of reniform dark grey. Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally. Britain to the Orkneys, N. and E. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 3, 4. Larva ])inkish-brown, with suffused dai'ker median segmental bands ; dorsal line obscurely paler ; subdorsal nari-ow, interrupted, pale yellow ; spiracular pale brownish, anteriorly yellow; head pinkish-brown, darker-marked : on Humex, Plantac/o, SteUaria, etc. ; 4-6. 7. T. leucographa, 7/6. 33-36 mm. Antennae in $ bipecti- nated. Forewings reddish-brown, median and terminal areas darker ; veins somewliat whitish-sprii:ikled ; lines more or less whitish-sprinkled, obscurely darker-edged ; median shade some- what darker; orbicular and reniform edged with wliitish-ochre- ous irroration. Hindwings whitish, tinged with reddish-fuscous. England, local ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva pale green or reddish-ochreous, dai'ker-irrorated : dorsal and sometimes sub- dorsal lines pale ; sometimes a lateral series of dark oblique streaks; spiracular line pale greenish or whitish : head greenish: on Salix, Jiuuiex, Plantago, etc. ; 5-7. 8. T. hyperborea, Zett. (carnica, Hering; alpina, Stt.) 35-40 mm. Antennae in $ bipectinated. Forewings light brownish, more or less I'eddish, irregularly and sufFusedly irrorated with whitish ; subbasal, first, and second lines pale, dark-edged ; spots edged with dark fuscous, orbicular and reniform large, orbicular whitish-suffused, reniform more brownish or ferrugin- ous ; median shade darker. Hindwings light fuscous, darker terminally. Perth to the Shetlands, at high elevations, scarce and local ; mountains of N. and C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva deep brown-red ; dorsal diamonds of blackish freckles ; subdorsal line light greyish-ochreous, partially blackish-edged above; subspirncular oV>scui'ely pale ; head brown : on Empetrum, Arbutus, and Vaccinium ; 8-6. 108 OARADRININA [triphaena 9. T. prasina, F. (herhida, Hb.) 42-50 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forcwings olive-green, sprinkled with blackish ; veins mixed ii'regularly with whitish and blackish ; subbasal, first, and second lines pale, blackish-edged ; median shade blackish- mixed ; spots ontlined with black, orV)icular brownish, reniform mostly snfFused with dark fuscous, followed by a pale suffusion ; subterminal line pale. Hindwings fuscous, dai'ker posteriorly. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America; 6, 7. Larva violet-brown, with double sei'ies of darker blotches above ; dorsal line pale ; spiracular pale, dark- edged above ; head pale reddish -brown, darker-marked : on Rumex, birch, Hubus, etc. ; 8-4. 22. Heliothis, 0. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in S ciliated. Thorax without crest. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae spinose, anterior tibiae with horny ajjical hook. A rather small genus, but very generally distributed, though commoner in subtropical regions ; it is a development of Caradrina ; some of the species have a veiy wide natural range. The larvae feed especially on the blossoms of their food-plants. 1. Hindwings with broad discal spot . 2. ,, without such spot . . .3. 2. Hindwings with postmedian dark fuscous line 3. scutosa. ,, without postmedian line . 4. dipsacea. 3. Forewings with terminal black dot above tornus . 2. peltigera. ,, without such dot . .1. armigera. 1. H. armigera, Hh. 30-40 mm. Forewings pale brownish- ochreous or yellow-ochi'cous, sometimes suffused with brown or rosy ; first and second lines edged with dai'ker or ferruginous, median darker or ferruginous ; orbicular and reniform darker- outlined, often indistinctly, a dot in orbicular and interior spot in reniform dark grey ; subterminal line obscure. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, veins dark fuscous ; a broad blackish terminal band. England, local and irregular ; C. and S. Europe, C. and S. Asia, Africa, America, Australia; 9, 10. Larva pale brown to green, darker-freckled ; dorsal line pale, darker-edged ; spira- cular whitish or 3'ellow ; head brown : on rose, Reseda, Cala- mitifha, etc. ; G, 7. 2. H. peltigera, Scliiff. 31-35 mm. Forewings light brownish- HELiOTHisl CARADRINIDAE 109 ochreous ; first, median, and second lines feiruginous-brownish, second followed by white dots ; orbicular represented by a dark dot ; reniform ochreous-brown, suft'used with dark grey, con- nected with costa by an ochreous-brown suffusion ; subterniinal line pale, preceded on costa by an ochreous-brown spot ; a black terminal dot above tornus. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, veins dark fuscous ; a broad dark fuscous terminal band. Britain to Ayr, local and irregular ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan and NW. India, Afi'ica ; 5-9. Larva green or ochreous-reddish, with white dots ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; spiracular white ; head green or brownish : on Ononis, Pyrethrum, Arenaria, etc. ; 5-8. 3. H. scutosa, Schiff. 30-35 mm. Forewings light brown mixed with dark fuscous, becoming whitish in disc, veins whitish ; first and second lines pale, darker-edged ; spots large, dark brown, black-outlined; subterminal line whitish, anteriorly partly dark-edged. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; veins, a large transverse discal spot, a postmedian line, and a terminal band including two whitish spots dark fuscous. England, N. Ireland, probably a casual immigrant only ; C. Europe, NW. and C. Asia, N. America ; 6, 8, 9. Larva green ; dorsal and spiracular lines yellow, blackish-edged ; subdorsal blackish-freckled; head green : on Artemisia ; 7. 4. H. dipsacea, L. 30-33 mm. Forewings greyish-ochreous, slightly greenish -tinged, paler before and beyond reniform; first and second lines indistinct ; median shade rather dark fuscous, confluent with large dark fuscous reniform ; subter- minal line rather paler, preceded b}' a darker or fuscous fascia, darkest at extremities. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, towards base suffused with blackish ; a large discal spot, and terminal band including an ochreous-whitish spot blackish. England to York, local ; Europe, N. and C. Asia, N. Africa, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva green to purplish-browni ; dorsal line darker-edged ; subdorsal whitish, dark-edged beneath ; spira- cular green or yellowish ; subspiracular white ; head green, pink, or yellowish, brown -speckled : on Linaria, Centaurea, Ononis, etc. ; 8, 9. 23. ociiRiA, m. Head with projecting triangular horny frontal plate, con- cealed in dense scales ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in S ciliated. Thorax with anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen not crested. 110 CARADRININA [ochria Includes two other N. American species only ; it is corre- lated with Nonagria. 1. 0. ochracea, HI). (Jiavago, Esp.) 31-40 mm. Forewings ochreous-jeilow, irrorated with ferruginous ; subbasal, first, and second lines ferruginous-margined, first preceded and second followed by ferruginous-brown fasciae ; spots paler, edged with dark ferruginous ; median line ferruginous ; terminal area brownish-mixed. Hindwings ochreous- whitish ; discal spot, postmedian line, and subterminal fascia pale fuscous. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe, NW Asia ; 8, 9. Larva ochreous-whitish to pale brownish, sometimes pink-tinged ; spots large, black ; head yellow-brown ; plate of 2 dark brown : in stems of Carduus, Arctium, Verbas- cum, etc. ; 5-8. 24. Nonagria, Head with projecting quadrangular horny frontal plate, concealed in dense scales ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Thorax with slight anterior crest. Abdomen elon- gate, not crested. A small genus, but distributed throughout the principal regions, except New Zealand ; it is a development of Garadrina. All the species are marsh-frequenting ; the larvae feed within the stems of marsh-plants, and the pupae are found in the same position. 1. Hindwings pale yellowish terminally . 3. sparganii. ,, not pale yellowish terminally . . 2. 2. Subterminal line preceded by dark fuscous marks 5. arundinis. „ „ not preceded by dark fuscous marks . . . . .3. 3. Second line indicated by distinct blackish dots . 4. ,, not indicated by distinct dots 4. gemifiipuncta. 4. Orbicular and reniform indicated by dark marks 1. dissoluta. ,, ,, not distinctly indicated 2. cannae. 1. N. dissoluta, Tr. {arundineta, Schm. ; neurica, Dup.) 27-31 mm. Forewings brownish-ochrcous, more reddish-tinged in disc, towards costa sprinkled with dark fuscous, with a rather dark fuscous longitudinal median suff"usion ; veins i)artly marked with whitish and dark fuscous, some of these dots indicating nonagria] CARADRINIDAE 111 second line ; orbicular indicated by two blackish dots ; reniform partly dark-outlined, lower end dark fuscous, partly whitish- edged ; black terminal dots. Hindwings light fuscous, more whitish anteriorly. Suftblk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Lancashire, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous ; spiracular line pale, slender, indistinct; head reddish -brown : in stems of reed {^Phragmites) ; 4-6. 2. N. cannae, 0. 33-40 mm. Forewings ochreous-brown, ferruginous-tinged, to pale greyish-ochreous ; lower median vein iiTorated with fuscous in disc ; second line represented by a series of blackish dots. Hindwings fuscous ; an indistinct darker postmedian line. Hants, Norfolk, Cambridge, York, local ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva greenish ; dots black ; head brownish ; plate of 2 green- whitish : in stems of Typha latifolia ; 5-6. Pupa usually with head upwards. 3. N. sparganii, Eqj. 33-42 nuxi. Forewings light yellow- ochreous, more or less reddish-tinged ; veins paler and sprinkled with dark fuscous, especially lower median vein in disc ; lower end of reniform indicated by two blackish dots ; second line repi'esented by a series of blackish dots ; tei'minal blackish in- terneural dots. Hindwings pale dull yellowish, more or less suffused with fuscous except towards dorsum and termen. Surrey, local ; C. Eui'ope ; 9. Larva slender, pale yellow- green ; subdorsal and lateral lines darker ; head and plate of 2 pale brown : in stems or leaf - base of Iris psendacorus, Spar- ganiwn, and Typha; 7, 8. Pupa usually with head upwards. 4. N. geminipuncta, Hatch. 27-35 mm. Forewings reddish- brown to greyish-ochreous ; lower end of reniform indicated by a whitish dark-margined dot, sometimes with a second above it Hindwings fuscous. 5. England to Cambridge and Somerset, local ; C. Europe ; 7,8. Larva pinkisli-ochreous; spiracular line paler ; head dark bi'own : in stems of i-eed {Phragmites) ; 5, 6. 5. N. arundiniS; F. {typhae, Esp.) 38-50 mm. Forewings reddish-brown, brownish-ochreous, or lightgreyish-ochreous ; veins partly paler, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first and second lines represented by series of dark fuscous dots ; outline of reniform partly indicated by dark marks ; subterminal line faint, preceded by small dark fuscous wedgeshaped marks ; terminal dark fuscous interneural dots. Hindwings dull yellow-whitish ; a light fuscous terminal band. 112 CARADRININA [nonagria England, Ireland, local ; C. Europe ; 9. Larva pale ochreous or pinkish-ochreous ; spiracular line paler ; head and plate of 2 reddish-brown : in stems of Typha ; 7, 8. Pupa usually with head downwards. 25. COBNOBIA, Hiv. Head with triangular projecting horny frontal plate, concealed in dense scales ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated. Thorax with slight anterior crest. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae with appressed scales. Restricted to the single species ; closely correlated with Nonagria. 1. C. rufa, Hiv. (des^^ecta, Tr.) 21-23 mm. Forewings whitish- ochreous mixed with pale reddish - ochreous ; veins sprinkled with dark grey and whitish ; first and second lines indicated by series of black dots. Hindwings whitish, posteriorly grey- sprinkled ; an indistinct postmedian series of dark dots. England to Cheshire, E. and W. Ireland, in damp grassy places, local ; France, Germany ; 7. The larva may probably be an internal feeder. 26. LUPERINA, Ij. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Tongue short, slight. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Thorax without distinct crest. Abdomen not crested. Contains only two or three closely allied European species, differing little from Caradrina, of which it is a development. Claviform followed by a blackish streak . 1. testacea. ,, not followed by blackish streak . 2. Dumerilii. 1. L. testacea, Hh. {Gimiei, Dbld. ; Nickerlii, Err.) 31-37 mm. Forewings light brownish-ochreous, more or less suffused with brown, especially on median band and terminal ai-ea ; lines somewhat paler, obscurely dai'ker-margined ; spots more or less lighter-marked, partly blackislx-outlined, claviform connected with second line' by an obscure blackish streak; dorsum some- times blackish on median band. Hindwings white ; a dark fuscous terminal line. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva much wrinkled, pinkish-ochreous ; dots wholly absent; head and plate of 2 brownish-yellow; plate of 13 sub concave : amongst roots of grasses ; 5-7. The form described as G'uenei seems to be a well-marked local variety, less ochreous- tinged and having tlic cilia of hindwings white instead of pale ochreous as usual. luperina] CARADRINIDAE 113 2. L. Dumerilii, Dup. 29-34 mui. Diftcrs from L. testacea as follows : forewiiigs without blackish streak beyond claviform; hindwiiigs white or ochreous-whitish. Sussex, Dorset, I. of AiTau, })robably a casual immigrant only ; France, SE. Europe, Asia Minor ; 8. The specific dis- tinctness of this form fi'om the preceding species seems rather uncertain. 27. Spodoptera, Gn. Head with tolerably appressed scales ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated. Thorax with posterior crest. Abdomen with well-defined crest at base. Posterior tibiae with appressed scales. A small genus, ranging widely throughout tropical and warmer temperate regions ; it is an offshoot of Caixidrina. Some of the species have also a veiy wide distribution ; their flight is strong, and they have been captured hundreds of miles from land. 1. S. exigua, Hb. 25-29 mm. Forewings rather narrow, brown, sprinkled with whitish and blackish, especially on veins; costa spotted with darker ; first and second lines pale, edged with dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform pale ochreous, blackish-outlined, reniform centrally mixed with brown and whitish; median shade indistinctly darker; subterminal line pale. Hindwings subliyaline, white; veins and termen dark fuscous. Kent to Cornwall, Pembroke, Lancashire, I. of Man, local and uncommon ; S. Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia ; 6, 7. Larva pinkish-brown ; dots blackish ; spiracular line light ochreous, dark-edged above: on Plantdgo ; 8, 9. 28. RusiNA, B. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in ^ bipecti- nated to apex. Thorax with anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen not crested. L R. tenebrosa, Hb. 31-38 mm. Forewings fuscous, more or less oclireous-tinged ; five or six whitish costal dots ; first and second lines fine, dark fuscous ; median shade thick, cloudy, dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform indistinct, sometimes obscurely paler-marked or darker- outlined ; subterminal line sometimes paler, suftusedly darker-edged anteriorly. Hindwings fuscous. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva ochreous-brown ; dorsal line sometimes obscurely pale ; I 114 CARADRININA [rusina sometimes subdorsal series of pale oblique marks, dark-edged beneath ; lateral line pale ; head dark brown : on Viola, Jiumex, Polygonum, etc. ; 8-3. 29. ACOSMETIA, Stph. Head with appressed scales ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in (^ ciliated. Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Only one species is known ; it is a development of Caradrina. 1. A. caliginosa, Hb. 23-27 mm. Forewings rather light brown, somewhat sprinkled with grey-whitish ; lines and reni- form very faintly indicated. Hindwings pale whitish-fuscous, more fuscous posteriorly. Hants (New Forest), local; C. Europe, NW. Asia; 6, 7. Larva on Rumex, Poterium, Polygonum, etc. ; 8, 9. 30. Amphipyra, 0. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated. Palpi long, ascending, second joint thickened with dense toler- ably appressed scales, terminal pointed. Thorax without crest. Abdomen not crested. A rather small genus, ranging through most of the northern hemisphere except towards the equator. Lines of forewings distinct . . . L 2:)yra')nidea. ,, ,, absent . . 2. tragopogonis. 1. A. pyramidea, L. 47-52 mm. Forewings brown, pale- sprinkled ; subbasal, first, and second lines pale, edged with dark fuscous ; median shade broad, suflused, dark fuscous : orbicular small, pale, central mark and outline dark fuscous, placed in a dark fuscous longitudinal suffusion running from first line to second ; subterminal line pale, on upper half preceded by blackish wedgeshaped marks. Hindwings coppery, costa broadly fuscous. England to York, S. L'eland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 8. Larva green ; dorsal line white; subdorsal yellowish- white, interrupted ; spiracular greenish-white ; dots yellowish- white ; head green; 12 with a conical prominence directed obliquely backwards, apex horny, red-brown : on oak, birch, elm, etc. ; 5, 6. 2. A. tragopogonis, L. 30-38 mm. Forewings fuscous ; a dark fuscous dot repi'esenting orbicular, and two transversely placed representing reniform. Hindwings whitish -fuscous, becoming fuscous posteriorly. amphipyka] CARADRINIDAE 115 Britain to Koss, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Eui'ope, WC. Asia to Turkestan, N. America ; 8. Larva green ; dorsal, sub- dorsal, and spiracnlar lines white or pale yellow, spiracular sometimes partly blackish-edged above ; head green ; 1 2 with slight protuberance : on Plantago, hawthorn, Aquilegia, etc. ; 5,^6. 31. Caradrina, 0. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in S ciliated, seldom bipectinated with apex filiform. Thorax sometimes with anterior and posterior crests, usually slight. Abdomen not crested. A large genus of almost universal distribution, but absent from New Zealand. 1. Reniform obsolete . . . .2 ,, more or less indicated . . .13 2. Second line entire, not dotted . . .3 ,, black-dotted or absent . . 5 3. Second line angulated . . . .4 ,, not angulated . 29. trigrammica. 4. First and second lines forming white spots on costa 2. diffinis. ,, ,, not forming white spots . 1. pyralina. 5. Subterminal line brownish-edged . . 21. arcuosa. „ ,, obsolete . . .6. 6. Forewings whitish-ochreous . . .7. ,, not whitish-ochreous . . .12. 7. Second line black-dotted . . . .8. ,, obsolete . . . .11. 8. Veins sprinkled with dai'k fuscous . . 9. ,, not sprinkled with dark fuscous . . 10. 9. Hindwings fuscous-sprinkled . . 12. lutosa. ,, not fuscous-spi'inkled . . 13. elymi. 10. Hindwings terminally dark fuscous . 20. Morrisii. ,, not dark fuscous terminally . 19. concolor. 11. Hindwings brownish-whitish . .15. imcsculosa. ,, light fuscous . . 16. phragviitidis. 12. Forewings usually with black basal dash; species larger . . .17. brevilinea. „ without black basal dash ; species smaller . . . 14. fulva. 13. Hindwings with broad defined dai-k terminal band 14. without defined dark terminal band 16. 116 CARADRININA [CARADRINA 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 3. affinis. . 15. 30. mat lira. 9. ^imhra. . 17. . 18. . 7. 00. 8. jyaleacea. . 19. 18. HeUmanni. 28. Hindwings fuscous ,, yellowish Orbicular and reniforin whitish-edged ,, ,, not whitish-edged Orbicular and reniforni outlined with ferruginous or reddish „ ,, not so outlined Veins ferruginous .... ,, not ferruginous First line distinct ,, obsolete Lower end of reniform enclosing a blackish dot 4. trapezina. „ ,, not enclosing a blackish • dot . . .20. Lines forming black dots on costa 23. quadripunctata. ,, not forming black dots on costa . .21. 21. Orbicular and reniform dot-like, dark fuscous 22. p)alustris. ,, ,, not dot-like 22. Abdomen densely hairy . ,, not densely hairy 23. Orbicular and reniform pale-edged „ „ not pale-edged 24. Lines distinctly pale ,, dark fuscous 25. First and second lines almost parallel „ ,, not parallel Hindwings white . „ not white Orbicular and reniform distinctly darker ,, ,, hardly darker Hindwings more or less whitish . brown-grey _ . Second line nearly straight ,, not nearly straight 1. C. pyralina, View. 28-31 mm. Antennae Forewings reddish-fuscous, somewhat paler-mixed and second lines dark fuscous, two latter sti'ongly angulated, second finely whitish -edged posteriorly, becoming a broader white suffusion towards costa ; subterminal line pale, towards costa white and indented. Hindwings fuscous, lighter towards base. 26. 27. 28. 29. 6. 22. exulis. 23. 24. 28. 25. 26. retiisa. 5. suhtusa. amhiqna. . 27. 25. alsines. 26. taraxaci. . 29. 11. pietasitis. 10. viicacea. 24. 7)io^^pheus. in $ ciliated. first, median, 27. CARADRiNAj CARADRINIDAE 117 England to York, local ; C. Europe ; 8. Larva yellowish- green, speckled with yellow-whitish ; dorsal line yellowish-white, ends rosy-tinged ; subdorsal of yellowish-white dots, interrupted ; spiracular greenish-white ; head ochreovis, speckled with red- brown : on pear and plum ; 4, 5. 2. C. diffinis, L. 29-33 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore- wings ferruginous-fuscous, becoming deep ferruginous towards costa ; subbasal line white ; first, second, and subterminal lines pale, two former forming large subtriangular white spots on costa ; median line darker fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, becom- ing dark fuscous terminally. England to York, rather common ; C. and SW. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal line ochreous-whitish ; subdorsal irregular, whitish, darker-edged ; spiracular pale yellow; dots ochreous-whitish; head veiy dark -brown: on elm ; 5, 6. 3. C. aflB.nis, L. 27-29 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Fore- wings ferruginous-brown, somewhat paler-mixed ; first and second lines pale, more whitish towards costa, interiorly darker- edged, second abruptly bent ; median shade darker fuscous ; orbicular and reniform obscurely pale, dark-centred ; svibter- minal line pale, anteriorly suftusedly dark -margined ; two or three blackish terminal dots about apex. Hindwings fuscous, with a broad blackish terminal sutt\ision ; cilia yellow. England to York, S. Ireland, not uncommon ; C. and SW. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines white ; spiracular yellowish-white, sometimes dark-edged above ; dots white ; head yellowish-green : on elm ; 5, 6. 4. C. trapezina, L. 27-35 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings greyish-ochreous to reddish-ochreous, somewhat paler- mixed ; first and second lines pale, internally dark-edged, nearly approximated on doi'sum ; median shade cloudy, darker ; orbicu- lar sometimes obscvu-ely pale ; reniform obscurely pale-edged, lower end enclosing a blackish dot ; subterminal line pale, anteriorly dark-edged. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly, costa and sometimes termen pale yellowish. Britain to Ross, L'eland, very common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa ; 7, 8. Larva light green ; dorsal and sub- dorsal lines narrow, yellows-whitish ; spiracular broad, yellow- whitish, sometimes edged above with blackish - grey ; spots white, black-centred ; head green : on oak, elm, Sadx, etc., but more commonlv carnivorous, feeding on other caterpillars ; 5, 6. 118 CARADRININA [caradrina 5. C. subtusa, F. 27-30 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings fuscous ; costal edge, subbasal, tir.st, and second lines finely pale yellowish ; spots rather dark brown, outlined with pale yellowish ; median shade somewhat darker ; subter- minal more or less obscurely pale, edged anteriorly with darker brown. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, local; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva pale yellowish-green ; rather broad dorsal and narrow subdorsal lines pale yellow or whitish ; spiracular pale yellow ; head yellow, black-marked : between spun leaves of poplar and aspen ; 4, 5. 6. C. retusa, L. 25-27 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Fore- wings fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines fine, pale, sufFusedly darker-edged posteriorly, nearly straight, parallel ; orbicular and reniform darker, finely outlined with pale, latter placed on indistinct darker median shade ; subterminal line somewhat paler, irregular, posteriorly darker- edged. Hind- wings fuscous. England to York, local ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 7-9. Larva pale green ; broad dorsal, slender subdorsal, and waved spiracular lines whitish ; head yellow-green or black-brown : between joined leaves of Salix, poplar, and birch ; 5, 6. 7. 0. 00, L. 31-37 mm. Antennae in $ shortly bipectinated. Abdomen in $ pointed, with long ovipositor. Forewings pale whitish-yellowish, somewhat sprinkled with ferruginous; veins, subbasal, first, and second lines, a fascia before first line, median shade, outlines of spots, and anterior edge of subterminal line ferruginous. Hindwings grey-whitish. S. England to Worcester and Rutland, local ; C. and S. Europe, WC Asia to N. Persia ; 7. Larva blackish ; irregular dorsal and slender subdorsal lines white ; spiracular broad, yellowish-white, divided by a fine dark line ; dots white ; head black : amongst spun leaves of oak ; 4, 5. 8. 0. paleacea, Esp. {fulvago, Hb.) 40-44 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings light yellow-ochreous, sprinkled with pale brown-reddish ; first and second lines fine, brown-reddish, first right-angled ; median shade brown-reddish, indistinct, angulated ; orbicular and reniform outlined with bi'own- reddish, lower end of reniform marked with a grey spot ; subterminal line hardly mai'ked ; dark fuscous terminal dots. Hindwings whitish-yellowish. Jiritain to Ross, local ; N. and C. Euro]w, NW. Asia, N. America; 8. Larva pale dull green, whitish-dusted, incisions caradrina] CARADRINIDAE 119 yellowish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines white ; spinicular double, white, spiracles purple-edged ; head pale yellow : on birch and oak ; 5, 6. 9. 0. umbra, Hufn. {marginata, F.) 29-33 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings reddish -ochreous, beyond second line suffused with brownish ; all lines and outlines of spots ferruginous, first line with two angular indentations, median angulated above middle, reniform darker towards centre, clavi- form faint. Hind wings whitish-yellowish, veins reddish-fuscous ; a broad dark fuscous terminal fascia, terminally suftused witli reddish. Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. and W. Ireland, local ; C. and SE. Europe, N. and WC. Asia, N. America ; 5, 6. Larva dull green or dark grey, speckled with white and dorsally with black ; dorsal line double, whitish ; subdorsal whitish or pale yellow; spiracular yellowish or pale ochreous, white-edged above ; dots black ; head pale green or reddish-ochrcous ; plate of 2 sometimes black : on Ono?its ; 7, 8. 10. 0. micacea, JEsp. 31-39 mm. Antennae in o ciliated. Forewings pale rosy-brownish, sprinkled with brown ; median area suftused with brown posteriorly ; subbasal, first, and second lines dark fuscous, first indented above middle, second nearly sti'aight except near costa ; orbicular and reniform out- lined with dark fuscous ; subterminal line obscurely pale. Hind wings fuscous-whitish, more fuscous posteriorly; a fuscous postniedian line. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 8, 9. Larva dull brownish-ochreous, purplish-tinged ; subspiracular line paler ; dots blackish ; head ochreous-brown ; plate of 2 with anterior edge blackish : in stems of Equisetum, Valeriana, Rumex, etc.; 5, 7. 11. C. petasitis, Dhld. 42-48 mm. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Forewings fuscous, median area darker posteriorly ; veins posteriorly white-sprinkled; first and second lines obscurely paler, internally somewhat darker-edged ; orbicular and reni- form somewhat paler, darker - outlined ; subterminal line obscurely pale, terminal area darker. Hindwings brownish- grey, with darker postniedian line. Hants, Somerset, Sufiblk to Perth, E. Ireland, local ; Germany, NW. Asia ; 9. Larva grey-whitish ; dots black ; head and plate of 2 brown : in roots and stems of Petasites ; 6, 7. 12. C. lutosa, Uh. (crassicornis, Hw.) 41-50 mm. Antennae 120 CARADRININA [caradrina in (? ciliated. Forewings whitish -ochreous, finely sprinkled with black, sometimes i-osy-tinged ; second line represented by a row of black dots. Hindwings whitish, sprinkled with fuscons ; an indistinct postmedian series of fuscous dots. Britain to the Shetlands, local; NC. Europe; 8-10. Larva whitish -ochi'eous, pinkish-tinged; head light red - brown : in stems of reed {Fhragmites) ; 3-6. 13. C. elymi, Tr. 33-35 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings whitish-ochreous," brownish-tinged ; veins sprinkled with dark fuscous ; second line indicated by a double row of ill-defined dark fuscous dots ; cilia somewhat barred obscurely with fuscous. Hindwings ochreous-wliite. Suffolk to Forfar, on coasts, local ; Denmark, N. Gemiany; 7. Larva whitish-ochreous, pinkish-tinged ; head reddish-brown : amongst stem-bases of Elymus arenarius ; 4, 5. 14. C. fulva, Hb. 22-29 mm. Antennae in $ cihated. Forewings greyish -ochreous or yellow -ochreous, more or less sprinkled with reddish-fuscous, especially on veins ; sometimes two or thi-ee blackish dots indicating second line ; cilia pale greyish-rosy. Hindwings grey. Britain to Sutherland, L-eland, rather local ; C. Europe, NW. Asia; 8, 9. Larva whitish-ochreous, pinkish -tinged ; subdorsal and spiracular lines brownish ; head and plate of 2 light brown : in lower part of stem of Carex jjaludosa ; 6, 7. 15. C. musculosa, Hb. 30-33 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings pale whitish-ochreous, obscurely suffused longitudi- nally with light yellow-ochreous, the pale ground colour appear- ing especially along fold and on a streak from disc to apex. Hindwings brownish-whitish. Sussex, Lancashire (?), scarce, probably an occasional immi- grant only ; SC. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. 16. C. phragmitidis, J/b. 31-34 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings whitish-ocin-eous, posteriorly tiuged with red-brownish ; cilia brown, tips darker. Hindwings light fuscous. Kent to Cheshire and York, local ; NC. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan; 6, 7. Larva whitish-ochreous; subdorsal line broad, interrupted, })urpIish-fuscous ; lateral narrow, similar ; head black ; plate of 2 brown : in stems and on leaves of reed (Phragmiteft) ; 9-6. Pupa on the gi'ound. 17. C. brevilinea, Fenn. 29-33 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings brownish, dark-sprinkled, veins paler posteriorly ; a caradrika] CARADRINIDAE 121 black median basal dash, seldom obsolete ; first and second lines represented by series of black dots. Hindwings light fuscous, darker posteriorly ; sometimes a postmedian series of obscure blackish dots. Norfolk, in fens, very local ; not recorded elsewhere ; 7, 8. Larva pale ochreous, brown -freckled ; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines orange edged with pale yellow ; head light brown : on reed {Phragmites) ; 5, 6. When young, the larva feeds within the stems. 18. C. Hellmanni, Ev. 25-29 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings pale ochreous, more or less irrorated or suffused with light reddish-fuscous ; veins irrorated with whitish and dark fuscous ; an indistinct fuscous spot indicating lower extremity of reniform ; second line indicated by a series of indistinct dark dots ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings light fuscous, somewhat whitish-suffused anteriorly. Suffolk to Lincoln, in fens, local ; NO. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6. Larva in stems of reed {Phragmites) \ 5. 19. C. concolor, Gn. (? extrema, Hb.) 25-27 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings pale whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with pale greyish-ochreous ; second line represented by a series of blackish dots, sometimes neai'ly obsolete. Hindwings whitish- grey or pale grey. Cambridge, in fens, local ; Germany to Hungary ; 6. 20. C. Morrisii, Da/e {Bondii, Knaggs) 29-32 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings ochreous-whitish ; second line repre- sented by a series of blackish dots. Hindwings dark fuscous mixed with whitish except terminally ; a darker postmedian line ; cilia whitish. Kent to Devon, on coasts, local ; Germany, Greece ; 6, 7. Larva on Festuca arundinacea ; 8. 21. C. arcuosa, Hu>. 20-25 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings yjale ochreous, more or less brown-spi'inkled ; median area sometimes brown, especially on lower half ; first and second lines sometimes partly whitish, usually represented only by series of black dots ; subterminal line brownish-edged. Hind- wings dark grey. Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe; 7. Larva whitish-ochreous, sometimes pinkish- tinged, transversely barred with darker or brownish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler ; head brown ; plate of 2 pale brown : amongst stem-bases of Aira caes2ntosa ; 4, 5. 22. 0. palustris, Hb. 27-3-1 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. 122 CARADRININA [caradrina Forewings fuscous, in $ darker ; first and second lines dark fuscous, waved ; orbicular and reniform dot-like, dark fuscous ; subterminal line edged anteriorly with dark fuscous, especially towai'ds costa. Hindwings light fuscous ; a darker crescentic discal mark. Norfolk, Cambridge, York, scarce and local ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva brownish ; dorsal line whitish ; dots whitish; head black: on Plantago, etc.; 7, 8. 23. C. quadripunctata, F. (cubicularis, Bkh.) 25-32 mm. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Forewings greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous; subbasal, first, median, and second lines indis- tinct, fuscous, forming black dots on costa; orbicular and reniform small, dark fuscous, often outlined with white dots ; subterminal line pale, edged with brown anteriorly. Hindwings white ; veins fuscous ; a suffused dark fuscous terminal line. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 6-8. Larva fuscous, sometimes dorsally greenish- tinged ; dorsal line obscurely paler, dark-edged, sometimes interrupted ; lateral sometimes dark - edged, hardly paler ; spiracular pale, dark-edged above ; head blackish or dark fuscous : on corn, peas, etc., especially in ricks, forming a small chamber for habitation ; 9-5. 24. 0. morpheus, Hufn. 28-33 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings brownish-ochreous, partially fuscous-tinged ; subbasal, first, and second lines dark fuscous, each with a parallel fuscous line ; median shade rather dark fuscous ; orbicular and reni- form fuscous, edged with dark brown ; subterminal line some- what paler, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous. Hindwings whitish, in ^ posteriorly infuscated. Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. and W. Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6-8. Larva brown or grey- brown ; dorsal line paler, interruptedly darker-edged ; a sub- dorsal series of blackish arrow -heads; spiracular obscurely darker ; head brown, darker-freckled : on Sedum, Salix, Ruhus, etc.; 9, 10. 25. C. alsines, Brh. 29-33 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings ochreous-fuscous or brownish-ochreous; first and second lines waved, dark fuscous ; median shade dark fuscous, sometimes indistinct ; orbicular and reniform rather dark fuscous, outlined with pale ; subterminal line pale, edgod anteriorly with dark fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, soiiiewhat lighter anteriorly. Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, rather cunnnon ; CAEADRiNA] CARADRINIDAE 123 N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva ochreous, sometimes reddish-tinged, dorsally more brownish ; dorsal Hne pale, partly dark-edged ; subdorsal pale, dark-edged, more broadly beneath ; sometimes a lateral series of dark brown marks; spiracular pale ; head dark brown : oi\ Stellaria, Rumex, Viola, etc.; 9-5. 26. C. taraxaci, Hb. (lAanda, Tr.) 29-33 mm. Difters from C. alsines as follows : forewings rather dark fuscous, faintly ochreous-tinged, lines more indistinct, orbicular and reniform hardly darker than ground-colour, finely outlined with grey- whitish ; hindwings in S more whitish towards base. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7. Larva light ochreous or brownish, somewhat blackish-freckled ; dorsal line pale yellowish, traversing a series of small blackish marks ; subdorsal pale, edged below by a strong dark brown line ; spiracular brownish ; head ochreous, brown-marked: on Stellaria, Rumex, grass, etc.; 9-4. 27. C. ambigua, F. 29-32 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first and second lines indistinct, fuscous, marked with darker dots ; median shade indistinctly darker ; orbicular and reniform rather darker, finely outlined with pale ; subterminal line pale, anteriorly darker-edged. Hindwings white ; veins fuscous- tinged ; termen fuscous. Kent, I. of Wight, perhaps recently introduced or an occa- sional immigrant only ; WC. and S. Eui'ope ; 7, 8. 28. C. exulis, Lef. (assimilis, Dbld.) 37-42 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Abdomen densely hairy. Forewings brown, mixed with dark brown and often with whitish or yellowish ; veins sometimes white ; subbasal, first, second, and subterminal lines light, edged with dark fuscous ; spots outlined with dark fuscous, orbicular and reniform more or less margined with whitish -ochreous. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly ; a darker discal mark and postmedian line. Arran to the Slietlands, local and uncommon ; N. Europe, N. America; 6, 7. Larva ochreous-whitish ; spiracles black; head reddish - brown ; plate of 2 ochreous : in stems and amongst roots of grass, and amongst lichens ; 8-5. 29. C. trigrammica, Hufn. {ti^Uinea, Bkli.) 34-39 mm. Antennae in S ciliated. Forewings greyish-ochreous to ochreous -fuscous ; subbasal, first, median, and second lines rather dark fuscous, nearly straight, median sometimes almost obsolete. Hindwings rather dark grey. 124 CARADRININA [caeadrina Britain to Forfar, Ireland, common ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva greyisb-ochreous, dull reddish-brown, or dark grey; doi'sal line pale, black-edged on incisions; subdorsal pale, interrupted, sometimes edged with blackish marks above ; spiracular brown ; head dark bi'own : on Plantago, subterranean in habit ; 7-4. 30. C. matura, Hufn. {cytherea, F.) 37-44 mm. Antennae in $ ciliated. Forewings fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines irregular, whitish, edged with dark fuscons ; spots outlined with dark fuscous, orbicular and reniform edged with whitish ; subterminal line whitish, irregular. Hindwings yellow ; a broad dark fuscous terminal fascia. Bi'itain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe; 7, 8. Larva pale brownish -ochreous or brownish; dorsal series of pairs of dark fuscous longitudinal marks ; sub- dorsal and lateral lines brown-edged ; subspiracular paler or whitish-ochreous, brown-edged above ; head light ochreous or brownish : on grasses ; 9-4. 32. Sbnta, St2^h. Head with loosely appressed scales ; eyes glabrous. An- tennae in S ciliated. Thorax with anterior crest. Abdomen elongate, flattened, not crested. Tibiae with appressed scales. There is only one European species, and possibly a second in N. America ; the genus is correlated with the preceding. 1. S. maritima, Tausch. (ulvae, Hb.) 29-32 mm. Forewings rather narrow, suboblong, ochreous, veins streaked and costa and dorsum broadly suffused with fuscous ; orbicular and reni- form interruptedly outlined with whitish, sometimes wholly dark fuscous ; first and second lines represented by series of dark fuscous dots ; a terminal series of dark fuscous dots. Hindwings ochreous-whitish ; a grey discal mark, and some- times a postmedian series of dots. Surrey to Norfolk and Cambridge, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva ochreous, with fine darker lines : on leaves and in sten)s of reed [Phragmites) ; 9-4. 33. Stilbia, Stph. Head with appressed scales, face forming a flatly-rounded prominence ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated. Thorax with slight posterior crest. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae with appressed scales. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with upper margin of cell to middle. This genus, consisting of the following and one other C. stilbia] CARADRINIDAE 125 Asiatic species, differs from all others of the family in the structui'e of vein 8 of the hindwings, Init must be regarded as an abnormal development, probably correlated with Caradrina. Tmago with rather slender body, wings relatively large. 1. S. anomala, Hvj. 28-35 mm. Forewings grey, towards costa suffused with rather dark fuscous ; first and second lines dark fuscous, rather dentate ; orbicular and reniform edged with whitish and outlined w'ith dark fuscous, orbicular elongate and oblique ; subterminal line pale, suff'usedly darker-edged, often indistinct. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, posteriorly irro- rated with fuscous. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, local ; France, Germany ; 8, 9. Larva green or pale brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines white or yellowish, dark-edged ; spiracular whitish, grey-edged above ; head brown or greenish, freckled with dark brown : on grasses; 9-3. 34. ACTINOTIA, Hh. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated. Thorax with anterior and posterior ci-ests. Abdomen crested towards base. Middle and posterior tibiae spinose. A small genus, but very generally distributed except in New Zealand. 1. A. polyodon, CI. {persjyicillaru, L.) 29-33 mm. Fore- wings yellow-brownish ; a fuscous-purplish costal suffusion to f ; a blackish median streak from base to near middle, above which is a whitish-ochreous suffusion ;. reniform large, edges and a central line whitish-ochreoxis, preceded and followed by deep ferruginous marks; a whitish-ochreous suffusion from middle of reniform to apex ; subterminal line whitish-ochreous, two teeth below apex and two in middle reaching into cilia ; some black -brown terminal w-edges. Hindwings whitish- fuscous ; discal spot and broad terminal band fuscous. Kent, Norfolk, probably a scarce immigrant ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia; 5. Larva reddish -brown, darker - dotted ; dorsal line narrow, yellow ; subdorsal series of oblique brown marks ; spiracular yellow, dai-k - edged ; head brown : on Hypericum; 7, 8. 35. Hadena, SchrJc. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ ciliated, seldom bipoctinated with apex filiform. Thorax with anterior and posterior crests. Abdomen more or less strongly crested. 126 CARADRININA [hadena A genus of considerable extent, widely distributed, but principally occurring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and not reaching New Zealand. 1. Termen of fore wings subconcave beneath 1. meticulosa. ,, ,, not subconcave beneath . 2. 2. Termen of forewings strongly waved ,, ,, not strongly waved 3. Reniform whitish-ochreous ,, not whitish-ochreous 4. Forewings greenish-tinged ,, not greenish-tinged 5. Orbicular dark slaty -fuscous, reniform ochreous ,, spots not both thus coloured 6. Thorax ochreous, fi'ont and patagia blackish 6. scabriuscula. ,, not so marked . . . .7. 7. Forewings with interrupted black streak along fold 7. rectilinea. ,, withoiit such streak . . .8. 8. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ,, not whitish .... First and second lines joined by black submedian . 3. 4. 3 flammea. 5. maura. . 4. atriplicis. . 5. whitish- 2 Iuci2mra. . 6. 9. 11. 9 8. li dash ,, ,, ,, not so joined 10. Keniform partly whitish-edged ,, not whitish-edged 11. Second line dentate ,, ,, indicated by dots only 12. Forewings grey-whitish ,, not whitish 13. Spots all obsolete ,, not all obsolete 14. Hindwings dark fuscous ,, not dark fuscous 15. Reniform conspicuously pale ,, obscure 16. Second line indicated by dark dots only ,, ,, not so indicated 17. Subterminal line tolerably distinct ,, ,, obsolete 18. First and second lines distinct on lower half only „ „ „ not more distinct on lower half adusta. 10. sordida. . 11. . 21. ochroleuca. . 11. lithoxylea. 23. pabidatricula. . 13. . 12. sichlustris. . 14. . 15. . 16. 29. captiuncida. 33. fasciuncula. . 17. . 18. 14. sco/ojmcina. 13. rurea. 19. «J la HADENA] CARADRINIDAE 127 19. Reniform dark-outlined anteriorly only . . 20. ,, ,, ,, on both sides . 32. strigilis. 20. Forevvings rosy-grey . . . 30. literosa. ,, pale brovvnish-ochreous . 31. hicoloria. 21. First and second lines joined by a blackish sub- median dash . . 22. ,, „ ,, not so joined . . 24. 22. Median teeth of subterminal line reaching termen 23. ,, ,, ,, ,, not reaching ter- men . 9. gemina. 23. Forewings less elongate, reddish-tinged . 16. porphyrea. ,, more elongate, not reddish-tinged 10. polyodon. 24. Reniform orange or whitish-marked . . 2-5. ,, not orange or whitish-marked . . 32. 25. Subterminal line with two median teeth . . 26. ,, ,, without median teeth . . 31. 26. Forewings with blackish median basal dash . 27. ,, without such dash . . . 29. 27. Lower end of reniform dark grey . . 20. ba^ilmea. ,, ,, ,, not dark grey . . 28. 28. Anterior edge of reniform whitish . 28. Haivorthii. ,, ,, ,, not whitish . 25. unanimis. 29. Reniform white-marked on posterior edge . 30. ,, wholly orange or white . 27. nictitans. 30. Subterminal line whitish . . 17. furva ,, ,, not whitish . . 18. ahjecta. 31. Larger, reniform rather broadly pale 24. leucostigma. Smaller, reniform pale-marked on posterior edge 26. didyma. 32. Forewings with large dark triangular costal patch 22. ophiograrnma. ,, without such patch . . 15 hepatica. 1. H. meticulosa, L. 44-50 mm. Forewings rather narrow, termen waved, subconcave on lower half; whitish -ochreous, anteriorly rosy - tinged ; lines broad, indicated by fuscous margins, first and second closely approximated on dorsum, second angulated above middle; median area exceyjt on costa, and a triangular dorsal patch before it yellowish - brown ; quadrate orbicular and anterior part of reniform rosy-ochreous, ])ale - edged, connected beneath ; a light brownish terminal suffusion preceded by a black dot below apex. Hindwings ocbreous-whitish, dorsally fuscous-tinged ; a fuscous postmedian line and subterminal shade. 128 CARADRININA [hadena Britain to tlie Shetlaiids, Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa; 5, 6, 9, 10. Larva green or bi'own, whitish-dotted ; dorsal line whitish, inteiTupted ; spira- cular pale or whitish ; head pale green or ochreous, brown- speckled : on Senecio, Rumex, Viola, etc.; 7, 8, 10-3. In repose the wings are folded longitudinally in a peculiar manner, as though crumpled. 2. H. lucipara, L. 29-32 mm. Forewings brown suffused with rosy-purplish ; basal area much mixed with dark fuscous, median area wholly dark fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines partly black-edged ; spots partly outlined with black, orbicular dark slatj^-fascous, reniform whitish-ochreous ; a dark fuscous terminal suffusion, enclosing obscurely pale subterminal line ; cilia waved. Hindwings fuscous, paler anteriorly ; postmedian and subterminal whitish-ochreouslines indicated towardsdorsum. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva green or reddish-brown ; dorsal series of indistinct darker V-shaped markings ; dorsal and subdorsal lines obscurely pale or whitish, somewhat interrupted ; spiracular more distinct, almost white ; 12 with two conspicuous white dots; head pale green or ochreous : on ferns, birch, Plantago, etc. ; 7-9. 3. H. flammea, Es}:). {empyrea, Hb.) 44-48 mm. Forewings with termen waved ; rather dark fuscous, purplish-tinged ; dorsum narrowly whitish-ochreous ; an elongate subdorsal blackish mark near base ; first and second lines indistinctly dark -edged; spots blackish-outlined, claviform broad, wholly black-brown, reniform whitish-ochreous, preceded and followed by black-brown spots, lower end projecting anteriorly ; subter- minal line pale, ending in a light apical spot. Hindwings fuscous ; a darker discal spot. Sussex, local; France, S. Europe; 9; 10. Larva grcenish- brow^n, with numerous waved dai-k brown or blackish lines ; dorsal series of darker brown diamonds ; spots whitish ; head and plate of 2 dark brown : on Ranunculus, Ligustrwn, ash, etc.; 12-5. 4. H. atriplicis, L. 38-48 mm. Forewings greenish-fuscous, basal area mixed with green ; first and second lines broad, fuscous, internally black-edged ; orbicular and large reniform greener, partly pale-edged ; claviform posteriorly black-edged, followed by an oblique oblong whitish-ochreous spot; subter- minal line irregular, greenish-whitish, more or less preceded by green suffusion. Hindwings fuscous, lighter anteriorly. hadena] CARADKINIDAE 129 Hunts and Essex to Lancashire, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor; 6. Larva green or reddish-brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker, interrupted, white-dotted ; spiracular pinkish, sometimes dark-edged above, margins sometimes whiter ; head pale ochreous : on Atriplex, Jimnex, Polygonwn, etc. ; 8, 9. 5. H. maura, L. 60-70 mm. Forewings with termen waved ; fuscous, basal area mixed with blackish-fuscous ; median area dark fuscous except on costa, where it is marked transversely with dark fuscous ; first and second lines pale, dark-edged, second nearly straight and vertical, followed by a pale suffusion; orbicular and reniform darker-mixed, pale - outlined ; subter- minal line pale, ending in a j)ale apical spot, preceded by dark suffusion. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; straight median and subterminal cloudy whitish-ochreous lines. Britain to Forfar, Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva pale ochreous, suffusedly irrorated with dark brown ; pale oblique subdorsal streaks ; dorsal and spiracular lines obscurely })ale, interrupted; 12 with a black posteriorly ])ale- edged transverse mark ; head pale ochreous, brown-speckled : on Salix, Jiubus, Primula, etc. ; 9-5. 6. H. scabriuscula, L. (pinastri, L.) 33-39 mm. Thorax ochreous, front and patagia dark fuscous. Forewings dark ashy- fuscous; a fine median dash fx'om base, first and second lines, and outlines of spots black ; a dorsal streak, black-edged above, and two connected blotches beyond second line on lower half reddish- ochreous, wdaitish -mixed, upper blotch I'eaching termen; a terminal series of black interneural dashes. Hindwings fuscous. Britain to Caledonian Canal, local ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. America; 6. Larva reddish-brown; dorsal line ochreous-whitish, dark-edged ; subdorsal ol)scurely pale, dark- edged ; spiracular broad, whitish, dark -edged above; head brown : on Rumex and Polygonum ; 7, 8. 7. H. rectilinea, Usj:/. 37-40 mm. Antennae in S shortly bipectinated. Thorax sometimes with white central blotch. Forewings brown, basal and terminal areas whitish-mixed, median darker and more reddish dorsally ; a suffused blackish streak along fold, interrupted by lines ; first and second lines whitish, first indented near dorsum, second forming a white spot on fold; spots blackish -outlined, sometimes whitish- mixed ; subterminal line w'hitish on dorsal half, with two teeth below middle ; some dark fuscous subterminal dashes towards middle. Hindwings fuscous, lighter anteriorly. York to Sutherland, S. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. K 130 CARADRININA [hadena Asia ; 6. Larva dark brown, mixed with lighter and darker, laterally purple -tinged; dorsal line pale, interrupted, dark- edged ; subdorsal series of pale posteriorly dark-edged oblique streaks ; spiracular pale towards extremities ; 1 2 with two ochreous dots; head dark brown : on Salix and Ruhus ; 7-3. 8. H. adusta, Esp. 39-45 mm. Antennae in $ triangular- dentate. Forewings reddish- fuscous ; a black median dash from base, and a subdorsal one near base ; subbasal, first, and second lines whitish-ochreous to grey, partly black-edged, con- nected by a blackish dash on fold ; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform mixed and often edged with wliitish- ochreous ; subterminal line whitish-ochreous, preceded by dark fuscous wedges, with two teeth below middle. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, towards termen suffused with fuscous ; a small fuscous discal spot. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva green, often mixed or suffused with rosy-purple ; dorsal and subdorsal lines dark- edged ; spiracular white or greenish-yellow ; head ochreous or greenish : on Galium, Origanum, Achillea, etc. ; 8-4. 9. H. gemina, HI). 35-40 mm. Forewings brown, variably mixed with pale ochreous, reddish-brown, and dark fuscous ; a black median basal dash, surmounted by a pale blotch ; some- times a black dash from near base of dorsum ; lines pale, partly dark-edged ; spots partly outlined with black and sometimes edged with paler or whitish, beneath claviform a black dash connecting first and second lines ; subterminal line with two strong median teeth. Hindwings light fuscous, with darker terminal band. Britain to the Shetlands, L-eland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva brown-grey, darker-striated; dorsal line yellow-whitish, dark-edged ; subdorsal brownish-ochreous ; spira- cular broad, pale greyish-ochreous ; head brownish-grey, darker- freckled ; plate of 2 black, with whitish lines : on grasses ; 9-4. 10. H. polyodon, L. (viononlypha, Hufn.) 44-50 mm. Fore- wings liglit ochreous-brownish, mixed with whitish-ochreous ; a black median basal dash, and another from near base of dorsvmi ; first and second lines somewhat jxiler, connected by a black submedian dash ; median shade darker ; spots partly out- lined with black and pale-edged, claviform little marked ; sub- terminal line pale, with two strong median teeth reaching termen, and intersecting three or four blackish dashes. Hind- wings whitish-fuscous ; a darker fuscous discal spot and terminal hadena] CARADRINIDAE 131 baud. A local variety occurs in which the forewings are wholly sufFused with dark fuscous. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; N., C, and SW. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva grey or bi'own- grey to dark purplish-grey ; spiracular line pale ; spots large, black ; head and plate of 2 reddish-brown or dark brown : on grasses ; 9-5. 11. H. lithoxylea, F. 43-48 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous, mixed with brownish-ochreous and whitish ; indications of a dark fuscous dash from near base of dorsum ; second line in- dicated by a series of dark fuscous dots ; median shade brownish on costa ; spots hardly traceable ; subterminal line very faint, with indications of two strong median teeth, and two or three dark dashes beneath ; cilia tinged with reddish-brown. Hind- wings fuscous-whitish, terminally reddish-tinged ; a fuscous sub- terminal band. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C Europe, Asia Minor, NW. Asia ; 7. Larva brown-grey, sliglitly tinged with greenish or ochreous ; spiracular line hardly paler ; spots large, black ; head and plate of 2 darlv brown or black : on grasses ; 9-5. 12. H. sublustris, Esp. 40-43 mm. Forewings less elongate than in H. lithoxylea, brownish-ochreous, faintly reddish-tinged ; second line indicated by a series of dark fuscous dots ; median shade towards costa and a submedian central blotch brownish ; triangular fuscous terminal patches in middle and above tornus. Hindwiugs whitish-fuscous, more fuscous posteriorly ; a darker discal crescent and postmedian line. England to York, Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Probably the larva closely resembles that of the two preceding species and has been confused with them. 13. H. rurea, F. 35-41 mm. Forewings light greyish-ochreous, towards middle of costa or sometimes wholly suffused with rather dark ochreous-brown or reddish-brown ; a sufFused dash from dorsum near base, and triangular terminal spots above middle and above tornus dark reddish-fuscous ; spots sometimes darker-outlined, orbicular and reniform sometimes pale or pale- edged ; second line indicated by dark fuscous dots. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, posteriorly fuscous. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, comnion ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva pale rosy-grey to reddish-brown; dorsal line ochreous-whitish, dark-edged ; subdorsal pale ; spiracular broad, pale greyish-ochreous, dark-edged above ; head reddish- 132 CARADKININA [hadbna brown or dark brown; plate of 2 blackish, with whitish lines: on grasses, Primula, Rtrniex, etc. ; 9-4. 14. H. scolopacina, Esp. 33-35 mm. Forewings light brownish-ochreous, partially tinged with red-brownish; a blackish dash from dorsum near base ; first and second lines indicated by blackish dots; reniform partly outlined with whitish, pre- ceded by a fuscous costal blotch ; subterminal line obscurely pale, anteriorly sufFusedly edged with reddish-brown ; cilia mixed with blackish. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly. Englahd, rather local ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva greenish-grey ; dorsal line whitish, dark-edged ; subdorsal dark grey ; spiracular pale yellow, edged above with dark grey ; head light brownish-ochreous or greenish : on grasses and Luzula ; 10-6. 15. H. hepatica, Hb. 39-41 mm. Forewings brownish- ochreous, mixed with light red-brown ; a black median dash from base, and another from dorsum near base, connected by a red-brown suffusion ; first and second lines indistinctly dark- edged ; spots partly outlined with black, orbicular and renifoi'm separated by a red-brown suffusion, former oblique-oval ; sub- terminal line pale, partly edged with red-bi'own, and some short blackish marks. Hindwings pale fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to Berwick, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva grey-bi'own or dark purplish-brown, darker-freckled; dorsal line pale ochreous or whitish ; subdorsal obscurely pale ; spira- cular broad, light greyish-ochreous ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 blackish, with whitish lines: on grasses; 10-4. 16. H. porphyrea, Esji. (satura, Hb.) 38-44 mm. Forewings rather dark fuscous, reddish-tinged ; a short suffused blackish median dash from base, and another from dorsum near base ; fii'st and second lines dark-edged, dentate, connected by a suffused dark fuscous subniedian dash ; orbicular and reniform lighter, dark-outlined ; subterminal line pale, with two strong- median teeth, edged with some dark marks. Hindwings fuscous, lighter towards base. Britain to Aberdeen, E. Ireland, very scarce, perhaps an occasional immigrant only ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva pinkish -brown, darker above; dorsal line indistinct, interrupted ; subdorsal series of indistinct oblique grey streaks ; spiracular greenish-yellowish ; head brown : on Ifumulus, Loni- cera, cherry, etc. ; 7, 8. 17. H. furva, Hb. 33-38 mm. Forewings brown mixed with dark fuscous ; subbasal, first, and second lines lighter, dark- hadena] CARADRINIDAE 133 edged ; spots partly outlined with dark fuscous, orbicular and reniform somewhat whitish-marked on edge, posterior edge of reniform white ; subterminal line whitish, with two strong- median teeth, anteriorly suffuscdly edged with dark fuscous. Hindwings whitish-fuscous ; a fuscous terminal band, contain- ing towards toruus a bent whitish subterminal line. Britain to the Shetlands, E. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 7. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous ; spots rather small, reddish-brown ; head and plate of 2 reddish-brown : on grasses; 9-6. 18. H. abjecta, Hb. 41-43 mm. Forewings fuscous; first and second lines hardly lighter, indistinctly darker-edged ; spots indistinctly darker-outlined, posterior edge of reniform in- terruptedly marked with whitish ; some whitish dots posteriorly on veins and costa ; subterminal line obscurely paler, with two stronger median teeth. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, posteriorly fuscous. Britain to the vShetlands, S. Ireland, in salt-marshes, local , NC. Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva pale pinkish- ochreous ; spots pale reddish-brown ; head and plate of 2 red- brown : on Poa 'inaritima, P. distans, and P. Borreri ; 4-6. 19. H. sordida, Bhh. {a^iceps, Hb.) 37-41 mm. Forewings brownish-ochreous, usually more or less mixed with fuscous ; sometimes a blackish median dash from base and another from dorsum near base ; first and second lines somewhat paler, obscurely dark-edged ; spots partly darker-outlined, orbicular and reniform partly whitish-edged ; subterminal line obscurely pale, brownish-edged, with two stronger median teeth. Hind- wings fuscous-whitish ; a fuscous terminal band. Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6. Larva pale brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines obscurely darker ; lateral series of oblique blackish marks ; head and plate of 2 blackish-brown : on grasses ; 9-3. 20. H. basilinea, F. 33-38 mm. Forewings greyish-ochreous somewliat mixed with light brown ; a fine black sinuate median dash from base ; lines faintly paler, indistinctly dark-margined, subterminal with two obtuse median teeth ; orbicular and reni- form darker-outlined, latter partly whitish-edged, with lower extremity dark grey. Hindwings light fuscous, with darker terminal band. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; N. and C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6. Larva pale brown ; dorsal Hue whitish- ochreous ; subdorsal indistinctly pale ; spiracular pale or 134 CARADRININA [hadena whitish, dark-edged above ; head and plate of 2 dark brown, whitish-streaked : on wheat-£!:rains, grasses, Taraxacum, etc. ; 8-3. 21. H. ochroleuca, Esp. 33-35 mm. Antennae in S tri- angular-dentate. Forewings light ochreous, more or less brownish-tinged, especially on postmedian band ; lines whitish, first and second dentate, closely approximated or connected below middle ; median shade grey, indistinct ; spots hardly defined, orbicular indistinctly darker-outlined ; cilia distinctly barred. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; a broad rather dark fus- cous terminal band. England to York, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 8. Larva whitish-green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines broad, whitish ; sub- spiracular whitish, dark-edged above; dots black; head pale green : on seeds of Dactylis ; 5, 6. 22. H. ophiogramma, Esp. 31-33 mm. Thorax pale brown- ish-ochreous, with black transverse anterior line. Forewings pale brownish-ochreous ; an irregularly triangular dark brown costal patch extending from base to -| and reaching more than half across wing, lower extremity blackish and edged with whitish suffusion ; reniform pale ; subterminal line partly lirown-edged ; a fuscous median terminal spot ; a dark fuscous terminal dash above tornus, marked with a whitish subterminal spot. Hindwings pale fuscous, somewhat darker posteriorly. Britain to Kirkcudbright, N. and E. Ireland, local; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva dull pinkish - ochreous ; spiracular line whitish ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 brown : in stems and amongst roots of Phalaris arundinacea ; 8-5. 23. H. pabulatricula, Brh. (connexa, Bkh.) 31-36 mm. Forewings grey-whitish, anteriorly somewhat mixed with light bi'own ; a black median dash from base, and another from inner margin near base, surrounded by a brown suffusion ; median area below a black submedian dash dark brown ; orbicular and reniform partly edged with dark fuscous, separated by a brown suffusion; subterminal line faintly brownish -edged. Hind- wings fuscous, darker posteriorly. Norfolk to Kirkcudbright, local ; EC. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva on Phalaris arundinacea (?) ; 4, 5. 24. H. leucostigma, lib. (fibrosa, Hb.) 34-37 mm. Fore- wings brown, coppery-tinged, variable in intensity, lighter towards dorsum and on postmedian band, darkest along ter- men ; lines indistinct; orbicular indistinctly dark - outHned ; reniform dark-outlined, more or less whitish-ochreous or whitish hadena] CARADRINIDAE 135 posteriorly, veins 3 and 4 beyond it more or less whitish-dotted. Hiudwings light fuscous, darker terminally. Britain to the Shetlands, N. and W. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva dark grey-brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines faintly paler; dots blackish ; head dark brown ; plate of 2 black ; plate of 1 3 surroimded by a ridge : in hearts of Cladiicm mariscus ; 5-7. 25. H. unanimis, Tr. 29-36 mm. Forewings pale brown mixed with reddish-brown and sprinkled with dark fuscous ; an ill-defined black median dash from base, and sometimes one from dorsum near base ; lines pale, indistinct, subterminal with two median teeth ; orbicular and reniform dark-outlined, more or less pale-edged, posterior edge of reniform whitish. Hind- wings light fuscous, with darker terminal suffusion. Britain to the Orkneys, E. Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva light brown, tinged with ochreous or greenish ; dorsal line whitish-ochreous, dark-edged ; subdorsal pale, dark- edged ; spiracular broad, pale ochreous, dark-edged above; head and plate of 2 brown : on grasses ; 8-3. 26. H. didyma, ^sp. (oculea, Gn.) 27-33 mm. Forewings brownish-ochreous, reddish-brown, or dark brown, sometimes with a dark brown triangular costal patch extending from base to near apex ; sometimes a short black median basal dash ; first and second lines indistinct, median band sometimes darker ; orbicular usually indistinct ; reniform moz'e or less marked with white posteriorly ; subterminal line obscurely pale, rather strongly curved below middle, terminal area mostly dark fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, very common ; IST., C, and SE. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva green ; dorsal line irregular, double, dull purplish-pink or deep reddish ; head brownish : in stems of grasses ; 9-5. 27. H. nictitans, Bkh. 28-35 mm. Forewings light ochreous- brown, sometimes reddish-tinged, darker in disc ; lines darker- edged, median shade dai'kcr ; orbicular small, light, sometimes pale-edged; reniform white or feiTuginous- orange, fuscous- marked. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriori}^ Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 8, 9. Larva ochreous-grey or pinkish- grey ; dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines pale grey- ish-ochreous ; head pinkish-ochreous ; plate of 2 yellow-brown : on grasses ; 6, 7. 28. H. Haworthii, Curt. 25-29 mm. Forewings purplish- CARADRININA [hadena brown, median band dark brown ; median and subdorsal veins and dorsal edu'e mostly white ; an ill-defined blackish median basal mark, and one above dorsum near base ; first and second lines pale, dark -edged internally; spots outlined with dark fuscous, orbicular and reniform whitish, brown-centred ; post- median and terminal areas whitish-mixed ; subterminal line whitish, edged a.nteriorly with dark fuscous marks. Hind wings light fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain (except SW. England) to the Shetlands, Ireland, common, more local southwards ; N. and NC. Europe ; 8. Larva pinkish-ochreous to purplish-brown ; dorsal and sub- dorsal lines faintly pale ; spots black ; head and plate of 2 pale reddish-brown : amongst stem-bases of Erioj)horum ; 6, 7. 29. H. captiuncula, Tr. (expolita, Stt.) 15-18 mm. Fore- wings light brownish -ochreous, much suffused with reddish- brown ; median and terminal areas often mixed with dark fuscous ; first and second lines obscurely whitish, more dis- tinct dorsally ; orbicular indistinctly pale, reniform whitish- ochreous, both sometimes nearly obsolete ; postmedian band sometimes pale. Hindwings dai'k fuscous. Lancashire to Durham, W. L'eland, local ; EC. Europe, NW. Asia; 7. Larva ochreous, reddish -tinged, dorsally purplish- tinged on 3-8 ; head reddish-brown ; plate of 2 yellow-brown : in hearts of Carex glauca ; 8-5. 30. H. literosa, Hiv. 24-27 mm. Forewings rosy-grey; median band darker; a darker reddish subdorsal spot at -g- ; first and second lines internally dark -edged on lower half, second Avhitish ; orbicular and anterior edge of reniform blackish -outlined, orbicular whitish-edged, reniform whitish with grc}^ inner ring ; subterminal line obscurely whitish, anteriorly sufTusedly edged witli brown -reddish. Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally. Britain to Caledonian Canal, L'eland, rather local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor, NW. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva ochreous, sometimes pink- ish-tinged ; space between dorsal and subdorsal lines deep reddish or dark fuscous ; head and plate of 2 yellow-brown : in stems of grasses ; 9-6. 31. H. bicoloria, VUl. {furuyicida, Hb. ; rufuncuJa, Hw.) 21-26 mm. 1^'orowings pale brownish-ochreous, more or less suffused witli brown, especially on median band ; first and second lines on lower half wiiitish, internally darlc-edged ; orbicular and antci'ior edge of reniform dark-outlined, orbicular pale-edged, reniform suffused with white ; postmedian band hadena] CARADRINIDAE 137 sometimes wliitish-sprinkled ; subterminal line obscurely pale, terminal area mixed with dark grey. Hindwings light fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; N., C, and SW. Europe, Asia Minoi', NW. Asia ; 7. Larva yellow -ochreous, pinkish-tinged, with three dull reddish bands on each segment ; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler; head dark reddish -brown ; plate of 2 light reddish-brown : in stems of grasses ; 9-6. 32. H. strigilis, CI. 24-27 mm. Forewings light brownish- ochreous, more or less mixed or sometimes wholly suffused with rather dark fuscous, sometimes partly rosy-tinged ; sometimes a black dash from dorsum near base ; first and second lines on lower half often whitish, internally dark -edged, sometimes con- nected by a thick black submedian dash ; orbicular and reniform dark-outlined, sometimes edged with whitish-ochreous or whitish or very indistinct ; postmedian band sometimes whitish-mixed ; subterminal line obscurely pale. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, very common ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva dull reddish or fuscous ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines pale ochreous ; subspiracular pale ochreous, sometimes blackish-edged above ; head and plate of 2 pale brown : on leaves and in stems of grasses and Carex ; 9-.5. 33. H. fasciuncula, H^v. 21-25 mm. Forewings reddish- ochreous, more or less mixed with fuscous, especially on median band ; first and second lines on lower half whitish, internally dark-edged ; orbicular and renifoi'm obscurely pale; postmedian band lighter, terminal area more fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; WC. and SW. P^urope ; 6, 7. Larva pinkish - ochreous ; dorsal line double, ])ale greyish-ochreous, enclosing a darker line ; subdorsal and lateral lines pale greyish-ochreous; head and plate of 2 light brown : on leaves and in stems of grasses ; 9-.5. 36. Metachrostis, Hh. Head rough -scaled, face with somewhat appressed scales; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ fasciculate - ciliated. Thorax flat-scaled, with small posterior crest. Abdomen crested towards base. A genus of moderate extent, distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. The imagos are coloured in imitation of the lichens which they fi'equent. 138 OARADRININA [metachrostis 1. Median band suffused with fuscous . 3. algae. ,, ,, not fuscous . . .2. 2. First line reaching dorsum . . 1. perla. ,, ,, not reaching dorsum . . 2. muralis. 1. M. perla, F. 22-27 mm. Forewings ochreous-whitish ; costa marked with blackish ; lines black, subbasal preceded by a greyish spot, second subdentate, subterminal forming dots ; spots grey, sometimes bluish -tinged, orbicular and claviform confluent to form an 8-shaped spot, reniform similar, smaller, whitish - edged ; a greyish praesubterminal costal spot; a ter- minal row of white dots, surrounded by greyish suffusion. Hindwings grey-whitish ; discal spot and two suffused posterior lines dark grey. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. and SW. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva light bluish-grey ; a broad irregular orange or ochreous-yellovv dorsal stripe, usually enclosing an interrupted dark grey dorsal line ; lateral and spiracular lines sometimes whitish ; spots black ; head black : on lichens on walls; 10-5. 2. M. muralis, Forst. {glandifera, Hb. ; par, Hb. ; impar, Warren) 25-29 mm. Forewings whitish-greenish ; costa marked with black ; lines black, subbasal preceded by a grey-greenish suffusion dorsally prolonged, first connected with subbasal near dorsum and not reaching dorsum, second and subterminal fol- lowed by grey -greenish shades; spots grey -greenish, outlined with black, orbicular and claviform confluent into a transverse blotch. Hindwings light fuscous ; discal spot and two suffused posterior lines darker. England to Caernarvon and Norfolk, W. and S. Ireland, local ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7, 8. Larva bluish-grey ; dorsal line white, irregular, sometimes interrupted ; subspiracu- lar pale or yellowish ; spots white ; head and plate of 2 black : on lichens on walls ; 10-5. 3. M. algae, F. 22-25 mm. Forewings grey-greenish, median band suffused with fuscous ; subbasal line black ; first and second indicated by some whitieh scales, edged internally with blackish ; a semicircular dorsal spot outlined with blackish beyond subbasal line ; spots hardly darker, orbicular and claviform confluent into a transverse blotch ; subterminal line obscurely whitish. Hindwings fuscous, darker terminally. Cheshire, Lancashire, very scarce ; C. and S. Eiirope, Asia Minor; 7. Larva greenish-grey, whitish - mixed ; doi'sal line and lateral spots white ; dorsal series of black horseshoe- METACHROSTis] CARADRINIDAE 139 shaped marks; spiracular pale, blackish -edged above; head black : on lichens on trees; 10-5. 37. MoMA, Hb. Head rough-scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in (^ciliated. Thorax with slight anterior and posterior crests, patagia some- what crested posteriorly. Abdomen with several crests. Restricted to the single species. Larva with tufts of hairs. 1. M. orion, Esp. 32-37 mm. Thorax pale green marked with black, collar black edged with white. Forewings pale green ; irregular median and submedian streaks and costal edge white ; first and second lines widely remote, thick, irregu- lar, black, second posteriorly irregularly edged with fuscous ; a black mark on middle of costa ; spots partly strongly outlined with black ; black subterminal marks in middle and above tornus ; a terminal row of black anteriorly white-edged spots ; cilia barred. Hindwings light fuscous, darker posteriorly ; two whitish tornal marks. Kent to Cornwall, Suffolk, Norfolk, Durham, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6. Larva brownish-ochreous, with several irregular yellowish lines, dorsally black on 4-12; pale yellow or whitish transverse dorsal blotches on 5, 7, and 10 ; reddish tubercles bearing tufts of brown or whitish hairs; head black, yellowish- marked : on oak, birch, beech, etc. ; 7-9. 38. ACRONTCTA, 0. Head rough - scaled ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ very minutely ciliated. Thorax with slight posterior crest. Abdo- men with slight ill-defined hairy crests towards base. A rather small genus, characteristic of the European region and N. America. Ova in species 1-8 deposited singly, in remainder in overlapping rows. Larvae remarkably diversified, but usually more or less haiiy, often conspicuously decorated. Pupa in cocoon, or cavity in dead wood, etc.; in species 9-12 with segmental margins forming rounded I'idges. 1. Dorsal half of forewings blackish . 2. alni. „ ,, ,, not blackish . .2. 2. Median band with black subdorsal dash . 3. strigosa. ,, ,, without such dash . . .3. 3. Second line marked with white subdorsal spot 9. rumicis. ,, ,, witliout white spot . . .4. 4. Forewings partly greenish-tinged . 8. ligustri. „ not greenish-tinged . . .5. HO CARADRININA [acronycta 5. Forewings moi-e or less sprinkled with dark fuscous 6. ,, not sprinkled with dark fuscous . 11. 6. Black basal dash tolerably defined . 7. „ „ „ nearly obsolete . . 10. 7. Hindwings white . 8. ,, at most whitish anteriorly . 9. 8. First line distinct towards costa only 1. leporina. ,, ,, ,, throughout 7. aceris. 9. Subterminal line whitish . 10. auricoma. „ obsolete 12. menyanthidis. 10. Reniform bi'oadly pale-sufFused . 6. megacephala. „ not pale-suffused .11. euphorhiae. 11. Forewings tinged with rosy-purplish 4. tridens. ,, not so tinged . . 5. psi. 1 . A. leporina, L. 37-44 mm. Forewings whitish, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; a short black median basal dash ; first line indicated by a black mark on costa and traces elsewhere, median by a sti'ong black costal mai'k, second black, waved, inter- rupted ; small orbicular and narrow reniform indistinctly blackish -outlined ; base of cilia black -spotted. Hindwings white. Britain to Sutherland, E. and S. Ireland, not common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6. Larva green or greenish-yellow ; sometimes obscure red-brownish dorsal and lateral suff'usions ; numerous very long white or yellowish bail's, directed forwards on right side and backwards on left ; sometimes dorsal tufts of black hairs; head sometimes black - marked : on alder, birch, elm, SaJix ; 7-9. 2. A. alni, L. 37-42 mm. Thorax grey- whitish, with a black lateral stripe. Forewings grey-whitish, irregularly mixed with pale brownish ; dorsal half blackish from base to tornus, united with a bi'oad blackish-fuscous median fascia ; first and second lines blackish ; reniform indistinctly indicated ; subter- minal line obscurely pale ; a black dash before termen above middle. Hindwings white, termen fuscous-sprinkled. England to York, E. Ireland, scarce ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva black ; a series of ti'ansverse yellow bands ; 2 with four, 5-10, 12, 13 each with two long black hairs with broadly flattened tiyjs ; liead black : on alder, birch, beech, Cornus, etc. ; 7-9. When young, the larva is quite different, being whitish, with 5-10 suffused with slaty-grey, 5-9 subjiromineut above; in this stage it usually rests with the head bent round acronycta] CARADRINIDAE 141 against 9, and closely resembles a patch of bird's excrement. In the final stage the larva can emit a strong probably pro- tective odonr, resembling carburetted hydrogen ; its black and yellow bands are therefore, as usual, a warning signal. 3. A. strigosa, F. 28-31 mm. Fore wings ochreous-whitish, sprinkled witli brown; costa spotted with dark fuscous; an ochreous-yellow blackish-edged spot towards base of dorsum ; a black submedian streak from base to termen, interrupted on median band, and a black subdorsal dash on median band ; first and second lines whitish, partly edged with dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform sufFusedly pale-edged, partly outlined with blackish, separated by a dark fuscous suffusion. Hind- wings fuscous-whitish, termen fuscous-suflfused ; a pale fuscous discal spot. Norfolk, Cambridge, local; C. Europe, N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva green, seldom purple-brown ; an irregular dorsal crimson- brown stripe ; scattered blackish, oclu'eous, and whitish hairs ; 12 with dorsal prominence; head dark brown: on hawthorn; 7-9. 4. A. tridens, Schiff. 33-39 mm. Differs from A. j^si only as follows : forewings slightly darker, faintly tinged witli rosy- purplish ; median costal mark rather more oblique. Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. and W. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva black; a broad white dorsal stripe, including a series of orange spots ; lateral series of reddish marks and white tubercles ; spiracular line broad, whitish; 5 and 12 with dorsal prominences, 5 with a tuft of black hairs; numerous long blackish, whitish, and yellowish hairs; head black: on hawthorn, oak, birch, etc.; 8-10. 5. A. psi, L. 35-41 mm. Forewings grey-whitish densely irrorated with light brown ; a black median basal streak reaching first line, emitting three short projections; first line edged with dark fuscous ; orbicular and reniform partly black, outlined, almost or quite touching ; a dark fuscous median costal mark touching their junction ; second line obscurely whitish, blackish-edged posteriorly ; a fine black dash beyond this above middle, and a stronger one traversing it above tornus. Hindwings whitish, more or less fuscous-sprinkled posteriorly ; sometimes a fuscous postmedian line. Britain to Ross, Ireland, very common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia, N. Africa ; 5, 6. Larva blackish or slaty-grey ; a broad pale yellowish or whitish dorsal stripe ; lateral series of orange or reddish marks ; spiracular line broad, whitish ; 142 CARADRININA [acronycta 5 with long narrow dorsal blackish prominence, 12 with a smaller prominence ; numerous ochreous, whitish, and blackish hairs ; head black : on plum, rose, birch, etc. ; 7-9. 6. A. megacephala, F. 40-42 mm. Forewings ochreous-grey- whitish, irrorated with blackish ; second and subterminal lines more whitish, median shade and margins of first, second, and subterminal lines formed by denser cloudy irroration ; orbicular and reniform more or less pale-sufFused, darker-outlined. Hind- wings whitish, towards termen and on veins more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous. Britain to Ross, Ii'eland, common ; Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva dark fuscous or grey above, paler laterally; numerous pale yellowish pubescent dots, tending to form several lines; 11 with a pale yellow or white dorsal patch; numerous mostly pale or whitish hairs ; head black, whitish-marked : on poplar, or seldom Salix ; 7-9. 7. A. aceris, L. 40-44 mm. Forewings whitish, irrorated with greyish-ochreous scales tipped with blackish ; an ill-defined slender branched blackish median basal streak to beyond first line ; first and second lines dark-edged, second followed by a brownish shade; median line fuscous, more distinct towards costa, traversing reniform; orbicular round, blackish - out- lined ; reniform indistinctly dark-outlined. Hiudwings white ; veins and termen more or less irrorated with dark fuscous. England to Lancashire, N. and W. Ireland, not uncommon ; Europe, Asia Minor; 6, 7. Larva red-brown or blackish, whitish-freckled ; dorsal series of white black-edged diamonds ; numerous very long yellow hairs ; head black : on horse-chest- nut, sycamore, oak, etc. ; 7-9. 8. A. ligustri, F. 35-41 mm. Forewings rather dark pui-plish- ashy -fuscous, partly tinged with dull olive-green, with a few white scales ; subbasal, first, and second lines edged with black, subbasal ending in a short black dash ; orbicular white -edged, black -outlined, surmounted by a whitish costal suftusion; claviform partly white-edged; reniform black-out- lined, posteriorly strongly white-edged, followed by a suff'used white blotch ; subterminal line partly white. Hindwings fuscous, faintly greenish-tinged. Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva pale, bluish-gi-een, beneath yellowish-green ; dorsal line whitish ; lateral pale yellowish ; spiracles red ; dots blaclv, bearing single rather long black hairs ; head green : on ash (seldom privet, alder, etc.) ; 7-9. acronycta] CARADRINIDAE 143 9. A. rumicis, L. 34-40 mm. Forewings fuscous, mixed with whitish, and irregularly irrorated with dark fuscous ; sub- basal, first, and second lines blackish-edged, second marked with a white subdorsal spot; median line dark fuscous, only distinct towards costa ; orbicular and reniform blackish -out- lined ; subterminal line whitish. Hindwings fuscous, darker towards termen. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia, N. Africa ; 5, 6. Larva rather dark brown-grey, paler-mai'bled ; dorsal series of black blotches enclosing orange-red spots ; sub- dorsal series of white spots ; subspiracular line waved, white or pale yellowish, marked with orange-red tubercles ; fascicles of pale ochreous or reddish mixed with dark fuscous hairs ; 5 and 12 somewhat prominent above; head black, streaked with brownish-ochreous : on Polygonum., Salix, hawthorn, Veronica, etc.; 8, 9. 10. A. auricoma, F. 35-39 mm, Forewings fuscous, mixed with whitish and irrorated with black; an ill -defined black median basal streak to first line ; base of dorsum whitish- ochi'eous ; first line indistinctly blackish-edged ; orbicular and reniform blackish-outlined, space between them pale ; second line black ; subterminal whitish ; sometimes a blackish streak above tornus. Hindwings light fuscous, in ^ more whitish anteriorly. Kent to Hants, local ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia; 5, 8. Larva black, incisions greyer; 3-13 each with two or four orange-reddish tubercles, bearing fascicles of orange hairs ; other hairs blackish ; head and plate of 2 black : on oak, birch, Ruhus, etc.; 6, 7, 9-4. 11. A. euphorbiae, F. {myricae, Gn.) 31-37 mm. Forewings fuscous, mixed with whitish and irrorated with dark fuscous ; indications of a blackish median basal streak ; first and second lines edged internally with darker, externally with blackish ; median line darker ; orbicular and reniform blackish-outlined ; subterminal line faintly paler. Hindwings in c^ white, veins fuscous ; in $ rather dark fuscous, cilia white. Ayr to Ross, S. Ireland, local ; Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia; 6. Larva black, incisions more greenish -grey, some- times mostly suft\ised with whitish ; subdorsal series of whitish or pale yellow trilobed. spots ; subspiracular line orange-red ; 3 with orange -red transverse band; fascicles of black hairs mixed with whitish ; head black : on Myrica, Erica, birch, etc.; 8, 9. 144 CARADRININA [acronycta 12. A. menyanthidis, View, {salicis, Curt.) 33-37 mm. Forcwiugs fuscou;^, almost wholly suftused with grey-whitish, somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous ; an irregular blackish median basal streak to first line ; first line indistinctly dark- edged ; median shade obscurely darker ; orbicular and reni- form dark-outlined, sometimes almost obsolete; second line whitish, posteriorly edged with dark fuscous, usually traversed by a short dark fuscous submedian mark ; terminal area some- times darker. Hindwings light fuscous, darker terminally. Norfolk and Shropshire to Ross, N. and W. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 6. Larva blackish-brown or black ; sub- spiracular line dull reddisli or crimson, sometimes interrupted ; fascicles of pale reddish-brown to black haii's; head black: on Myrica, Calluna, Salix, etc.; 8, 9. 39. Arsilonchb, Ld. Head rough-haired ; eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ minutely ciliated. Palpi rather short, porrected, densely rough-haired. Thorax densely hairy, not crested. Abdomen not crested. Limited to include the single species only ; it is closely cor- related with the preceding. 1. A. albovenosa, Gz. (venosa, Bkh.) 33-37 mm. Forewings whitish-ochreous, sometimes sprinkled with dark fuscous ; in- distinct brownish median, submedian, and dorsal streaks ; sometimes blackish terminal dots. Hindwings white. Herts to Norfolk, in marshes, local ; C. and SE. Europe, N. America ; 6. Larva blackish or dark brown-grey, pale-marbled ; subdorsal and subspiracular lines pale ochreous-yellowish, often reddish-marked ; tubercles on these yellow or orange ; fascicles of pale reddish-brown and black hairs ; head black, streaked with ochi-eous : on reed (Phragmites), Carex, Typha, etc.; 8, 9. 3. PLUSIADAE. Ocelli usually distinct. Tongue well-developed. Posterior tibiae with all spurs present. Forewings : 7 and 8 usually out of 9, 10 usually connected with 9. Hindwings : 3 and 4 connate or short-stalked, 5 well-developed, G and 7 connate or short-stalked or seldoui closely approximated only, 8 shortly anastomosing with cell near base, thence evenly diverging. This family is by no means very prominent in temperate regions, but within the tropics it assimies immense propor- tions and is there probably the most abundant family of PLUSIADAE 145 the Lepidopiera. There is much greater diversity of size, colour, and form than in the Caradrinidae, and also more variation in structure, though this remains more uniform than usual. Imago with forewings usually relatively broader and less elongate than in the Caradrinidae, body often more slender. Ovum spherical, more or less reticulated, often also riblicd. Larva with few hairs, sometimes with prolegs on 7 and 8 absent or rudimentary. Pupa usually in a cocoon above ground. The following diagram shows the phylogeny of the principal genera : — Phylogeny of Plusiadae. Aethia lermiiiia 1 Hypenodes 1 Hypeua Aveiitia 1 1 Plusia 1 Ophiusa 1 Catepliia 1 Catocala 1 Eucl 1 Eublemma 1 1 Eustrotia 1 Eiviila Tabulation of Genera. 1. Hindwings with 5 pai'allel to 4 . . .2. 5 more or less appi'oximatcd to 4 10. 2. Forewings with 7 absent . 4. SCHRANKIA ,, „ all veins present . 3. 3. Forewings with 7 separate 5. Hypenodes „ 7 out of 9 . 4. 4. Antennae in S bipectinated . 5. ,, ,, not bipectinated . . 6. 5. Palpi porrected . 1. BOLETOBIA „ ascending . 3. Herminia 6. Abdomen with small crest near base . 7. „ not crested . 8. 7. Eyes ciliated G. BOMOLOCIIA „ not ciliated . L 7 Hypena 146 CARADRININA 8. Palpi long . . . .2. Aethia. ,, moderate . . . . .9. 9. Tibiae loosely haired . . 9. Aventia. „ smooth-scaled . 8. Colobochyla 10. Middle tibiae spinose . . .11, ,, ,, not spinose . . .13. 11. Anterior tibiae spinose . . .16. Euclidia. ,, „ not spinose . . .12. 12. Abdomen somewhat crested towards base 15. Catocala. „ not crested . . .14. Phoberia. 13. Antennae in (? bipectinated . 11. Scoliopteryx. ,, „ not bipectinated . . .14. 14. Abdomen crested . . . .15. ,, not crested .... 17. 15. Tibiae rough-scaled .... 16. ,, with appressed scales . . 17. Erastria. 16. Palpi with second joint rough-scaled . 12. Plusia. ,, ,, ,, smooth-scaled . 13. Catephfa. 17. Forewhigs with 7 separate . .21. Eublemma. ,, ), 7 not separate . . .18. 18. Forewings with 10 separate . . 22. Rivula. ,, ,, 10 not separate . . . 19. 19. Face forming a rounded horny prominence 20. Emmelta. ,, not forming a pi'ominence . . . 20. 20. Thorax with anterior crest . .10. Ophiusa. ,, without anterior crest . . .21. 21. Thorax rough-haired . . 19. Panemeria. smooth-scaled . . .18. Eustrotia. Sub-Fam. 1. HYPENIDES. Vein 5 of hindwings parallel to 4. 1. BOLETOBIA, B. Head with appressed scales. Antennae in $ bipectinated to apex. Palpi long, straight, porrected, rough-scaled through- out. Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae smooth-scaled. Hindwings : 5 parallel to 4. Only the one species is known ; it frequents dark damp buildings, and is very retired in habit. Larva without prolegs on 7 and 8 (?). Pupa in a cocoon covered with i-efuse. boletobia] PLUSIADAE 147 1. B. fuliginaria, L. 23-29 mm. Forewings dark fuscous; first and second lines pale ochreous, internally dark-edged, second dentate ; a darker discal mark ; subterminal line pale ochreous, subdentate. Hind wings as forewings, but first line obsolete. Kent, Sussex, Middlesex, Worcester, scarce and local ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 7. Larva blackish ; dorsal and supraspiracular dots orange : on fungus (a blackish species of the family Muscedines) growing ou rotten wood ; 5, 6. 2. Aethia, Hh. Head loosely scaled, with frontal tuft. Antennae in $ ciliated, with long bristles at joints, sometimes with a thicken- ing below middle. Palpi long or very long, ascending or re- curved, thickened with tolerably appressed scales, terminal joint loosely scaled above, pointed. Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae with appressed scales ; anterior tibiae in $ sometimes with long expansible hair-pencil. Hindwings : 5 parallel to 4. Includes a few species inhabiting temperate portions of the northern hemisphere. Piipa in a slight cocoon. 1. Forewings with entire dai'k fuscous subterminal line 2. ,, without such line . . .3. 2. Subterminal line running to apex . . 3. nevioralh. „ ,, ,, to costa 2. tarsipennalis. 3. First and second lines whitish-ochreous . 1. emortualis. ,, ,, dark brown . 4. derivalis. 1. A. emortualis, Schiff. 23-27 mm. Forewings pale ochreous finely sprinkled with brown ; first and second lines hardly curved, whitish-ochreous; a whitish-ochreous discal mark. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent. S. England to Oxford and Essex, scarce and local : C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva without developed prolegs on 7 : on oak ; 9, 10. 2. A. tarsipennalis, Tr. 27-30 mm. Antennae in S with a thickening below middle. Anterior tibiae in $ with long hair- pencil. Forewings light brown ; first and second lines dark fuscous, first curved, second sinuate- curved ; a curved dark fuscous discal mark ; subterminal line straight, dark fuscous, pale-edged posteriorly. Hindwings pale fuscous ; a bent dark fuscous posteriorly pale-edged subterminal line. Britain to the Clyde, W. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. 148 CARADRININA [aethia Asia; 7. Larva brown-grey, darker - freckled ; dorsal line blackish -grey, interrupted; subdorsal paler, interrupted; lateral series of blackish marks ; dots black ; head and plate of 2 darker : on Salix, Ruhus, Polygonum, etc. ; 9-4. 3. A. nemoralis, F. [grisealis, Hb.) 21-26 mm. Anterior tarsi in $ absent. Forewings ochreous irrorated with brown ; first and second lines dark fuscous, first straight, second strongly curved on upper half ; a dark fuscous discal mark ; subterminal line somewhat curved inwards, dark fuscous, ninning to apex. Hindwings light fuscous ; a bent darker subterminal line. England to York, N. and E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva dull pinkish -grey, darker - freckled ; dorsal line broad, blackish; subdorsal darker; dots blackish; head and plate of 2 dark brown : on oak, Sisymhrium, etc. ; 8,9. 4. A. derivalis, Hh. 23-27 mm. Forewings ochreous irro- rated with brown ; first and second lines curved, dark brown ; a dark brown discal mark ; subterminal line curved, obscurely pale or obsolete, sometimes partly edged anteriorly with dark brown. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, second less cvirved, subterminal more obsolete. Kent, Sussex, Essex, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva dark brown ; dorsal line faintly darker ; dots black ; head and plate of 2 darker : on fallen leaves of oak, Salix, etc.; 8-6. 3. Herminia, Latr. Head loosely scaled, with frontal tuft. Antennae in S bipectinated, with a thickening below middle. Palpi very long, obliquely ascending, thickened with rough scales, second joint very long, straight, terminal rather short, pointed. Thorax smooth-scaled. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae with appressed scales ; anterior tibiae in $ with large expansible hair-pencil. Hindwings : 5 parallel to 4. The species are few, and inhabit nortliern temperate regions, principally N. America. Pupa in a slight cocoon. Forewings with lines entire . . .2. harhalis. ,, ,, reduced to series of marks 1. cribraliK. 1. H. cribralis, Jib. 23-26 mm. Antcnnal pectinations of S long. Forewings whitish-ochreous, thinly brown-sprinkled ; first and second lines forming series of short cloudy dark fuscous marks, subterminal a series of indistinct dark fuscous dots ; a herminia] PLUSIADAE 149 black discal dot. Hiudwings fuscous- whitish, terminally brownish-tinged ; a grey discal dot. S. England to Somerset and Lincoln, in marshy places, local; C. Europe, N. Asia; 7. Larva pale grey -brown, yellowish-freckled; dorsal line darker, pale-edged; subdorsal and spiracular paler: on Salix, Carex, Luzula, etc.; 9-5. 2. H. barbalis, CI. 27-31 mm. Antennal pectinations of $ very short, terminating in long bristles. Forewings pale greyish-ochreous irrorated with dark brown ; first and second lines cloudy dark yellowish- brown, somewhat sinuate, bent near costa; an ill-defined darker discal mark ; subterminal lino cloudy, dark brown, nearly straight. Hindwings whitish irrorated with fuscous except towards costa and apex ; obscure darker fuscous second and sub- terminal lines. England to York, common ;Neuration and head of //cr»iNua6a/M«. N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor; 5-7. Larva dull reddish- ochreous ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral series of darker- freckled diamonds ; head fuscous : on birch and oak ; 8-4. 4. SCHRANKIA, Hb. Head smooth-scaled. Antennae in S ciliated. Palpi long, recurved, smooth -scaled, second joint thickened, terminal modei-ately long, pointed. Thorax smooth -scaled. Abdomen not crested. Tibiae smooth -scaled. Forewings : 7 absent, 8 separate, 9 and 10 stalked. Hindwings : 5 parallel to 4. Includes only the single species. 1. S. turfosalis, Wk. 13-14 mm. Forewings whitish- ochreous, irregularly irrorated with brown and dark fuscous ; first line indistinctly indicated ; second irregular, oblique, dark fuscous, posteriorly whitish-edged ; a small dark fuscous discal spot, white-edged posterioz-ly ; subterminal line straight, oblique, ill-defined, whitish, preceded by a dark fuscous sutf usion, run- ning to apex. Hindwings grey. Britain to Perth, S. Ireland, in marshy places, local ; NC. Europe ; 7. 150 CARADRININA [hypenodes 5. Hypenodes, Gn. Head loosely scaled, with small frontal tuft. Antennae in $ ciliated. Palpi very long, ^^_.^_;:::::^^^2^^^^ poiTccted, second joint thickened ^^-;;:::^^;;;^^^^:^^^^-<^::::^^^^— -^ with I'ough projecting scales, •i ^^^^^^""^ _- ^-. Face forming an obtuse prominence. Antennae in ^ ciliated. Palpi rough-scaled. Anterior tibiae with horny apical hook. Forewings: areole double. Hindwings in $ with transparent basal subdorsal spot, bordered beneath by short membranous bladdery ridge, forming small pocket on lower surface; 3 and 4 sometimes stalked in c?, 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle or in $ sometimes connected by bar beyond middle only. A genus of some extent, ranging through Europe and Asia ; derived from Hydriomena. 1. Forewings with pale subcostal streak from near base . . .1. spartiata. „ without such streak . . .2. 2. Edges of median band distinct . . .3. ,, ,, ,, obsolete . . 3. griseata. 3. Fourth fascia angulated above middle . 4. jilagiata. „ not angulated above middle 2. rtifata. 1. E. spartiata, Fuesl. 32-35 mm. Forewings elongate, rather dark brown ; a median series of tliree blotches outlined with brownish -ochreous, discal one including a whitish dash and dark fuscous spot; a whitish or brownish -oclireous sub- costal streak from near base to apex ; subterminal line whitish, 200 NOTODONTINA [eucestia sixth fascia ochreous-brown. Hindwings elongate, brownish- grey, darker apically. Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, common ; WC. Europe ; 9, 10. Larva green; dorsal line darker, pale -edged; subdorsal very dark green, yellowish-edged above ; spiracular white ; incisions yellowish: on Cytisus ; 5, 6. The imago curiously resembles the dried open seed-pods of the food-plant. 2. E. rufata, F. {phliqua7'ia, Bkh.) 31-33 mm. Forewings elongate, light fuscous ; an angulated dark fuscous subbasal line, antemedian space ochreous-sufFused ; edges of median band bisinnate, black-marked, posterior wholly black on upper half, followed by a pale ocbreous shade continued beneath costa to apex ; subterminal line whitish, sixth fascia brownish-ochreous. Hindwings elongate, grey; a faint darker discal dot. Britain to Ross, local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5-7. Larva dull olive-green; dorsal line darker, pale - edged ; subdorsal dark gi'een, pale-edged beneath ; lateral pale ; spiracular white : on Cytisus; 7-9. 3. E. griseata, Schif. 26-30 mm. Foi-ewings elongate, grey- wliitish, thickl}' sprinkled with grey; a somewhat darker prae- subterminal shade, running to apex ; cilia white. Hindwings elongate, whitish-grey ; cilia white. Suffolk, Norfolk, very local ; C. and SW. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva green : a dorsal series of purplish blotches ; dorsal line darker green or brown ; subdorsal pale, darker -edged ; spiracular pale yellow : on Sisymbrium and Erysimum ; 7, 8. 4. E. plagiata, L. 34-38 mm. Forewings grey -whitish, much fuscous-sprinkled, with indistinct fuscous striae; first fascia of one dark fuscoiis stria, forming a dark brown costal spot ; striae of third and fourth dark fuscous, sometimes suf- fused with brown, darker on costa, fourth angulated below costa, followed above middle by an ochreous tinge ; subterminal line pale ; an ochrcous-brownisli obli(|ue apical streak ; a grey discal mark. Hindwings pale fuscous ; a darker discal dot and faint postraedian line. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, connnon ; Europe, W. Asia; 5, 6, 8, 9. Larva reddish -ochreous, with numerous reddish- brown lines ; spiracular pale yellow ; incisions yellowish ; head pale brown: on Hypericum ; 7, 10-4. 10. Carsia, Jlh. Face prominent. Antennae in 3 ciliated. Balpi rough- carsiaJ HYDRIOMENIDAE 201 scaled. Forewings : areole double. Hindwiiigs in S with transparent basal subdorsal spot, bordered beneath by short membranous bladdeiy ridge, foi-ming small pocket on lower surface ; 8 anastomosing with cell shortly beyond middle. The single species is closely correlated with Eucestia. 1. 0. paludata, Tlmh. (imbutata, Hb.) 22-26 mm. Fore- wings brown-grey, densely whitish-sprinkled, with faint darker striae ; third and fourth fasciae sometimes brown, edges of median band dark fuscous, anterior straight, posterior angulated below costa and in middle, followed by a white line, angles sur- rounded by a rosy-ochreous sufi'usion ; fifth fascia obscure, rather dark fuscous, running to apex ; a, grey discal mark ; cilia sharply barred. Hindwings pale grey, rosy-tinged. Warwick and Stafford to the Shetlands, common ; N. and mountains of C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7. Larva reddish -brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; spiracular yellow, marked with red spots, on 2 and 3 black-edged above ; subspiracular black ; head dull pink : on Vaccinmm ; 5, 6. 11. Calocalpe, Hb. Face with cone of scales. Antennae in $ ciliated. PaljDi rough-scaled. Forewings : areole double. Hindwings in S with deep dorsal fold beneath, containing large lateral hair- tuft posteriorly ; 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle. A small genus, but extending throughout the northern hemisphere and S. America ; derived from Hydriomena. Cilia white-spotted . . . .2. undulata. ,, not white-marked . . .1. certata. 1. C. certata, Hb. 37-40 mm. Forewings light ochreous- bi-own, with darker or dark fuscous striae ; third and foiirth fasciae darker, sometimes suffused with dark brown, fourth obtusely angulated below costa and in middle ; subterminal line obscurely whitish ; a black oblique discal mark. Hind- wings light ochreous-brownish, with curved darker striae ; a dark grey discal dot ; termen dentate. England to York, rather common ; C. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia, Japan ; 5. Larva pinkish-grey, blue -grey, or ochreous ; subdorsal and lateral lines whitish, formed of small streaks ; S2:)iracular white, marked with orange spots ; head ochreous- brown : on ]>erberis ; 6, 7. 2. C. undulata, L. 28-32 mm. Forewings pale whitish- ochreous, with sharp waved dark fuscous striae ; fasciae brownish, sixth ochreous -brown ; two median striae partly 202 NOTODONTINA [calocalpe joined to form rings ; subterminal line whitish ; a blackisli discal mark ; cilia white-spotted. Hindwings as forewings, but basal I" light fuscous, without striae, discal dot dark fuscous ; termeu subdentate. England, rather local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America; 6, 7. Larva reddish -brown ; spiracular line pale; subspiracular dark brown ; head pale brown : on Salix and aspen ; 8, 9. 12. Phileremb, ffb. Face with cone of scales. Antennae in S ciliated. Palpi rough -scaled. Abdomen in c? with claspers extremely large, exserted. Forewings : areole double. Hindwings : 8 anasto- mosing with cell to beyond middle. Besides the two following, an allied but doubtfully congeneric species is found in Japan ; the genus may be correlated with the preceding. Median baud dark fuscous, posterior edge acutely angulated . . .2. rhamnata. „ „ not darker, posterior edge obtusely angulated . . .1. vetulata. 1. P. vetulata, Schiff. 22-28 mm. Forewings fuscous, with indistinct darker striae ; posterior edge of median band angu- lated near costa, followed by one or two whitish-ochreous costal marks ; a dark fuscous discal dot. Hindwings fuscoxis-grey, with faint darker striae and discal dot ; termen subdentate. England to Westmoreland, common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva rather stout, blackish ; subdorsal and lateral lines white ; spiracular ochreous-yellow, black-spotted : on Bhamnus; 5, 6. 2. P. rhamnata, Schiff. 27-35 mm. Forewings ochreous- brown or dark brown, with darker angulated stiiae, on costa sometimes separated by pale greyish-ochreous marks ; median band dark fuscous, posterior edge acutely projecting beneath costa; subterminal line sometimes pale greyish - ochi-eous ; a blackish discal dot. Hindwings as forewings, but median band not darker, posterior edge dark fuscous, obtusely angulated : termen dentate. England to York, rather common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 7. Larva yellowish-green ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal paler; spiracular pale yellowish, on 10-13 purple-edged beneath; 13 purple above ; spiracles red : on lihamnus ; 5, 6. EUSTKOMA] HYDRIOMENIDAE 203 13. EUSTBOMA, Hh. Face with cone of scales or nearly smooth. Antennae in $ ciliated. Palpi rough-scaled. Forewings in $ with strong sub- dorsal hair-pencil from base beneath, sometimes partially cloth- ing lb ; areole double. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle. A limited group, characteristic of northei'n temperate regions; derived from Hydriomena. 1. Forewings brown or dark fuscous . . 2. ,, yellowish or reddish-grey . . 3. 2. Veins mostly white . . .1. reticulata. „ not white . . . .2. p-runata. 3. Cilia sharply barred . . .3. associata. ,, not bari'ed . . . . .4. 4. Anterior edge of median band right-angled 5. testata. „ „ „ not right-angled 4. populata. 1. E. reticulata, F. 21-24 mm. Forewings dark fuscous, veins except near costa ochreous-white ; seven ochreous-white transverse lines, first nearly straight, second to fourth acutely angulated below middle, fifth strongly curved ; an ochreous- white oblique apical streak to seventh ; an ochreous-whitish irroration before seventh except towards costa. Hindwings pale fuscous, with whitish postmedian and subterminal lines; in (? a round yellow-ochreous discal spot, in $ a dark grey dot. Westmoreland, Cumberland, very local; C. Europe, N. Asia; 7. Larva slender, yellow -green, tinged with pink or slate - colour ; dorsal line brown-red ; subdorsal whitish ; spiracular fine, white; spiracles pink : oi\ Impatiens noli-wie-tangere ; 8-10. 2. E. prunata, L. {rihesiaria, B.) 32-38 mm. Forewings brown or ochreous-brown, wdth indistinct darker striae ; second fascia posterioi'ly white-edged, angulated below middle ; median band sufFusedly darker, white-edged, anterior edge angulated in middle, posterior with a rounded double median projection ; subterminal line white, preceded by dark fuscous spots ; a semi- oval dark fuscous white-edged subapical blotch. Hindwings grey ; costa and three waved posterior lines whitish. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common in gardens ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7. Larva green or dull brown ; 3 dilated, with a transverse purplish or darker brown pale-dotted ring ; a dorsal series of whitish purple-edged brown- centred triangles : on currant and gooseberry {Ribes) ; 5, 6. 204 NOTODONTINA [eustroma 3. E. associata, Bkh. {dotata, Gn., nou L.) 29-34 mm. Fore- wings pale ochreous-yellow, with deep ochreoiis -yellow striae, two median joining to form rings ; posterior edge of second fascia ferruginous, acutely angulated above middle ; edges of median band dark ferruginous, anterior angulated above middle, posterior with angular median projection ; a pale blotch above a dark ferruginous oblique aj^ical streak ; cilia sharply barred. Hindwings whitish-yellowish. England to York, Renfrew, rather common in gardens ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva slender, pale yellowish-green ; dorsal line darker ; spiracular pale yellow : on currant (Jiibes) ; 5, 6. 4. E. populata, L. 29-33 mm. Forewings ochreous-yellow, with indistinct broAvnish striae obsolete towards costa ; a yel- lowish-brown basal patch, edge obtusely angulated ; median band yellowish-brown, edges darker, anterior curved, posterior with rounded double median projection; a yellowish -brown subapical blotch, suffused beneath. Hindwings pale greyish - yellowish ; termen brownish. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7. Larva slender, 3 dilated ; green or brown, with darker and whitish longitudinal marks ; a dorsal scries of whitish V-shajjed marks, on 8-10 much larger and more distinct: on Salix and Vaccinium ; 5, 6. 5. E. testata, L. 29-33 mm. Forewings light reddish-grey, sometimes suflfused with ochreous-yellowish, with faint darker striae ; basal patch somewhat darker, edge obtusely angulated ; median band somewhat darker, edges dark ferruginous, right- angled in middle, posterior waved below it, whitish-edged ; a semioval ferruginous subapical blotch, white-edged above. Hindwings grey-whitish ; a light reddish-grey terminal fascia. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 7, 8. Larva pale brownish - ochreous : dorsal line brown; subdorsal white, brown-edged above ; lateral white, edged with red-brown ; spiracles black, conspicuous ; incisions pinkish : on Salix, bii'ch, Calluna ; 5, 6. 14. Plemyria, Hb. Face with slight cone of scales. Antennae in $ ciliated. Palpi rough-scaled. Forewings : areole simple. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle. A considerable genus, nearly cosmoptjlitan, but ap[):ii-ently most numerous in South America. It is immctliatcly derived from Hydriamena. plemyria] HYDRIOMENIDAE 205 1. Cilia sharply barred to base . . .2. ,, imperfectly or not barred . , .3. 2. Markings black . . . .2. hastata. ,, partly brown . . .3. tristata. 3. liindwings with grey median striae . . 4. ,, without grey median striae . 1. hicolorata. 4. Projection of median band double . 6. galiata. „ single. . .5. 5. Postmedian band of hindwings clear white 4. rivata. „ „ „ divided by a grey stria . 5. sociata. 1. P. bicolorata, Rufti. {ruhiginata, F.) 20-25 mm. Fore- wings white ; a brown basal patch, edge sliglitly curved ; median band brown, usually interrupted or absent on lower half ; a black discal spot ; tifth and sixth fasciae grey, darkest on a sub- apical patch. Hindwings white ; a dark grey discal dot ; a grey terminal band, including whitish subterminal line. A variety occurs not uncommonly with the wings more or less wholly suffused with grey. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia : 7. Larva slender, green ; dorsal line darker ; spiracular greenish-yellow ; 13 with two points : on alder, black- thorn, etc. ; 5, 6. 2. P. hastata, L. 25-33 nun. Forewings ochreous-white, markings black ; first two fasciae much curved, forming basal patch ; median band somewhat white-marked, interrupted below middle, posterior edge angulated in disc ; traces of broken strigulae on each side of it ; fifth and sixth fasciae rather broad, fifth interrupted in middle ; cilia sharply barred. Hindwings as forewings, but basal -| suffused with blackish-grey, subterminal line partly obsolete. Britain to the Hebrides, S. Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva deep brown or black ; subdorsal line whitish, dull reddish, or absent ; a lateral series of crescentic whitish or dull reddish marks : on birch and Myrica; 8. 3. P. tristata, L. 22-23 mm. Forewings ochreous-whitish ; first two fasciae curved, ochreous-fuscous, forming basal patch ; median band ochreous-brown striated with black, posterior edge with angular median projection ; a series of dark fuscous dots beyond this ; a black discal spot, partially surrounded with white ; fifth and sixth fasciae brown, fifth interrupted in middle; cilia sharply barred. Hindwings as forewings, but base greyer, discal spot less marked. 206 NOTODONTINA [plemyria Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common (very local in S. England) ; N. and C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. America ; 6. Larva brown ; dorsal line black ; subdorsal and lateral narrow, white, black-edged : on Galium ; 7, 8. 4. P. rivata, Hh. 26-28 mm. Forewings white, partly ochreous-tinged ; markings grey, mixed with brown and striated with dark fuscous ; a basal patch, edge slightly curved ; second fascia cloudy ; median band with posterior edge blackish - marked, projecting obtusely in middle ; a black discal spot ; fifth and sixth fasciae narrowed and more indistinct in middle, anterior edge of fifth even. Hindwings white ; basal third grey- sprinkled ; three grey median striae, third darker-dotted, obsolete above middle ; a blackish discal dot ; a grey terminal band, including white subterminal line. Britain to Perth, S. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia; 7. Larva dull brown or reddish -brown ; dorsal line blackish, white-edged on 2-4 and 10-13, replaced on 5-8 by white U-shaped marks : on Galmm ; 6. 5. P. sociata, Blch. (subtristata, Hw. ; biriviata, Stt.) 23-25 mm. Differs from P. 7'ivata as follows : grey markings darker, strongei", a well-marked grey stria on each side of median band of forewings (in P. rivata indicated only) and beyond median striae of hindwings, anterior edge of fifth fascia distinctly serrate. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, N. America ; 5, 7. Larva brownish- ochreous ; dorsal line dark brown on 2-4 and 11-13, replaced on 5-10 by V-shaped marks of brown and white lines, ending in white spots ; sides marked with ochreous-whitish lines : on Galiivm ; 6, 8, 9. 6. P. galiata, Hb. 24-27 mm. Forewings ochreous-white, with light ochreous or grey striae ; basal patch brownish, striated with dark fuscous, edge slightly projecting above middle ; median band brown striated with black, central space dark grey, posterior edge with rounded double median pro- jection ; a small black discal mark ; a dark grey costal suffusion before subterminal line ; a brownish terminal suft'usion above middle. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, witli grey striae, some- times faint ; a grey discal dot. Britain to Perth, Ireland, rather local ; C. and S. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, N. Africa ; 6. Larva pale reddish-ochreous ; dorsal line brownish, on 2-4 and 10-13 dark brown ; subdorsal white, brown-edged ; spiracular pale, edged with series of brown white-edged marks : on Galium ; 8, 9. CATACLYSM e] HYDRIOMENIDAE 207 Antennae in S cili- areole double, l>ut 15. Cataclysme, Rb. Face with somewhat pi'ojecting scales, ated. Palpi rough -scaled. Forewings : posterior wall absent between 7 and 8. Hindwings : 8 anastomos- ing with cell to beyond middle. A small genus, attaclied to the European region. 1. C. virgata, Hott. {lineolata, Hb.) 19-22 mm. Forewings fus- cous, densely whitish - sprinkled, ^°^^^^''"S of Cataclysm, virgata. with nearly straight darker striae ; median band limited by nearly straight slender ochreoi;s -brown externally blackish- edged fasciae, preceded and second followed by whitish streaks ; a blackish discal dot. Hindwings light grey, with pale bent postmedian and some darker striae. England to Lancashire, S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 5-7. Larva pinkish or brown ; dorsal line dark green or brown ; subdorsal pale or yellowish ; spiracular blackish- grey : on Galium ve7'um ; 6-9. 16. Hydriomena, Hh. Face with somewhat projecting or loose scales or conical tuft. Antennae in S ciliated, rarely naked. Palpi rough -scaled. Abdo- men sometimes crested on 2 basal segments. Forewings : areole double. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle. A very large genus, principally characteristic of temperate regions in both hemispheres ; it is a develop- ment from Xantliorhoe. 1. Forewings yellow or orange Neuration of Hydriomena jdcata. 3. Cilia of forewings barred . ,, ,, not barred 4. Forewings green or olive-greenish „ not greenish „ not vellow or orange 4. Hindwings orange 36. hilineata. „ pale yellowish 3. 6. fulvata. 7. dotata. 5. . 9. '208 NOTODONTINA [hydriomena 5. Forewings green . . . . .6. ,, olive-greenish . . . .7. 6. Foi'owings with longitudinal fuscous suffusions 10. siterata. ,, without fuscous suffusion . 9. miata. 7. Forewings with clear wiiite postmedian band 8. jyiccLtf^- ,, witliout such band . . .8. 8. Posterior edge of median band with central proj ection 12. trifasciata. „ ,, „ without central pro- jection 11. sordidata. 9. Ground of forewings nearly clear white or whitish 10. ,, ,, not whitish . . .14. 10. Forewings with whitish median terminal blotch 35. proceUata. ,, without such blotch . . .11. 11. Sixth fascia pale brownish-ochreous . 1. ocellata. orev 1 2 12. Forewings with strong black discal spot . 27. adaequata. ,, with grey discal dot or none . .13. 13. Fifth fascia reddish-ochreous-brown . 24. ciiculata. „ „ grey . . . .25. alhiciilata. 14. Edge of basal patch angulated near dorsum 5. sagittata. ,, „ not angulated near dorsum . 15. 15. Termen of hind wings dentate . .19. duhitata. ,, „ at most waved . .16. 16. Posterior edge of median band with right or acute angle . . 17. „ „ „ at most obtusely angulated, or with rounded prominence 22. 17. Angle of median band nearly reaching termen 2 1 . nigrofasciaria. „ „ not nearly reaching termen 18. 18. Median band followed by white fascia . 26. ^mangulata. „ ,, not followed by white fascia . 19. 19. Median band wholly dark . . .20. ,, „ not wholly dark . . .21. 20. Posterior angle of median band right . 3. variata. ,, ,, ,, acute . 4. juniperata. 21. Forewings with anterior striae sliar])ly angulated 38. pofygramviata. „ „ „ not sharply angu- lated . 23. berhcrata. hydriomena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 209 22. Central prominence of median band bifid . . 23. „ ,, ,, ,, not bifid . 27. 23. Central prominence large . . . .24. „ ,, small . . . 25. 24. Forewings with white apical streak . IG. suffumata. ,, without white apical streak . 13. truncata. 25. Forewings fuscous .... 26. „ pale ochreous . . .33. decolor ata. 26. Edge of basal patch distinctly whitish 31. ahhemillata . „ „ „ not whitish . . 32. affinitata. 27. Anterior edge of median band angulated in middle 14. silaceata. „ „ „ not angulated in middle . . 28. 28. Posterior edge of median band blackish on upper half only . 29. „ ,, ,, not blackish on upper half only 30. 29. Edge of basal patch acutely angulated . 20. hadiata. „ ■„ cuz'ved . . 22. ruhidata. 30. Discal dot of forewings ringed with pale . 37. fluviata. not ringed with pale 31. 31. Forewings rather elongate . . 39. lapidata. ,, not elongate . . . .32. 32. Median band with distinct central prominence . 33. ,, ,, nearly evenly waved . . 36. 33. Median band followed by two strong white striae 34. albulata. „ ,, ,, by one white stria . . 34. 34. Median band grey . . . 28. minorata. „ ,, brown . . . .35. 35. Edge of basal patch angulated near costa 30. iinifasciata. „ ,, hardly bent . , 2. simulata. 36. Forewings brown ..... 37. ,, yellow -whitish irrorated with dark fuscous .... 38. 37. Forewings with white apical sufiused spot 15. corylata. „ without such spot . . 29. tneniata. 38. Forewings largely suffused with ochreous-yellovv 18. Jlavicinctata. „ not suffused with yellow . .17. caesiata. 1. H. ocellata, L. 25-27 mm. Forewings ochreous-white ; markings ochreous-brown, mixed with black and leaden-grey ; a p 210 NOTODONTINA [hydriomena small basal patch, edge straight, oblique ; median band with jDosterior edge obtusely angulated above middle ; a star-shaped blackish discal spot ; some imperfect leaden-grey striae before median band, and towards costa beyond it ; a small black prae- subterminal spot above middle ; a pale brownish-ochreous ter- minal sutfusion, except towards apex. Hind wings ochreous- white ; a dark grey discal dot ; termen narrowly pale brownish. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common; Europe, W. x4sia; 6. Larva brownish-ochreous, marked with reddish -ochreous : dorsal line reddish -ochreous, traversing white reddish-mar- gined Y-shaped marks on 5-9; spiracular white, reddish -edged above : on Galiwm ; 7, 8. 2. H. simulata, Hb. (coniferata, Stt.) 21-22 mm. Forewings brown, faintly reddish -tinged ; basal patch darker, edge dark fuscous, hardly bent ; median band darker, black-marked on veins, edges dark fuscous, whitish-margined, anterior nearly straight, posterior with rounded projection above middle ; a blackish discal dot ; subterminal line obscurely white ; a blackish subapical and short apical mark. Hindwings pale fuscous. Sussex, Hants, Bucks, N. England, Scotland to the Orkneys, Ireland, rather common ; N. and mountains of C. Europe ; 5, 8. Larva rather stout, pale blue-green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines green ; lateral white ; spiracular dark green, brown-edged be- neath ; subspiracular pale yellowish : on Juniperus ; 3, 4, 6, 7. 3. H. variata, Schiff. {oheliscata, Hb.) 22-29 mm. Fore- wings light ochreous-brown, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; basal patch ochreous-brown, edge waved, right-angled above middle ; median band ochreous-brown or dark fuscous, black-marked on veins, edges dark fuscous, sometimes whitish-margined, anterior angulated in middle, posterior waved, right-angled above middle ; a black discal mark ; subterminal line obscurely whitish ; a cloudy darker apical dash. Hindwings pale fusco\;s, ochreous- tinged ; a darker discal dot ; sometimes a curved postmedian line. Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 8. Larva blue -green ; dorsal line darker, pale- edged ; subdorsal yellowish-white, posteriorly yellow ; sub- spiracular yellowish -white ; 13 with two points: on Pinus sylvestris and P. ahies ; 3-5, 7. 4. H. juniperata, L. 23-26 mm. Forewings whitish-fuscous, sprinkled witli darker fuscous ; basal patch darker, edge blackish, waved, right-angled above middle ; median band darker, blackish- hydriomena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 211 marked on veins, edges blackish, whitish -margined, dentate, anterior dentate-angulated in middle, posterior acutely angu- lated above middle ; a blackish discal dot ; subterminal line obscurely whitish ; a dark fuscous apical dash. Hindwings pale fuscous; a darker discal dot and curved postmedian line. Surrey, Hants, Suffolk, Scotland to Ross, local ; C. Eurojie ; 10. Larva blue-green ; subdorsal line broad, yellow ; spiracular purple-brown above, white below ; spiracles yellow : on Juni- perus ; 7-9. 5. H. sagittata, F. 24-27 mm. Head brownish -ochreous, fillet white, face black. Forewings brown ; a blackish almost basal fascia, posterior edge white -margined, angulated near dorsum ; median band blackish, white-margined, anterior edge curved, posterior with strong narrow sharp median projection ; subterminal line obscure, forming white marks on costa and middle of termen ; cilia barred. Hindwings brownish-grey ; a darker discal dot and postmedian line. Suffolk and Norfolk to Northampton, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva stout, deeply incised, 5-10 more swollen ; varying from pale blue-green to bright yellow-green; 2-4 each with two dark dorsal blotches; 5-10 with dark green transvei'se bands, forming lateral blotches, sometimes rose-pink, black-edged be- neath : on seeds of Thalictrum Jiavimi ; 8, 9. 6. H. fulvata, Forst. 22-25 mm. Forewings bright deep yellow ; basal patch ferruginous-striated, edge curved ; median band ferruginous, suffused with dark fuscous towards disc, with a costal yellow blotch, edges dark fuscous, anterior irregular, posterior pale-margined, with truncate median projection ; a triangular whitish -ochreous apical spot, edged beneath witli dark fuscous and a ferruginous suffusion ; cilia barred. Hind- wings pale whitish-yellowish. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, W. Asia ; 7. Larva green ; dorsal line greenish-grey, double ; sub- dorsal greenish-grey ; spiracular yellow ; incisions yellow : on rose ; 5, 6. 7. H. dotata, L. {pyraliata, F.) 30-35 mm. Forewings ochreous-yellow ; costa dark fuscous towards base ; edges of basal patch and median band dark fuscous, angulated above middle ; sometimes a fuscous discal dot ; praesubterminal line cloudy, fuscous, interrupted ; a cloudy fuscous apical dash ; cilia dark fuscous except towards tornus. Hindwings pale yellowish ; a pale grey discal dot and small tornal spot. 212 NOTODONTINA [hydriomena Britain to Ross, E. Ireland, common ; N., C, and SE. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7. Larva slender, green ; dorsal line dark green, yellow - edged ; spiracular yellow; incisions yellow : on Galium ; 4-6. 8. H. picata, Uh. 28-31 mm. Forewings dull olive-green, black -sprinkled, with black striae ; median band somewhat darker, anterior edge curved, posterior with bicuspidate median projection, followed by a clear white band, including a blackish posterior stria ; subterminal line white, preceded by a blackish- grey shade interrupted with white beneath costa ; a linear black discal mark. Hindwings whitish, striated with gre}'', basal third suffused with grey ; a darker discal dot. England to Leicester and Denbigh, rather common ; C. Europe, WC. Asia; 6, 7. Larva greenish -ochreous or flesh- colour, reddish-marked ; a dorsal series of dark blotches, most conspicuous on 7-9; spiracular line grey - speckled ; head ochreous-brown, darker-marked : on Stellaria media (?) ; 8, 9. 9. H. miata, L. 27-30 mm. Forewings dull green, some- what whitish -mixed, with darker black -marked striae; ante- median and postmedian spaces whitish-striated; edges of median band irregularly sinuate ; subterminal line whitish ; a darker discal raai'k. Hindwings greenish-grey-whitish, with several greenish-grey striae ; a dark grey discal mark. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ; 9-5. Larva slender, pale yellow-green ; dorsal line dark green ; spiracular rather darker yellow -green ; incisions yellowish; spiracles white; 13 with two sometimes pink points: on oak, Salix, birch, etc.; 6-8. 10. H. siterata, Hufn. [psittacata, SchifF.) 27-30 mm. Differs from H. miata as follows : forewings with two broad longitudinal suffused fuscous streaks (appearing reddish-tinged by contrast); hindwings brownish-grey, with several darker striae, and a dark fuscous discal mark. England, Edinburgh, Ross, N. and E. Ireland, rather common ; C. and SW. Europe, Asia Minor ; 9-4. Larva yellowish-green ; sometimes a dorsal series of red blotches; 13 with two some- times rosy points : on oak, birch, etc. ; 6-8. 11. H. sordidata, F. (e/utata, Hb.) 27-33 mm. Forewings dull olive -green, with darker or fuscous strigulae ; a fuscous subbasal bar ; five irregular rather dark fuscous fasciae, obtusely angulated in or above middle, sometimes interrupted or incomplete, fifth usually interrupted by a green-whitish spot in middle ; median band and postmedian space sometimes hydriomena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 213 suffused with green-whitish ; a dark fuscous apical dash : some- times whole wing suffused with rather dark fuscous ; a form occurs with ground-colour ferruginous-ochreous, markings blackish. Hind wings fuscous ; a darker discal dot. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, very common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, Japan, N. America ; 7, 8. Larva brown or blackish ; dorsal line double, white ; subdorsal and lateral white ; spiracular area pale red-brown : on Salix, hawthorn, etc. ; 4-6. 12. H. trifasciata, Bkh. (i.mpluviata, Hb. ; literata, Don.; 7-uberata, Frr.) 28-32 mm. Forewings dull olive-green, mixed or strigulated Avith dark fuscous, sometimes wholly fuscous ; edge of basal patch indicated by a blackish oblique line ; second and fifth fasciae fuscous, irregular ; median band pale, edges dark fuscous, waved, posterior with double rounded median projection ; a small dark fuscous discal mark ; an oblique sub- apical series of three or four blackish marks. Hindwings fuscoiis ; a darker discal dot and two postmedian striae. Britain to the Orkneys, N. Ireland, common ; N. and C Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 5, 6. Larva pinkish-green or pinkish-grey, marked with ochreous or dark brown ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal pale, darker -edged ; spiracular pale or whitish : on alder, Salix, and poplar ; 7-9. 13. H. truncata, Hufn. (russata, Bkh.; immanata, Hw.) 26-33 mm. Forewings ochreous-brown, marked on veins or wholly suffused with dark fuscous ; basal patch dark fuscous, edge angulated above middle, sometimes white -margined : median band dark fuscous, sometimes white -edged, central space often suffused with white, sometimes with yellow- ochreous, posterior edge with double median projection, upper lobe larger, slightly bifid ; an oblique black discal mark ; subterminal line whitish ; si.xth fascia mixed with dark fuscous and whitish. Hindwings grey, sometimes ochi-eous- tinged ; a darker discal dot and postmedian angulated stria. Britain to the Slietlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. and C Asia, N. America; 5-9. Larva slender, green, with yellow -whitish tubercles; dorsal line dai-k green; subdorsal pale ; sometimes a lateral purple-rosy stripe ; 13 with two rosy points : on Fragaria, Polygonum, sallow, etc. ; 4-8. Two forms of this species (often regarded as specifically distinct) are generally but not always distinguishable in Britain, viz. t7-un- cata, in which the angle of the postmedian stria of the hind- wings is obtuse, and immanata, in which it is acute ; but the species is even more variable in the Asiatic and American 214 NOTODONTINA [hydeiomena portions of its range than it is hei-e, and no distinct line of demarcation can at present be drawn. Probably the two races may be species in process of formation. 14. H. silaceata, Hb. 25-29 mm. Forewings rather dark fuscous, with darlcer striae ; edge of basal patch whitish, obtusely angulated above middle ; veins on antemedian space and beyond median band, usually also on lower half of median band pale ochreous ; edges of median band white, anterior angulated in middle, posterior sinuate, followed by a whitish- ochreous stria ; a blackish discal mark ; subterminal line white, preceded by blackish -fuscous spots; an irregidar white-edged blackish-fuscous subapical blotch. Hindwings light grey, with darker striae and discal dot. Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America ; 5, 6. Larva slender, pale green ; a dorsal series of reddish - brown dots : on Epilohium and Circaea ; 7. 15. H. corylata, Thnh. 24-28 mm. Forewings yellowish- brown ; basal patch rather dark brown, edge white, irregular ; median band rather dark brown, sometimes interrupted below middle, edges white, irregularly waved; a blackish discal mark ; subterminal line white ; a terminal median, and apical spot suffused with white. Hindwings pale whitish -fuscous ; a dark grey discal dot ; a faint pale darkei'-edged postmedian fascia. Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva reddish-ochreous, greenish-tinged, with brown tubercles ; dorsal stripe of four reddish-brown lines, on 5-10 replaced by dark diamond-shaped marks : on blackthorn, hawthorn, etc. ; 7-9. 16. H. suffumata, Hh. 28-32 nmi. Forewings yellowish- fuscous mixed with dark fuscous ; basal patch dark brown, edge white, curved : two yellow-whitish striae before and three beyond median band ; median band dark brown, anterior edge dentate, posterior with strong double median projection ; a black discal mark ; subterminal line white, interrupted ; a white oblique apical streak. Hindwings light grey, with faint darker striae ; an angulated whitish postmedian fascia. Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, NVV. Asia; 5. Larva pinkish-grey, greenish-grey, or ochreous-brown ; dorsal line pale on 2-4, dark on 10-13; on 5-9 a series of dark grey V-shaped marks ending in pink tri- angles enclosing a white dot : on Galium ; 6-8. hydeiomena] HYDEIOMENIDAE 215 17. H. caesiata, Lang. 31-34 mm. Forewings yellow- whitish, densely sprinkled with dark fuscous, with dark fuscous striae ; medi;in band more or less sufi'used witli fuscous, edges curved, strongly waved, whiter-margined ; a blackish discal mark ; subterminal line whiter ; cilia distinctly barred. Hind- wings whitish-grey, with two faint posterior striae ; a dark grey discal dot. Devon, Gloucester, Wales, N. England to the Shetlands, Ireland, common on mountains ; N. and mountains of C. Europe, NW. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva green or deep reddish- brown ; a dorsal series of 7 or 8 V-shaped marks, yellow in front, pink behind, edged with dark brown ; dorsal line yel- lowish or reddish ; spiracular white or yellowish : on Calluna, Vaccinium, etc. ; 9-5. 18. H. flavicinctata, Hb. {rvficinctata, Gn.) 31-34 mm. Differs from H. caesiata as follows : forewings largely suf- fused with ochreous-yellow ; hindwings more fuscous towards termen. N. England to Sutherland, on mountains, local ; mountains of N. and C. Europe ; 7. Larva dark purplish-grey, green, or pale green suffused with dark red ; a dorsal series of 7 or 8 V-shaped marks, yellow in front, pink behind, edged with dark brown ; dorsal line dark red ; spiracular ochreous or pale yellowish : on Saxifraga aizoides : 9-5. 19. H. dubitata, L. 32-40 mm. Forewings rosy-fuscous, with dark fuscous striae ; striae limiting basal patch and median band mixed with w hitish-ochreous : edgesof median band somewhat suftused with darker fuscous, posterior with projection beneath costa and obtusely angulated in middle ; a black discal mark ; subterminal line pale whitish-ochreous, sometimes obsolete except a stronger tornal mark. Hindwings fuscous, with darker striae, veins pale-marked ; a darker discal dot ; termen dentate. Britain to the Clyde, N. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor, N. America ; 8-4. Larva yellowish-green; dorsal line darker, yellow -edged ; subdorsal pale yellow, interrupted; spiracular bright yellow : on blackthorn and Rhanunis ; 5, 6. 20. H. badiata, Hb. 28-31 mm. Forewings reddish-ochreous- brown ; edge of basal patch dark fuscous, acutely angulated above middle ; pairs of pale striae limiting median band, which is formed by dark-striated fasciae enclosing a pale or whitish- ochreous space, anterior, and upper half of posterior edge l)lackish -fuscous, lower half of posterior strongly waved; a blackish discal dot ; an irregular blackish apical dash ; a whitish 216 NOTODONTINA [hydriomena median subterminal crescent. Hindwings light ochreous-grey, with faint reddish-grey striae ; a dark grey discal dot. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, NW. Asia ; 3, 4. Larva green, dark olive-green, pale brown, or purplish ; dots white, conspicuous ; incisions often yellow ; spiracular line yellowish, spiracles black ; head orange or pale brown, with two dark spots : on rose ; 5-7. 21. H. nigrofasciaria, Gz. {derivata, Bkh.) 27-30 mm. Fore- wings dull purplish ; basal area mixed with ochreous, white, and black ; edge of basal patch double, blacki«h, curved ; median band formed by two fasciae enclosing a whitish-suft'used space, anterior fuscous, black-striated, posterior formed of three indistinct striae, acutely augulated in middle, so as nearly to reach termen, forming a dark fuscous costal spot, upper half of third blackish ; a blackish discal dot. Hindwings grey, ter- minally purplish ; a darker discal dot and two anguloted striae. Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, common ; C. Europe, W. Asia ; 4, 5. Larva slender, pale-green ; a long triangular mark behind head, a series of five dorsal diamonds, a ti'ansverse bar on 10, a dorsal line posteriorly, and a spot on 13 purple-red: on rose ; 6, 7. 22. H. rubidata, F. 23-28 mm. Forewings brown-reddish ; basal patch dark brown, blackish-striated, edge curved ; median band formed by dark-striated fasciae enclosing a light fuscous space, anterior, and upper half of posterior edge blackish - fuscous, lower half of posterior dentate-waved ; a black discal mark. Hindwings grey, terminally reddish-tinged, with darker striae and discal dot. England, Arran, rather local ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6. Larva slender, whitish-ochreous, pale brown, or reddish, with light and dark markings ; dorsal line dark, forming a V-shaped mark behind head, and interrupted on 5-9 by light reddisli-centred arrowheads : on Galium ; 7-9. 23. H. berberata, Schiff. 24-27 mm. Forewings ochreous- brownish mixed with pale greyisli-ochreous, with dark fuscous striae ; edge of basal patch blackish-fuscous, slightly angulated near costa ; median band formed by brown dark -striated fasciae enclosing a pale ochreous-greyish space, anterior, and upper half of posterior edge blackish -fuscous, postei'ior waved, acutely projecting above and in middle; sometimes a grey discal dot ; a blackish -fuscous apical streak. Hindwings ochreous-grey, with darker discal dot and posterior striae. Essex to Norfolk, Worcester, York, local ; C. Europe, WC. hydkiomena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 217 Asia ; 5, 8. Larva rather stout, pale brownish-ochreous, brown- marked ; dorsal line brown ; 6 and 7 each with two small black tubercles ; 10-13 nearly whitish above, with dark brown lateral line : on Berheris ; 6, 9. 24. H. cuculata, Hufn. (sinuata, Hb.)21-27 mm. Forewings ochreous-whitish ; basal patch dark fuscous, black-striated, edge curved ; antemedian space rosy mixed with dark fuscous ; anterior edge of median band formed by a curved dark fuscous fascia, posterior by three faint blackish striae suffused with dark fuscous towards costa, obtusely angulated above and in middle ; sometimes a grey discal dot ; fifth fascia light reddish- ochreous- brown, sixth pale grey, with a dark grey median suffusion. Hindwings whitish, with a greyish-striated terminal band ; a grey discal dot. Kent to Devon and Norfolk, Perth (?), local ; C. Europe, WC. Asia ; 6. Larva slender, pale yellow, greenish-tinged ; subdorsal line black ; head greenish, black-marked : on Galimii verum ; 8. 25. H. albicillata, L. 30-34 mm. Forewings ochreous-white ; basal area to edge of median band dai'k ochreous-fuscous striated with ashy-grey ; edges of median band dark orange-fuscous, anterior sinuate, posterior obtusely angulated in middle, reduced in disc to a fine dark fuscous stria ; a dark grey discal dot ; fifth and sixth fasciae slaty-grey, fifth dai'k fuscous towards costa. Hindwings ochreous-white; a dark grey discal dot, postmedian angulated stria, and terminal band. Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, Japan ; 6, 7. Larva deep green ; dorsal line dark brown, marked with a series of reddish brown-edged triangular spots; spiracular white, towards extremities brown -edged beneath ; incisions yellowish ; head greenish-brown : on Rulms, Fragaria, alder, etc. ; 8, 9. 26. H. unangulata, Hiv. 24-26 mm. Forewings brown, mixed or striated with dark fuscous ; basal patch darker, reddish -mixed ; median band darker, anterior edge whitish- margined, curved, posterior not waved, acutely angulated in middle, concave beneath, followed by a clear ochreous-white fascia ; a blackish discal mark ; subterminal line white. Hindwings whitish, with faint grey sti'iae ; a dark grey discal dot ; a terminal dark grey band, including a white subterminal line. England to York, N. L'eland, rather common ; C. Europe, N. Asia, N. America; 6, 7. Larva pale greyish-ochreous, grey- 218 NOTODONTINA [hydriomena aiavk'ed ; dorsal line faintly darker, on 3 and 4 distinct ; a })lack spot on incisions from 4 to 8 ; lateral line pale, edged with dark grey ; head brown, black-marked : on Stellaria media; 7, 8. 27. H. adaequata, Bkh. {hlandiata, Hb.) 1 7-20 mm. Forewings whitish, with faint grey striae ; basal patch grey on costa, edge black ; a rather narrow dai'k grey striated median band, partially obsolete in disc, posterior edge obtusely prominent above and in middle ; a strong black discal spot ; fifth and sixth fasciae grey. Hind wings whitish, with faint grey striae ; a dai-k grey discal dot; a grey tei'minal band. Surrey, I. of Wight, Worcester, Wales, N. England to the Shetlands, Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva green or pale brownish ; dorsal stripe of three dark crimson lines separated b}' lighter, united in middle of each segment, sometimes altered to a chain of triangular marks ; subdorsal, lateral, and subspiracular lines deep pink ; spiracular more yellowish : on Euphrasia officinalis ; 6, 7, 9. 28. H. minorata, Tr. (ericetata, Stph.) 16-19 mm. Fore- wings very pale ochreous-greyish, with faint darker striae ; basal patch, second, fifth, and sixth fasciae, and median band grey, striated with dark grey ; basal patch and median band white- edged, posterior edge of latter obtusely prominent above and in middle ; a black discal dot ; subterminal line whitish. Hind- wings grey ; a faint darker discal dot. Norfolk, N. England to the Orkneys, local, on heaths ; Lapland to the Alps ; 6, 7. 29. H. taeniata, »S'^/>A. 19-22 mm. Forewings light ochreous- brown, with faint dark fuscous striae, distinct posteriorly ; basal patch fuscous, edge blackish,, curved, white-margined ; median band rather dark fuscous, edges blackish -fuscous, curved, strongly waved, white - margined, more strongly on costa ; a blackish discal mark ; subterminal line white, interrupted, stronger and indented in middle. Hindwings light fuscous ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; a pale curved postmedian line. N. England, Perth, Ireland, local ; N. and mountains of C. Europe, .Japan, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva j)inkish-()chrcous, incisions browner ; a dorsal series of pale rosy lozenges, including blackish wedges : on Nasttirtium (?) ; 8, 9. 30. H. unifasciata, Hw. 17-21 mm. Forewings ochreous- brown, with dark fuscous striae ; edge of basal patch dark fuscous, angulated near costa, whitish-margined ; median band darker, edges blackish, margined first with a white and then HYDRiOMENA] HYDRIOMENIDAE 219 a pale ochreous stria, posterior edge prominent beneath costa and angulated in middle ; sometimes a darker discal spot ; sub- terminal line whitish ; a blackish -fuscous interrupted apical streak. Hindwings grey; a darker discal dot; a faint pale angulated postniedian fascia. Britain to tlie Clyde, E. Ireland, not uncommon but over- looked ; C.Europe; 6,7. Larva pale grey or greyish-ochreous; dorsal and subdorsal lines blackish, interrupted ; lateral brown ; spiracular brownish, pale below ; subspiracular double, brown ; head pale ochreous, brown-marked : on Bortsia odontites ; 9, 10. 31. H. alchemillata, L. 17-20 mm. Fore wings fuscous or ochreous-brown, with indistinct darker striae ; edge of basal patch and two striae before median band obscurely whitish, on dorsum clear white ; posterior edge of median band obtusely angulated beneath costa, with short double median projection, followed by two strong white striae ; an obscure discal dot ; subterminal line obscurely whitish, on costa white. Hindwings grey ; a darker discal dot ; a faint pale postmedian fascia. Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva rather stout, purplish ; dorsal line broad, pale yellow ; subdorsal and spiracular narrow, pale yellow ; head and plate of 2 black : on flowers and seeds of Galeopsis ; 8, 9. 32. H. affinitata, iStph. 22-25 mm. Forewings ochreous- fuscous. with darker striae ; a hardly paler stria before median band, on dorsum white ; posterior edge of median band indented above and below middle to form a usually double short median projection, followed by two strong white striae, second some- times pale ochreous ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; subterminal line obscurely whitish, on costa white. Hindwings light fuscous ; a darker discal dot ; a distinct whitish postmedian fascia. Britain to Ross, common ; N. and NC. Europe ; 6. Larva rather stout, pale pinkish-ochreous ; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker, interrupted ; lateral pinkish ; head and plate of 2 black or blackish-brown : on seeds of Lychnis diurna ; 8. 33. H. decolorata, Hb. 22-25 mm. Forewings pale ochreous, with ochreous-fuscous striae ; edge of basal patch followed by a thick white stria ; median band margined by white fasciae, posterior interrupted by a double median projection of the band ; subterminal line obscurely whitish, on costa white. Hindwings whitish ; a grey postmedian stria ; a terminal pale ochreous band. 220 NOTODONTINA [hydeiomena Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, rather common ; Eunjpe, WC. Asia, N. Africa ; 6. Larva rather stout, pale greyish-ochreous, sides black-dotted ; lateral, spiracular, and subspiracular lines brownish -grey ; head and plate of 2 brown : on flowers and seeds of Lychnis diurna ; 7, 8. 34. H. albulata, Schiff. 20-22 mm. Forewings pale greyish- ochreous, with grey or fuscous striae ; disc before middle some- times suftused with whitish ; posterior edge of median band obtusely prominent above and in middle, followed by two strong white striae ; subterminal line white. Hind wings grey-whitish, sometimes with indistinct grey striae, termen grey. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dull greenish-yellow ; dorsal line broad, darker green : spiracular narrow, darker green ; head and plate of 2 brown : on seeds of Rhinanthus crista- galli ; 7, 8. 35. H. procellata, F. 30-34 mm. Forewings whitish, some- times with partial grey striae ; subcostal vein ferruginous ; basal patch dark fuscous, edge curved ; median band reduced to a dark fuscous costal blotch ; fifth and sixth fasciae dark fuscous, including a whitish median terminal blotch. Hind- wings whitish, usually with indistinct grey striae ; a dark grey discal dot ; termen suffused with fuscous. S. England to Leicester and Norfolk, rather local ; C. Europe, N. and C. Asia, Japan ; 6, 7. Larva light brown, darker on 6-9 ; dorsal line black, reddish-marked, blotched on 6-9, pale- edged ; subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines darker ; head brown, black-marked : on Clematis ; 8, 9. 36. H. bilineata, L. 23-28 mm. Forewings deep yellow or orange, with fuscous striae ; median band usually finely whitish -edged, sometimes suffused with dark brown towards edges, posterior edge prominent above and in middle ; a fuscous discal mark. Hindwings orange, with fuscous striae ; sometimes a whitish postmedian stria. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, abundant ; Europe, W. and N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva bluish-green ; dorsal line darker, whitish-edged ; subdorsal and spiracular lines white : on grasses, Rtimex, etc. ; 4 37. H. fluviata, Hh. [gemmata, Hb.) 22-24 mm. Forewings gi'eyish-ochrcous or gre^'ish-purple, median area greyer, with some faint darker striae ; edge of basal patch, posterior edge of second and anterior edge of fifth fascia, and subterminal line very finely whitish ; a dark discal dot in a pale or whitish ring ; hydbiomena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 221 sometimes a dark apical streak. Hindwings grey, terminally ochreoQS or purplish-tinged, with traces of darker or whitish striae. England to York, E. Ireland, uncommon ; C. and S. Europe, C. and S. Asia, Africa, N. America; 7, 9-5. Larva rather stout, greenish ; incisions reddish or yellowish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines on 2-5 pale, dark-edged ; a dorsal series of five diamonds outlined with brown, including a black mark ; spira- cular line blackish, interrupted : on Polygonum, Agrimonia, etc.; 5, 6, 8. 38. H. polygrammata, Bkh. {conjtmctaria, Ld.) 22-24 mm. Forewings pale greyish -ochreous, with straight dark fuscous striae, sharply angulated near costa except posteriorly ; third fascia suffused with fuscous except towards costa, fourth on upper half, sixth except above an oblique apical streak ; a black discal dot, often in a pale ring. Hindwings pale greyish- ochreous, with straight rather dark fuscous striae, posteriorly curved. Cambridge, Gloucester, very local (other records doubtful) ; C. Europe ; 4, 8. Larva on Galium ? 39. H. lapidata, Hh. 26-28 mm. Forewings somewhat elongate, pale brownish, with ashy - fuscous striae ; edges of median band darker, anterior curved, posterior twice subsinuate, remotely followed by a similar darker stria ; a darker central twice sinuate stria ; a fuscous discal dot ; a darker ashy-fuscous apical streak ; termen suffused with ashy- fuscous. Hindwings pale ashy -grey, with some faint darker striae. Lanark to Sutherland, L'eland, local; N. and WC. Europe, N. Asia; 8, 9. Larva yellow - whitish ; dorsal and subdorsal lines formed of grey dots ; lateral grey ; spiracular broader, darker grey ; head grey, dark-speckled : on grasses ; 5, 6. 17. Pelurga, Hh. Face with hardly projecting scales. Antennae in S shortly ciliated. Palpi rough -scaled. Thorax with horny rounded anterior dorsal prominence. Forewings : areole double. Hind- wings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle. The single species is probably correlated to early forms of Hydriomena. 1. P. comitata, L. 26-33 mm. Forewings ochreoiis-yellow, with deeper ochreous or brown striae ; edge of basal patch darker, curved ; median band suffused with brown towards 222 NOTODONTINA [pelurga margins, edges dark fuscous, anterior angulated near costa, posterior with rounded median projection; a black discal dot; a dark brown apical streak ; cilia barred. Hindwings whitish- ochreous, fuscous-tinged, with faint darker striae. England, Edinburgh, N. and C. Ireland, rather local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva greenish-brown, darker- streaked ; 5-7 with a yellow-ochreous spot, marked with dark V-shaped mark; dots white, conspicuous; spiracular line very pale pinkish ; head grey : on Atriplex and Clienopodimn ; 8, 9. 18. Opbrophtera, Hh. Face smooth. Antennae in c^ strongly ciliated with fascicles. Palpi short, loosely scaled. Forewings : areole simple. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle. Wings of $ aborted. Includes only three or four species, confined to northern temperate regions. Hindwings pale fuscous . . .1. hrumata. ,, whitish . . . .2. boreata. 1. 0. brumata, L. 25-28 mm. Forewings light brownish, densely fuscous - sprinkled, with fuscous striae, sometimes partially marked with dark fuscous on veins ; basal area and fourth fascia slightly darker. Hindwings pale fuscous, with several faint dai'ker lines. Wings of 9 shorter than half length of abdomen, grey-whitish mixed with dark fuscous. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, abundant ; N. and C. Europe; 10-1. Larva green, greenish -grey, or yellowish; dorsal line darker or almost blackish ; subdorsal and spiracular whitish or yellowish ; head green, sometimes brown-marked or black : on oak, apple, hawthorn, etc. ; 5, 6. The larva is sometimes excessively abundant, and may then become highly injurious in orchards, wholly stripping the ti'ees of leaves. 2. 0. boreata, Hb. 30-33 mm. Forewings very pale greyish- ochreous, densely sprinkled with light fuscous, with faint fuscous striae, those of fourth and fifth fasciae and anterior edge of third distinct ; basal area rather darker ; veins some- times partly darker-marked. Hindwings whitish ; a faint grey median stria. Wings of $ as long as f of abdomen, grey mixed with whitish, forewings with darker blackish-edged band, liind wings with grey bar. Britain to Ross, somewhat local ; C. Europe ; 10, 11. Larva pale yellowish-grccn ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal and spira- cular whitish ; head grey, black-marked : on birch ; 6. euchoeca] HYDRIOMENIDAE 223 19. Euchoeca, Hb. Face smooth, fiat. Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Palpi short, slender, loosely scaled. Forewings: areole simple. Hind- wings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle. A small genus, containing a few species distributed through- out the northern hemisphere, and one Australian. 1. Ground-colour of forewings whitish . . 2. „ ,, not whitish . . 3. 2. Postmedian striae ferruginous towards costa 4. Blomeri. ,, ,, not ferruginous . 3. sylvata. 3. Cilia shai-ply barred . . .2. ohliteratn. ,, not barred . . . .1. luteata. 1. E. luteata, Schiff. 18-20 mm. Forewings pale yellowish ; the six fasciae marked with strong deep ochreous-orange striae, last tlu'ce twice sinuate, connected by a longitudinal suffusion in middle ; a dark fuscous discal dot. Hindwings as forewings, but first three fasciae absent. England, Argyll, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; C, 7. Larva on maple and alder; 8-10. 2. E. obliterata, Hvfn.. {heparata, Hw.) 21-22 mm. Fore- wings light ochreous, densely sprinkled and posteriorly suffused with fuscous ; a clearer costal streak from base to -I ; several indistinct fuscous striae, one in middle angulated near costa ; cilia distinctly barred. Hindwings as forewings, but without markings. England, Shetlands, rather common ; N. and C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva rather stout, green ; a dorsal series of square black yellow-edged spots : on alder ; 8, 9. 3. E. sylvata, Hb. (testaceata, Don.) 21-23 mm. Forewings whitish, sprinkled with fuscous, with grey striae ; edges of basal patch and median baud rather dark brown, posterior thicker on upper half, rather prominent below costa and in middle. Hindwings as forewings, but witliout markings on basal third. England, C. Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva yellowish -green ; a broad dark purple-brown dorsal stripe, posteriorly rosy, centrally dilated so that on 5-9 it reaches below spiracles, edges darkest and yellow -margined ; yellow lateral patches on 5 and 9 ; dorsal line purple-whitish ; on 5-8 purple dorsal spots, connected with whitish V-shaped marks; head and plate of 2 blackisli-brown : on alder and Salix ; 8. 4. E. Blomeri, Curt, {pulchraria, Ev.) 20-23 mm. Fore- 224 NOTODONTINA [euchoeca wings whitish, dusted with dark fuscous, with brownish striae ; edges of median band partly blackish, posterior prominent above and in middle, the two following striae ferruginous on costal half, thickened ; a blackish discal dot. Hindwings whitish- grey, with darker striae. Sussex, W. and N, England, local ; C. Europe ; 6, 7. Larva pale yellowish-green ; a crimson-brown dorsal patch on 2-4, cut by a yellow central line ; subdorsal crimson-brown blotches on 6-8; on 12 and 13 a rosy dorsal brown-marked stripe j mark- ings variable in intensity and sometimes absent ; head with two crimson-brown streaks : on elm ; 8, 9. 20. ASTHENA, Hb. Face smooth, flat. Antennae in $ shortly ciliated. Palpi short, slender, loosely scaled. Forewings : areole double. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle. A genus of a few widely scattered species, most numerous in the Australian region. 1. Forewings unicolorous . . .2. murinata. ,, with distinct striae . . .2. 2. Forewings clear white . . .1. candidata. ,, sprinkled with grey or fuscous 3. dilutata. 1. A. candidata, *S'c^^^. 17-20 mm. Forewings white ; about eight light greyish-ochreous striae ; posterior edge of median band twice sinuate ; a grey discal dot. Hindwings as forewings, but without striae towards base. England, Argyll, Arran, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6. Larva pale yellowish-green, with pale tubercles bearing long black hairs ; 3 and 4 pinkish above, 2 and 5-9 with crimson bisected dorsal marks, sometimes partly absent; 10-13 with a crimson dorsal line ; head pale, with two black rings : on hazel ; 6,7. 2. A. murinata, Sc. {euphorhiata, F.) 17-21 mm. Fore- wings light grey-brownish or greyish-ochreous, unicolorous. Hindwings as forewings, or slightly greyer. England to York, rather common ; C. Europe, W. Asia ; 6. Larva green or dark grey ; dorsal line darker, interrupted ; subdorsal and lateral series of pale or yellow spots ; head fer- ruginous : on Ettphorhia ; 8, 9. 3. A. dilutata, Bkh. {filigrammaria, HS. ; auUimnaria, Gn.) 25-36 mm. Forewings grey -whitish, sprinkled and striated with grey or fuscous ; the six fasciae marked with darker striae, fourth angulated above middle, third and fourth some- asthena] HYDRIOMENIDAE 225 times suffused with grey or fuscous ; veins partially marked with dark fuscous, especially in middle of disc ; sometimes a dai-k fuscous discal dot. Hindwings grey- whitish, posteriorly with grey striae. Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, N. America ; 9, 10. Larva rather stout, green, often yellow -dotted ; dorsal line darker or formed by purple spots ; subdorsal sometimes darker ; lateral sometimes yellowish ; spiracular yellow or whitish, sometimes partly purplish-edged: on oak, birch, blackthorn, etc.; 5, 6. 21. Venusia, C^l,rt. Face smooth. Antennae in $ bipectinated, aj)ex simple. Palpi loosely scaled. Forewings : areola simple. Hindwings : 8 anastomosing with cell to beyond middle. There is only one European species ; three others are known from New Zealand. 1. V. cambrica, Curt. 25-28 mm. Forewings whitish, dusted with dark fuscous, with fuscous striae ; edges of median band blackish -marked, posterior twice subsinuate, followed by short blackish dashes on veins, especially on a median V-sha])ed mark. Hindwings whitish, with grey striae on posterior half. Norfolk, WC. and N. England to Ross, N. Ireland, rather local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, Japan, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva pale yellowish-green, blotched irregularly with reddish- purple ; dorsal line pale yellow : on Pyrus aucuparia ; 8, 9. 22. Xanthorhok, Hb. Face with somewhat projecting scales or conical tuft. Antennae in c? bipectinated, apex usually simple. Palpi rough- scaled. Forewings : areole double. Hindwings : 8 anastomos- ing with cell to beyond middle. A large genus, but less numerous than Hydriomena in all regions except New Zealand, where it is dominant. The antennal pectinations are sometimes very short, but then always terminate in long fascicles of cilia. 1. Forewings green . . . .2. ,, not green . . . .3. 2. Forewings with triangular black costal spots 18. viridaria. „ without black costal spots . 17. olivata. Q 226 NOTODONTINA [xanthorhoe 3. Discal spot forniing two separate dots . 5. hipunctaria. „ ,, not forming two dots . . .4. 4. Anterior edge of median band twice angulated 2. cervmata. „ ,, ,, ,, not twice angulated 5. 5. Anterior edge of median band angulated in middle 13. firmata. „ „ „ „ not angulated in middle . . 6. 6. Anterior edge of median band angulated or strongly curved near costa 7. „ ,, ,, ,, evenly curved or straight . . 8. 7. Posterior edge of median band straight . 1. vittata. „ „ „ „ not straight 12. quadrifasciaria. 8. Ground-colour of forewings grey . . 4. plumharia. ,, ,, ,, ochreous or w'hitish . 9. 9. Basal patch mixed with red . . .10. ,, ,, not mixed with red . . .14. 10. Ground-colour of forewings white . 14. montanata. „ ,, ,, pale ochreous . 11. 11. Subterminal line preceded by a double dark spot 12. ,, ,, not preceded by a double dark spot . . . .13. 12. Median band pui'ple, subterminal line distinct 8. spadicearia. ,, „ usually blackish, subterminal line obsolete . . .9. ferrugata. 13. Forewings with a dark apical streak . 11. nmnitata. ,, without dark apical streak . 10. designata. 14. Median band darkest on upper half . 15. Jiuctuata. ,, „ not darker on upper half . . 15. 15. Ground-colour of forewings ochreous or brownish 16. „ ,, ,, whitish -ochreous or whitish . .17. 16. Subterminal line preceded by two dark spots 7. didymata. „ ,, not preceded by two dark spots 3. limitata. 17. Hindwings with distinct grey striae . 16. salicata. ,, without grey striae . 6. midtistrigaria. 1. X. vittata, Bkk. {lignata, Hb.) 22-25 nmi. Antennal xanthokhoe] HYDRIOMENIDAE 227 pectinations very short. Forewings whitish-ochreous, with fuscous striae angulated near costa ; two before and two beyond middle sufFusedly dark fuscous on lower half; costa fuscous towards base ; a strong oblique dark fuscous apical streak ; a round black discal dot. Hindwings pale whitish-ochreous, with fuscous striae ; a dark fuscous discal dot. Britain to Ross, N. and E. Ireland, rather local ; N. and (J. Europe ; 5, 6, 8. Larva pale reddish-bi'own, anteriorly greenish- tinged ; dorsal line darker ; subdorsal whitish ; spiracular marked with lighter and darker brown ; head green, grey-dotted : on Galmm ; 7, 9-4. 2. X. cervinata, ScMff. 30-36 mm. Forewings light ochreous- brownish, with indistinct darker striae ; basal patch, median band, and a suffused terminal band reddish -ochreous-brown, finely whitish -dusted ; edges of median band suffused with darker fuscous, finely whitish-edged, anterior twice angulate- indented, posterior hardly prominent in middle ; subterminal line obscurely whitish. Hindwings light greyish -ochreous, terminally ochreous-brownish ; a pale postmedian fascia and subterminal line. Britain to the Clyde, E. Ireland, rather local ; C. Europe, Asia Minor, Syria; 9, 10. Larva pale yellowish-green, white- dotted ; dorsal line darker, interrupted ; incisions yellow ; spiracles black, white-ringed, conspicuous : on Malva and Althaea; 6, 7. 3. X. limitata, Sc. {viensuraria, Schiff.) 29-33 mm. Fore- wings ochreous or brownish, with faint or partially distinct darker striae ; edge of basal patch darker, curved ; median band formed by ochreous-brown fasciae enclosing a fuscous (sometimes posteriorly dark fuscous) space, anterior edge hardly curved, posterior slightly angulated in middle ; a black discal dot ; a short dark fuscous apical streak ; sixth fascia more fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, sometimes whitish-ochreous towards apex ; two darker postmedian striae. Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia; 7, 8. Larva pale pinkish-grey; dorsal line pale grey ; subdorsal pale yellow-ochi'eous, brown-edged ; spiracular pinkish : liead black -dotted : on Vicia ; 6. 4. X. plumbaria, F. {palumbaria, Bkh.) 28-31 mm. Fore- wings pale grey, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; edge of basal patch dark fuscous, hardly curved ; median band sometimes partially suifused with dark fuscous, edges dark fuscous, finely ochreous-margined, anterior almost straight, posterior slightly 228 NOTODONTINA [xanthorhoe bent near costa ; a black discal dot ; a dark fxiscous apical streak. Hindwings light grey ; a darker discal dot and post- median line. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6, 7. Larva pale grey ; dorsal and subdorsal lines dark, in- terrupted, sometimes confluent ; some irregular lateral lines : on Erica, Gytisus, Ulex, etc. ; 9-5. [X. moeniata, Sc, a species resembling X. plnmbaria, but with the posterior edge of median band broadly dark fuscous and forming a strong sharp triangular median projection, is said to have occurred once many yeai's ago in Cumberland ; whether the specimen was a chance straggler, or there was some error, is now hardly determinable.] 5. X. bipunctaria, Sddff. 29-32 mm. Forewings grey- whitish, with grey striae, veins ochreous-tinged ; edge of basal patch darker, curved ; median band suffused with brownish towards edges, anterior edge curved, posterior with slight double median prominence ; two transversely placed black discal dots ; a fuscous apical streak. Hindwings grey, w^ith faint paler and darker posterior striae. England, Arran, rather local ; 0. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 7, 8. Larva greyish, tinged with yellow-green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines dark green ; lateral double, indistinct; spiracles reddish ; a spiracular row of black dots ; head pale brown, darker-dotted : on Lotus and Trifolivmi ; 9-5. 6. X. multistrigaria, Hiv. 23-28 mm. Forewings whitish- ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous, veins more ochreous, with fuscous striae, marked with dark fuscous on veins and margins ; second to fifth fasciae somewhat darker ; posterior edge of median band somewhat angulated beneath costa, and with slight doul)le prominence in middle ; a fuscous discal dot. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with fuscous posteriorly. Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and C. Ireland ; Holland to N. Spain; 3, 4. Larva pinkish-ochreous ; dorsal, subdorsal, and two lateral lines reddish-brown ; spiracles black ; head fuscous : on G'aJmm, Asperula, etc. ; 5, 6. 7. X. didymata, L. 24-26 mm. Forewings ochreous-brown, with dark fuscous striae ; median band limited by fasciae mixed with whitish ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; subtermiual line whitish, preceded by two dark fuscous spots above middle, and followed by a subapical dark spot. Hindwings grey, with pale postmcdian band and indistinct darker striae ; a dark grey discal dot. xanthorhoe] HYDRIOMENIDAE 229 Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe ; G, 7. Larva dull green, sides paler ; dorsal and sub- dorsal lines darker- spiracular edged with yellowish - white : on Primula^ Teucrinm, etc. ; 4, 5. 8. X. spadicearia, Bkh. {ferrutfully distinct form ranges in WC. Asia to LEPTOMERis] STERRHIDAE 243 Turkestan); 6. Larv;i pale dull brownish-ochreoiis ; dorsal Hue pale, edged with dark brown ; subdorsal blackish, pale- edged above ; some irregular lateral streaks ; spiracular dull brown : on Poli/fionum aviculare (?) ; 8-5. 7. L. strigilaria, Hh. {prataria, Boisd.) 26-28 mm. Head blackish, fillet white, collar whitish -ochreous. Posterior tarsi m S 4- Forewings whitish-ochreous, much sprinkled with black ; lines subsinuate ; first, median, and margins of sub- terminal ochreous ; second grey, waved ; a black discal dot before median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, discal dot beyond median ; termen angulated. Kent, Sussex, Cumberland, scarce; C. Europe, N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva ochreous or greyish ; dorsal line pale, brown-edged ; 5 with three, 6-9 with four, 10 with two black oblong dorsal spots ; spiracular line pale, brown-edged beneath ; head paler : on Ci/fisifs, Erica, etc. ; 8-5. 8. L. strigaria, Hb. 20-21 mm. Head blackish, fillet white, collar whitish-ochreous. Posterior tarsi in S almost 1. Fore- wings whitish-ochreous, much sprinkled with black ; first line, median, second, and margins of subterminal greyish-ochreous, regular. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent ; a black discal dot before median ; termen rounded or somewhat bent. Kent, Sussex, scarce ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 6. 9. L. immorata, L. 23-26 mm. Head blackish, mixed with ochreous -white. Posterior tarsi in $ 1. Forewings whitish, densely sprinkled with black throughout, towards base suffused with ochreous ; first, median, and second lines thick, sinuate, ochreous, first and median subcoufluent ; subterminal clear, white, dentate, margins broad, ochreous. Hindwings as fore- wings, but first line absent ; sometimes a black discal dot beyond median ; termen rounded. Sussex, very local ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6, 7. 10. L. rubiginata, Hufn. (rubricata, F.) 18-21 mm. Face dark fuscous, crown pale ochreous or reddish-grey. Posterior tarsi in S l^- Forewings ochreous-reddish, light crimson, or pale reddish -ochreous ; postmedian band often paler; first, median, and second lines grey, regular, first bent ; margins of subterminal faintly darker or greyish. Hindwings as fore- wings, but first line absent ; sometimes a minute grey discal dot beyond median ; termen rounded. Sussex to Norfolk, N. England, local ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia; 6, 7. Larva greyish - brown ; dorsal line pale, reddish- edged ; subdorsal anteriorly broad, blackish, afterwards forming 244 NOTODONTINA [leptomeris spots on incisions ; lateral ridge pale ; head darker-marked : on Lotus, Polygonum, etc. (?) ; 8-5. 4. Pylargb, HS. Antennae in $ ciliated with fascicles. Posterior tibiae in $ not dilated, with end-spurs only, in $ with all spurs present. Hindwings : 6 and 7 sometimes stalked. A very small genus, but ranging to Australia. Larva as in Leptomeris. 1. P. fumata, Stph. 23-26 mm. Head blackish, fillet and collar ochreous-white. Forewings pale whitish-ochreous, much sprinkled with black ; first line, median, second, and mai'gins of subterminal pale ochreous or greyish -ochreous, regular. Hindwings as forewings, but lines subsinuate, first absent ; termen very obtusely angulated. Britain to Sutherland, Ireland, common (scarce in S. England) ; N. and mountains of C. Europe, N. Asia ; 6. Larva pale brown; dorsal line pale, brown -edged, darker on incisions; subdorsal pale; lateral ridge pale, brown -edged beneath ; black subspiracular dots on 2, 5, 6 : on Erica and Vacciniumi ; 8-5. 5. Leucophthalmia, Hh. Antennae in ^ bipectinated, towards apex simple. Posterior tibiae in $ slender, with end -spurs only, in $ with all spurs present. Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked. A small characteristically European genus, reaching North America. Pupa truncate anteriorly, exposed, attached to a leaf by the tail and sometimes a median girdle. 1. Second line black-dotted . . . .2. ,, ,, dentate, not dotted . . 6. annulata. 2. Discal dot absent . . .4. punctaria. „ ,, present . . . .3. 3. Median line dentate . . .1. orhicularia. „ „ not dentate . . . .4. 4. Median line dark grey, sharp . . 5. trilinearia. ,, ,, cloudy or faint . . . .5. 5. Ground-colour whitish . . .2. pendularia. ,, pale ochreous . . 3. porata. 1. L. orhicularia, lib. 24-26 mm. Face dark fuscous, crown white, blackish-sprinkled. Forewings grey-whitish, strigulated with dull reddish and sprinkled with blackish ; first and second lines irregular, formed by black dots; median grey-reddish, leucophthalmia] STERRHIDAE 245 dentate, sinuate ; praesubterminal partially grey-reddish ; a white reddish-circled discal dot befoi*e median, Hindwings as forewings, but subterminal line not indicated. S. England to Worcester and Cambridge, E. Ireland, local ; C Europe ; 5, 6. Larva pale pinkish-ochreous or green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale ; 5-9 with oblique pale purplish streaks ; head yellowish, brown-speckled : on Salix cwprea ; 8, 9. 2. L. pendularia, CI. 22-25 mm. Face reddish-fuscous, crown whitish. Forewings whitish, faintly strigulated with reddish -grey and sprinkled with blackish; first and second lines subsinuate, pale grey, black-dotted ; median grey, cloudy or faint ; praesubterminal grey, interrupted ; a wlaite red- grey -circled discal mark befoi-e median. Hindwings as fore- wings, but discal mark blackish-circled, in median, subterminal faint. Britain to Ross, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva green or purplish ; dorsal line pale, dark- edged : subdorsal pale or yellowish; 5-9 with ferruginous lateral marks ; head ferruginous or dark brown : on birch ; 7, 8. 3. L. porata, F. 23-26 mm. Face reddish-ochreous, crown whitish -ochreous. Forewings pale ochreous, strigulated with grey, disc reddish-ochreous, strigulated with reddish ; first and second lines subsinuate, formed by blackish dots ; median grey- reddish, cloudy or faint ; praesubterminal grey, interrupted ; a white blackish-circled discal dot before median. Hindwings as forewings, but discal dot larger, on median. Britain to the Clyde, rather common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6, 8. Larva green or flesh-colour ; head reddish- brown : on oak and birch ; 6, 7, 0. 4. L. punctaria, L. 23-29 mm. Face brown-reddish, crown ochreous- whitish. Forewings pale ochreous, strigulated with reddish-ochreous and grey, sprinkled with black ; first and second lines curved, formed by black dots ; median dark grey. Hindwings as forewings. Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to N. Persia ; 5, 6, 8. Larva green, ochreous, or flesh-colour; dorsal pale, dark-edged; 5-10 with oblique brown-red, dark grey, or blackish yellow-edged streaks ; head brown : on oak and birch ; 7, 9. 5. L. trilinearia, Bkh. {linearia, Hb.) 24-29 nun. Face brown-red, crown pale ochreous. Forewings reddish-ochreous, dusted with black ; first and second lines curved, grey, black- dotted ; median dark reddish-grey ; a whitish discal dot before 246 NOTODONTINA [leucophthalmia median. Hiiidwings as forewings, but discal dot sometimes grey-circled. England to Yoi'k, common ; C. Europe ; 5, 6. Larva reddish- brown, witli yellow markings : on beech ; 8, 9. 6. L. annulata, Schulze {omicronaria, Hb.) 20-23 mm. Head ochreous-wliite, npper part of face ochreous-fuscous. Forewings yellow -whitish, posteriorly suffused with ochreous - yellowish ; first and second lines irregularly dentate, blackish ; median dentate, dark grey, suffused into second ; praesubterminal grey, indistinct ; a black discal ring before median. Hindwings as forewings, but discal ring touching median line, which is obsolete above it. England, nither common ; C. Europe, Asia Minor ; 5, 6. Larva green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines yellow ; incisions yellowish ; head reddish-brown : on maple ; 7, 8. 6. Calothysanis, Hb. Antennae in $ bipectinated, towards apex simple. Pos- terior tibiae in $ and ^ with all spurs present. Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked. A rather small Indo-Malayan genus, of which tlie single strictly European species is a straggler. 1. C. amata, L. (amataria, L.) 27-31 nuu. Face dark crimson-fuscous, fillet white, collar brownish-ochreous. Fore- wings whitish-ochreous, much sprinkled with grey ; first line faint ; median dark red, straight, running to apex ; second grey, sinuate, confluent above with median ; a grey linear discal dot ; a deep crimson terminal line. Hindwings as forewings, but first line and discal dot absent, median to middle of costa, second to before apex ; termen caudate-angulated. Britain to Caledonian Canal, S. Ii'cland, common (scarce in Scotland) ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva brownish- grey ; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish; 6-9 with double dorsal fuscous spot ; liead brown : on Rumex, etc. ; 8-5, 3. GEOMETRIDAE. Face smooth. Tongue developed. Forewings : 10 rising out of 9. Hindwings : 5 fully developed, approximated to 6 towards base, rising much above middle of transverse vein, 8 shortly anastomosing or connected with or appressed to upper margin of cell near base, thence rapidly diverging or sometimes appi'oximatcd to near middle. GEOMETRIDAE 247 This is also an extensive family, though principally in- habiting the Indo- Malayan, African, and Australian regions ; few species occur in Europe or America, and none in New Zealand. Excepting some of the earliest genera, these insects are remarkable for their clear green colour, which is compara tively rare in the Lepidoptera, but here so constant as to be almost of systematic value. This colouring is no doubt pro- tective, and the habits of the imagos are in accordance with it, as they ai'e usually strictly noctxirnal in their flight. The origin of the family may be unhesitatingly referred to Sarcinodes, an Indo -Malayan genus of Monocteniadae. Imago with body moderate or slender, forewings broad -triangular , posterior tibiae of $ sometimes enclosing an exjiansible tuft of hairs. Ovum, larva, and pupa much as in the Sterrhidae, but larva sometimes stouter. The phylogeny is nearly expressed by the order. Tabulation of Genera. 1. Posterior tibiae in S without middle-spurs 1. Nemoria. ,, ,, with middle-spurs . . 2. 2. Antennae in S bipectinated to apex . 3. Geometra. ,, ,, with apex simjjle . . 3. 3. Hindwings with 6 and 7 stalked . . 2. Euchloris. ,, ,, 6 and 7 separate 4. Pseudoterpna. 1. Nemoria, lib. Anteimae in S ciliated. Palpi ^ihortly rough-scaled. Pos- terior tibiae in c? with end-spurs only, tarsi short. Forewings : 10 out of 9, 11 sometimes anastomosing with 12. Hindwings . 3 and 4 sometimes stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 very shortly anastomosing with cell near base, thence rapidly diverging. A genus of limited extent but wide distribution. Larva transversely wrinkled, head and 2 bicuspidate. Cilia barred with darker . . .1. strigata. „ not barred . . . .2. viridata. 1. N. strigata, Midi, {thymiaria, Gn.) 27-31 mm. Face red -brown, fillet white, crown light green. Antennae in S strongly dentate. Forewings dull green ; first and second lines sinuate, whitish ; cilia whitish, barred with dark grey. Hind- wings as forewings, bvit first line absent, a darker discal mark ; termen subcaudate-an liulated . 248 NOTODONTINA [nemoria England, Forfar, W. Ireland, common ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor; 6, 7. Larva brown, 5-10 sometimes yellowish or flesh-colour ; 2-5 suffused with pale ) purplish, with brown dorsal, sub- dorsal, and spiracular lines; 6-9 with pale purplish or whitish V- shaped marks ; head brown : on birch, blackthorn, etc. ; 8-5. 2. N. viridata, L. 22-24 mm. Face I'ed -brown, fillet white, crown light green. Antennae in $ fili- form. Forewings light green ; costal edge whitish - ochreous ; first line faint, curved ; second nearly straight, whitish ; cilia white, basal half pale greenish. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent; termen very obtusely angulated. England, E. Ireland, local ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva pale green, with purplish dorsal sometimes coniiected marks ; subdorsal line whitish ; lateral ridge pale yellow ; head purplish : on Ruhus, Neuratioii of Nemoria strigaia. hawthorn, etc. ; 7-9. EUCHLORIS, Hh. Antennae in S bipectinated, towards apex simple. Palpi shortly rough-scaled. Forewings: 10 out of 9, 11 sometimes anastomosing with 12 or 10. Hindwings : 3 and 4 sometimes stalked, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 very shortly anastomosing with cell near base, thence rapidly diverging. An extensive genus, principally characteristic of the Indo- Malayan, Australian, and African regions ; but there are also a certain number of species in Europe and North America. The neural variations noted sometimes occur within the same species. 1. Forewings with brown tornal blotch . \. pustulata. ,, without brown blotch . . .2. 2. Face green ... 2. smaragdaria. ,, not green . . . . .3. 3. Face dull red . . , .3. vemaria. ,, yellow-ochreuus . . .4. lactearia. 1. E. pustulata, llufn. (bajularia, SchifF.) 27-30 mm. Head white, collar green. Forewings green ; costal edge white ; first EUCHLORis] GEOMETRIDAE 249 and second lines indistinct, waved, whitish, first thicker near dorsum, second ending in a brown white-bordered tornal blotch ; cilia ochreous-whitish, barred with fuscous. Hindwings green ; a terminal series of crescentic brown white -bordered marks, much enlarged at apex and tornus ; a dark fuscous terminal line ; termen rounded ; cilia as in forewings. England to York, not common ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva pale brown, 5-9 with paler projections, head red-brown : on oak, clothing itself with irregular adhering fragments of leaves ; 8-5. 2. E. smaragdaria, F. 30-32 mm. Head green, lower part of face ochreous-white. Forewings green ; costal edge whitish- ochreous ; first and second lines waved, white ; a small white discal spot; cilia green, tips white. Hindwings green, paler anteriorly ; discal spot and cilia as in forewings ; termen rounded. Kent, Essex, very local ; C. and S. Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva grey-brown, 5-9 with projections : on Artemisia maritima, clothing itself with irregular adhering fragments of leaves ; 8-5. 3. E. vernaria, Hh. 30-36 mm. Face dull red, fillet white, crown light green. Forewings light green ; costal edge white ; first line strongly, second slightly curved, white ; tips of cilia white. Hindwings as forewings, but paler anteriorly, first line absent ; ternien very obtusely angulated. S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, rather common ; Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva green, with white dots, forming by confluence subdorsal and spiracular lines ; spiracles reddish ; head quadrifid, flesh-colour : on Clematis vitalba ; 9-6. 4. E. lactearia, L. 21-24 mm. Head white, face yellow- ochreous. Forewings pale whitish-green (very fugitive) ; first line curved, second almost straight, white ; cilia white. Hind- wings as forewings, but second line angulated; termen angulated. Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva dark green ; 5-9 with purple posteriorly ochreous-edged dorsal diamonds; 10-13 with a purple dorsal line ; head red-brown, bifid : on birch, oak^ etc. ; 7-9. 3. Geometra, L. Antennae in S bipectinated to apex. Palpi shoi-tly rough- scaled. Thorax hairy beneath. Forewings: 10 out of 9, 11 sometimes anastomosing with 12 and 10. Hindwings: 6 and 7 separate, 8 approximated to cell towards base, diverging from before middle. 250 NOTODONTINA [geometra As restricted, it contains only two or three species from tlie European region. 1. G. papilionaria, L. 45-56 mm. Head green. Forewings green ; first and second lines whitish, indistinct, waved ; sub- terminal formed by whitish dots ; a darker green linear discal mark; tips of cilia white. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent ; termen waved, bent. Britain to Ross, Ireland, rather common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia; 7. Larva green, yellow -speckled, back reticulated with paler; 3 with one, 6-9 with two rosy-tipped projections ; 12 and 13 rosy on back; spiracular line yellow; head reddish: on birch, hazel, etc. ; 9-5. 4. PSEUDOTERPNA, Hb. Antennae in S bipectinated, towards apex simple. Palpi I'ovigh -scaled. Thorax densely hairy beneath. Abdomen with dorsal crests. Forewings: 10 out of 9, 11 sometimes anasto- mosing with 12 and 10. Hindwings : 6 and 7 separate, 8 approximated to cell towards base, diverging from middle. A genus of some considerable extent, but principally Indo- Malayan and Australian, correlated with the preceding ; there are three strictly European species. 1. P. pruinata, Hufn. (cytisaria, Schift'.) 32-35 mm. Head white mixed with green, face black. Forewings dull gi'een, sprinkled with white; first and second lines dark green, waved, irregular ; subterminal cloudy, wliitisli ; a darker green linear discal mark ; tips of cilia whitish. Hindwings as forewings, but paler, more whitish basally, markings more indistinct, first line absent ; termen rounded. Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, rather common ; C. and S. Europe, WC. Asia to Turkestan ; 7. Larva green, white- speckled ; dorsal line darker; subdorsal pale yellowish -green ; spiracular rosy-white, purple-edged beneath, with a branch down third leg ; head and 2 bicuspidate, tips dark red : on Cytisus, UleXj Genista ; 9-6. 4. MONOCTENIADAE. Hindwings : 5 fully developed, parallel to 4, rising fi-om about or below middle of transverse vein, 8 free or anastomosing shortly near base or seldom from near base to beyond middle (then without areole of forewings), approximated to upper margin of cell to middle or beyond. MONOCTENIADAE 251 Tliis is doubtless to be regarded as a decaying family ; in Australia it is still prominent, nearly 100 species being already known, and it is represented to a certain extent in the Indo- Malayan region, but elsewhere only a few stragglers are to be fountl ; it has presumably been supplanted by its descendants. The British forms give no idea of the scope of the family, which is considerable. Imago with body slender, forewings moderately broad or rather elongate, triangular. Ovum subcylindrical, smooth. Larva more or less elongate, usually with few hairs, prolegs on 7, 8, and sometimes 9 rudimentary or absent. Pupa subterranean or in bark. Erannis and Brejihos are rather nearly allied, but otherwise the genera are too disconnected to be imderstood except through an acquaintance with exotic forms. Tabulation of Genera. 1. Forewings with vein 10 out of 9 or absent . 2. ,, ,, ,, present, not out of 9 . 3. 2. Face and palpi roughly hairy . 4. Brephos. ,, ,, smooth-scaled . 2. Aplasta. '6. Tongue obsolete . . . .3. Erannis. ,, well-developed . . .1. Baptria. 1. Baptria, Hb. Face with projecting scales. Tongue developed. Antennae in (J evenly ciliated. Palpi moderate, rough -scaled. Thorax hairy beneath. Femora glabrous. Forewings: 10 out of 11, anastomosing with 9. Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked, 8 closely approximated to cell to near angle, in 9 sometimes shortly anastomosing near base. The single species occurs almost throughout Europe. B. atrata, L. {chaerophyUata, L.) 23-26 mm. Wholly blackish ; apical cilia of forewings white. Britain to Caledonian Canal, Ireland, locally plentiful ; Europe and Asia Minor, N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva green, paler laterally ; dorsal line darker, on 13 dark i-ed, broader ; sub- dorsal darker, whitish -edged ; subspii-acular whitish ; spiracles red : on flowers of Conojjodium denudatuyn ; 5, 6. 2. Aplasta, Hh. Face with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Antennae in S ciliated. Palpi with appressed scales. Thorax glabrous beneath. Femora glabrous. Forewings: 10 absent, 11 anasto- 252 NOTODONTINA [aplasta mosingwith 12. Hindwings : 6 and 7 stalked, 8 approximated to cell towards base, diverging from middle. Includes only the one European species. It is a somewhat isolated type, of uncertain affinity. 1. A. ononaria, Fuesl. 22-27 mm. Head brownish-ochreous. Forewings light ochreous, strigulated with ferruginous ; second line formed by a cloudy darker suffusion ; subterminal indis- tinctly pale ; terminal band somewhat darker. Hindwings as forewings, but markings hardly indicated. Kent, appai'ently a casual only ; WC. and S. Europe, Asia Minor, Syria ; 5, 6. Larva stout, clothed with stiff short down ; dull green, dorsal line darker, spiracular obscurely lighter : on Ononis spinosa ; 9-4. 3. Ebannis, Hh. Face with appressed scales. Tongue obsolete. Antennae in cj serrate, ciliated with very long fascicles. Palpi very short, ^^^rp~\ rough-scaled. Thorax somewhat ^ — hairy beneath. Femora glabrous. ^^ — Forewings : 1 1 sometimes anasto- ^^^^^:y^ \ ' / mosingwith 12 or 10. Hindwings: ^^^^^-''^ 7 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing /^^^^''^'''''^~^-^~J^~~/ with cell to beyond middle. ? v4;^rr:-l-__^^^^^^"--^7^/ apterous, with large anal tvift. ^ — "^ ^'^^^ A very small genus, confined to the European region and North Xll----^;^;::::::^^^^^'^^^^^. America. Larva with rudimentary ^^-..^....~7J^ n prolegs on 9. '^r~~~~-x— -■■::^*=\H 1- E. aescularia, Schiff. 29-33 \\\. ^^-^^^C/ '^'^^' Head brownish. Forewings x^^, ^\S^ brown or brownish-ochreous, spi'in- ^ kled with blackish ; first and second Neurcation of Emrawis aescttZavia. Ym^^ serrate, whitish, internally margined with blackish-fuscous marks in serrations ; a dark ' fuscous linear discal mark, and obliqne apical streak. Hind- wings pale whitish-fuscous ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; second line faintly whitish, curved. Britain to Perth, Ireland, common (unfreqnent in Scotland) ; C. Europe ; 3, 4. Larva yellowish-gx'een ; dorsal line dark green, yellow-edged; subdorsal, lateral, and subspiracular yellowish : on oak, elm, etc. ; 5, 6. The 5 moth strews hairs from the anal tuft over her eggs. BREPHOSJ MONOCTENIADAE 253 4, Brephos, 0. Face roughly hairy. Tongue developed. Antennae in (^ evenly ciliated or shortly bipec- tinated. Palpi short, clothed with long rough hairs. Thorax hairy beneath. Femora hairy. Forewings : 10 out of 9 or absent. Hindwings : 6 and 7 sometimes stalked, 8 closely approximated to cell to middle, connected or shortly anastomosing with it near base. A very small genus, confined to north temperate regions ; corre- lated with the preceding. Larva with fully-developed prolegs on 9, and rudimentary ones on 7 and 8. Pupa in a chamber in bark. Neuration of Brephos notha. Antennae in c? dentate ; a central white costal blotch 1. parthenias. „ ,, bipectinated ; no central costal blotch 2.notha. 1. B. parthenias, L. 33-35 mm. Head black. Antennae in S dentate. Forewings dark ochreous-fuscous, dorsally more blackish ; first and second lines and praesubterminal blackish, serrate ; an oval blackish whitish-centred discal spot ; a cloudy white costal blotch before this, and another before subterminal ; cilia barred with white. Hindwings orange ; discal spot, a very large dorsal blotch, and irregular terminal fascia blackish. Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, NE. America ; 3, 4. Larva green ; dorsal line whitish- edged ; lateral whitish ; subspiracular broader, yellowish ; two white dots near spiracles on each segment : on birch ; 6, 7. 2. B. notha, Hb. 28-32 mm. Head dark fuscous. Antennae in S bipectinated. Forewings dark fuscous, sprinkled with whitish ; first and second lines blackish, irregular ; subterminal pale, anteriorly darker-margined ; a blackish pale-centred discal spot ; a cloudy white costal spot before subterminal ; cilia hardly barred. Hindwings as in jB. j^f^fthenias. England to York, local ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 3, 4. Larva green, sides black ; dorsal line darker, yellowish -edged ; sub- dorsal and lateral fine, yellow ; subspiracular pale yellow ; head and 2 black-spotted : on aspen and Salix caprea, between joined leaves ; 6. 254 NOTODOXTINA 5. SELIDOSEMIDAE. Hindwings : 5 imperfect (not tubular) or obsolete, 6 and 7 usually separate, 8 usually obsoletely connected with upper margin of cell near base, approximated to near middle. A very large family, equally common throughout all regions. It varies considerably in su})erficial appearance, and is also remarkable for the variability of structure of veins 10 and 11 of the forewings in many (not all) species. Imago with body slender to rather stout, forewings broad to rather elongate, triangular ; posterior tibiae of 3 often enlarged and enclosing an expansible tuft of hairs. The structure termed the fovea is a circular impression on the lower surface of the forewings above the dorsum near the base, usually placed about the origin of the basal fork of lb ; it is generally confined to the ($ , and is often subhyaline, sometimes surmounted by a small thickened gland ; it may possibly be a scent-producing organ. It is strictly confined to that branch of which Selidosema is the type, but is not invariably present there. In DeiUnia a some- what similar structure occurs in the hindwings. Ovum subcylindrical or elongate -ovate, more or less re- ticulated, sometimes ribbed. Larva elongate, more or less slender, with few hairs, without developed prolegs on 7, 8, and us\ially 9 ; often remarkal)ly like a twig of its food-plant. Pupa subterranean or in a slight cocoon above ground. The diagram shows the relations of the principal genera, so far as they can be made out ; but the want of definite characters makes conclusions in this family rather conjectural. Phylogeny of Selidosemidae. Opisthograptis Oiirapteryx I I Diastictis Ectropis Abraxas Deiliiiia Metrocanipa Bnpaliis Selidosema Pseiulopanthera Euchlaena Selenia Synopsia Hybernia Crocota Apocheima Eiinomos Bistou Goiioilontis [Prosopoloplia group] SELIDOSEMIDAE 255 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Tabulation of Genera. Forewings in S with fovea . . .2. ,, ,, without fovea . . .8. Antennae in S bipectinated . . .3. ,, ,, not pectinated . . .7. Hind wings with 6 and 7 stalked . . 8. Tephronia. ,, ,,6 and 7 separate . . 4. Palpi and often face roughly hairy . 7. Bupalus. ,, and face at most rough-scaled . . 5. Forewings with 11 rising separate, or if out of 10, from near base only and then not anastomosing with 12 . .6. „ with 11 absent or out of 10 high up, or if lower, anastomosing with 12 2. DiASTICTIS. Antennae in S bi])ectinated to apex . 5. Cleora. ,, „ with apex simple . 6. Selidosema. Antennae in S with two short acute processes on each side of each joint 3. Ectropis. ,, without paired processes 1. Opisthograptis. Antennae in S simple . . . .9. ,, ,, bipectinated . . .12. Antennae in 3 ciliated with fascicles . 10. Abraxas. ,, ,, shortly and evenly ciliated . 10. Face with long rough hairs ,, not rough-haired Foi'ewings with 11 absent ,, with 11 present 5 apterous or semiapterous ,, with fully-developed wings Face roughly hairy ,, not hairy Thorax crested ; „ smooth ; Hindwings in c^ Antennae in S 14. PSODOS. . 11. 19. OURAPTERYX. 1 1 . l^SEUDOPANTHERA. . 13. . 15. 16. Apocheima. . 14. apex of antennae in c^ simple 15. Htbernia. antennae in ^ pectinated to apex 13. Theria. 18. Deilinia. 16. 17. 24. 18. 23. with subbasal fovea without fovea . bipectinated to apex ,, ,, with apex sim2)lc Face with projecting scales ,, with tolerably appressed scales 256 NOTODONTINA 18. Eye crossed by subantennal liair-tuft . 25. Colotois. „ not crossed by tuft . . . .19. 19. Forewings with transparent discal scar . 22. Selenia. ,, without transparent scar . . 20. 20. Forewings with 11 connected with 12 .26. Ennomos. „ with 11 free from 12 . . .21. 21. Posterior tibiae hairy, middle-spurs short or absent 17. BiSTON. ,, ,, glabrous, middle-spurs moderately long . . . 22. 22. Face with defined conical tuft . 23. Hygrochroa. „ without defined tuft . 27. Gonodontis. 23. Forewings with 7 out of 9 above middle, 10 out of 9 . . .24. Cepphis. ,, with 7 out of 9 below middle, 10 rarely out of 9 near base . 12. Crocota. 24. Thorax with low double posterior crest 4. Deileptenia. ,, not crested . . . .25. 25. Femora hairy . . . .9. Synopsia. ,, glabrous ..... 26. 26. Forewings with 10 normally out of 9, and anasto- mosing with 11 . 20. Metrocampa. „ with 10 out of 11, not anastomosing with 11 . . 21. Euchlabna. 1. Opisthograptis, Hb. Face with appressed scales or short tuft. Tongue developed. Antennae in $ filiform or serrate-dentate, ciliated. Palpi rough- scaled. Thorax somewhat hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ; posterior tibiae in c^ more or less dilated, often bent. Forewings in S with -fovea; 10 often connected or anastomosing with 12 and 9, 11 out of 10 between connections or usually absent. A considerable genus, widely distributed, but most numer- ous in the Indo-Malayan region. 1. Forewings with ferruginous costal spot . . 2. ,, without ferruginous costal spot 4. clathrata. 2. Wings yellow . . . .5. hdeolnta. ,, not yellow . . . .3. 3. Forewings with blackish spot on middle of second line .... 4. ,, without such spot . . 3. litumta. 4. Angulation of second line very obtuse . 2. altemaria. „ , ,, nearly rectangular 1. notata. opisTHOoRAPTis] SELIDOSEMIDAE 257 1. 0. notata, L. 25-28 mm. Head ochreous. Antennae in $ dentate. Forewings ochreous- whitish, strigulated with ochreous -grey ; first, median, and second hnes ochreous -grey, on costa bx'own, second angulated, in middle traversing an oval blackish spot cut by ochreous - whitish veins ; a ferruginous-brown spot on costa beyond second ; upper half of termen subconcave, its cilia light brown. Hindwings with colour and median line as in forewings, second partly dotted with dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; termen subcaudate- angulated. S. England to Suffolk and Neurationof 0;u.«Ao,rap«s ^(eoZato. Gloucester, Cheshire, Inverness, Ross, local ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6. Larva dark green, sides yellowish-brown ; a dorsal series of yellowish-brown spots : on Salix and birch ; 8, 9. 2. 0. alternaria, Hh. 25-28 mm. Differs from 0. notata as follows : colour pale whitish -fuscous, strigulated with grey, hindwings more whitish basally ; lines grey, second line less angulated, followed by a darker suffusion, traversed spot much smaller, termen more concave ; termen of hindwings more caudate. Sussex to Devon, Westmoreland, local ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6, 7. Larva light green ; three triangular reddish lateral marks towards middle : on Salix ; 9. 3. 0. liturata, CI. 26-29 mm. Head yellow -ochreous. Antennae in $ dentate. Forewings pale fuscous, strigulated with darker ; first, median, and second lines fuscous, on costa darker, second darker-dotted, followed by a pale reddish- ochreous suffusion, and ferruginpus costal spot ; a fuscous discal mark ; termen subsinuate. Hindwings as forewings, but more ochreous-whitish ; first line and costal spot absent ; discal dot darker ; termen angulated. Britain to Ross, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 5-7. Larva green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines whitish ; spiracular white ; head brown : on Pinus abies ; 9-10. 4. 0. clathrata, L. 22-26 mm. Head black mixed with whitish. Antennae in $ filiform. Forewings yellowish- white or pale yellowish, margins strigulated with dark fuscous, veins s 258 NOTODONTINA [opisthograptis dark fuscous ; first, median, second, and praesubterminal lines dark fuscous, irregular : cilia white, barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent. A dark fuscous variety with pale subterminal spots is not unfrequent. Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common ; EurojDC, WC. and N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva green ; dorsal line double, white ; sub- dorsal narrow, Avhite ; lateral and spiracular white ; incisions yellowish ; head slightly bifid : on Trifolium, Medicago, etc. ; 8-4. 5. 0. luteolata, L. (crataegata, L.) 29-38 mm. Head yellow, lower part of face ferruginous. Antennae in $ filiform. Fore- wings yellow ; three or four ferruginous costal spots, last lai-ge ; first line, second, and part of praesubterminal grey, waved, in- terrupted ; a linear whitish ferruginous-margined discal mark. Hindwings yellow ; second and praesubterminal lines as in fore- wings ; a grey discal dot. Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia, N. Africa ; 5, 6. Larva with rudimentary pro- legs on 8 and 9 ; pale brown, sometimes purplish or greenish- tinged ; a pointed projection on 7, directed forwards ; two smaller projections on 9 : on hawthorn, birch, etc.; 7-4. 2. DiASTiCTis, Hb. Face with appressed scales or short tuft. Tongue developed. Antennae in $ bipectinated, apex simple. Palpi rough-scaled. Thorax hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ; posterior tibiae in $ dilated. Foi'ewings in $ with fovea; 10 often connected or anastomosing with 12 and 9, 11 usually absent, or out of 10 above middle, or if lower anastomosing with 12. A large genus, more or less cosmopolitan ; derived from Selidosema. 1. Wings ferruginous-ochreous .1. hrunneata. ,, not ochreous . .2. 2. Lines distinct throughout • .3. „ nearly obsolete . . .2. wauaria 3. Discal mark whitish, dark-margined . 4. consortaria. „ ,, wholly dark fuscous . 3. roboraria. 1. D. brunneata, Thnb. {jnnetaria, Hb.) 24-26 nnn. Head ferruginous-ochreous. Forewings ferruginous-ochreous, strigu- lated with darker; first, median, second, and praesubterminal lines fuscous, subsinuate. Hindwings as forewings, but lines less distinct, first absent ; a fuscous discal dot. Perth to Ross, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia, N. I DiASTicTis] SELIDOSEMIDAE 259 America ; 6, 7. Larva white ; dorsal line dark green, finely black-edged; subdorsal rosy -brown, dark -edged ; three brown lateral lines ; a spiracular series of yellowish marks : on Vaccinium and Pinus sylvestris ; 4, 5. 2. D. wauaria, L. {wavaria, F.) 25-30 mm. Head grey- whitish. Forewings grey-whitish, strigulated with grey ; four dark fuscous costal marks, second usually joined with black V-shaped discal mark ; termen suifused with light brownish. Hindwings with ground as in forewings ; a dark grey discal dot. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. America; 7, 8. Larva grey-green or lead -grey, with black spots ; dorsal surface yellower ; a spiracular yellow black - spotted line, sometimes interrupted ; head grey, black-spotted : on currant and gooseberry [Ribes) ; 5, 6. This larva seems to mimic the abundant and distasteful larva of the gooseberry savvfly (^Nematus rihesii). 3. D. roboraria, Schiff. 48-52 mm. Head whitish sprinkled with fuscous, face fuscous. Forewings whitish or fuscous- whitish, densely sprinkled with fuscous and black ; lines waved ; tirst, median, and second blackish-fuscous, median and second approximated and thickened dorsally ; subtermiual pale, an- teriorly partly dark - margined ; a dark fuscous discal mark before median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, median straighter, second remote, not thickened, discal mark beyond median. England to York, not common ; C. Europe, N. Asia ; 7. Larva purplish -brown or ochreous-brown, with variable indi- cations of pale markings ; 6 (sometimes also 4) with two sub- dorsal prominences, 12 with slight dorsal ridge; head bifid : on oak ; 8-5. 4. D. consortaria, F. 43-50 mm. Differs from D. rohoraria as follows : wings more brownish-tinged, median and second lines hardly thickened dorsally, discal mark linear, whitish, margined with dark grey. 5. England to Leicester, not common ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, Japan ; 6, 7. Larva greenish-grey ; dorsal line darker ; lateral paler ; 6 with two subdorsal prominences ; 12 with slight dorsal I'idge : on oak ; 8, 9. 3. EcTROPis, Hb. Face nearly smooth or with somewhat projecting scales. Tongue developed. Antennae in $ with two short acute pro- 260 NOTODONTINA [ectropis Fore wing of Ectropis hiundularia. 2. 2. . 3. 3. hiundularia. 4. consonaria. 2. punctularia. 33 mm. Head cesses on each side of each joint, emitting strong fascicles of ciha. Palpi rough -scaled. Thorax hairy beneath. Femora glabrous ; posterior tibiae in S sometimes dilated. Forewings in cj with fovea; 10 sometimes out of 9 or absent, sometimes connected with 9, 11 sometimes out of 9 or 10, sometimes anas- tomosing with 12. A small genus, but very widely distributed ; derived from Selidosema. 1. Forewings with a white median subterminal spot 1. luridata. „ without such spot Discal mark of forewings distinct „ „ „ absent . 3. First line preceded by a dark shade ,, ,, not preceded by a dark shade 1. E. luridata, B/ch. (extersaria, Hb.) 29 fuscous-whitish, mixed with dark fuscous. Forewings whitish- fuscous, much strigulated with dark fuscous ; first, median, and second lines sinuate, dark fuscous, blackish-marked, second end- ing in a whitish dorsal spot ; subterminal pale, waved, anteriorly dark-margined, marked with clear white central spot ; a blackish discal mark. Hindwings as forewings, but lines more indistinct, without white spots, first absent ; discal dot obscure. S. England to Hereford and Norfolk, Lancashire, rather common ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva pale grey, clouded with reddish-brown : on birch ; 8, 9. 2. E. punctularia. Jib. 25-29 mm. Head white mixed with dark fuscous. Forewings whitish, sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous ; first, median, and second lines irregular, fuscous, darker-marked, stronger on costa ; subterminal whitish, waved, anteriorly fuscous -margined ; a dark fuscous discal dot on median. Hindwings as forewings, but lines more indistinct, first absent, discal dot beyond median. England, Argyll, E. and S. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva wrinkled, green ; dorsal line yellowish, whitish -margined ; subdorsal and two fine lateral lines yellowish-white ; incisions yellow ; head yellow-green : on birch ; 7, 8. 3. E. hiundularia, £/ih. (crepuscular ia, Hb. ; laricaria, ECTROPis] SELIDOSEMIDAE 261 Dbld.) 32-40 mm. Head whitish, with dark fuscous frontal bar. Forewings whitish, sometimes tinged with ochreous or fuscous, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first and second lines subserrate, fuscous, black - marked, dorsally approxi- mated ; an ochreous or fuscous shade befoi^e first, and another, with bidentate dark central mark, beyond second ; median and praesubterminal ochreous or fnscous, partly dark-marked. Hindwings as forewings, but first line and shade absent, second shade less dark-marked ; a dark fuscous discal mark. Britain to Perth, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia, Japan, N. America ; 3-6. Larva brownish-grey, yellowish-grey, or reddish-brown ; subdorsal line dark on 4-9 a lateral series of pale blotches, one on 10 conspicuously paler 4 swollen, with three black spots ; 6 with dark V-shaped mark on oak, beech, larch, etc. ; 6-9. This insect varies much locally in depth of colouring and time of appearance. 4. E. consonaria, Hh. 35-38 mm. Differs from E. hiundu- laria as follows : wings and markings more brownish-tinged, not ochreous, first and second line dark fuscous, hardly serrate, not approximated dorsally, first shade darker fuscous, second marked with roundish darker central blotch, a distinct dark fuscous discal mark in forewings. England to York, E. and S. Ireland, local ; C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia; 5. Larva wrinkled, greenish -ochreous, with numerous dull red waved lines ; doi'sal dull ochreous, brown- edged ; incisions greenish ; head ochreous-whitish, marked with dark bi'own : on birch, beech, Finns, etc. ; 6-8. 4. Deilbptenia, Hh. Face loosely scaled. Tongue developed. Antennae in S bipectinated, apex simple. Palpi rough -scaled. Thorax with low double posterior crest, haiiy beneath. Femora glabi'ous ; posterior tibiae in c? not dilated. Forewings in (J without fovea; 11 sometimes out of 10 near base, sometimes anasto- mosing with 12. A small genus, inhabiting the European region ; derived from Selidosema. 1. D. abietaria, Hh. 40-44 mm. Head fuscous. Forewings pale ochreous, suffused with brown or dark grey and strigulated with dark fuscous ; lines waved ; first, median, and second dark fuscous, stronger on costa, median and second closely approxi- mated dorsally ; subterminal pale, dark-margined anteriorly ; a 262 NOTODONTINA [deileptenia dark fuscous discal mark before median. Hindwings as fore- wings, but lines more indistinct, first absent, discal mark beyond median. S. England to Gloucester and Essex, Perth, local ; C. Europe ; 7. Larva light ochreous-brown or dark grey-brown, with paler dorsal patches, especially on 5, 9, and 10 ; dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines pale, brown-edged ; 5-9 spotted with black on back : on yew, Pinus, etc. ; 9-5. 5. Cleora, Curt. Face nearly smooth. Tongue developed. Antennae in S bipectinated to apex. Palpi rough-scaled. Thorax hairy be- neath. Femora almost glabrous ; posterior tibiae in S not dilated. Forewings in $ with fovea ; 10 connected, or anasto- mosing with 9. One species only is known. 1. C. lichenaria, Hufn. 29-33 mm. Head green -whitish, forehead spotted with dark fuscous. Forewings whitish, suf- fusedly strigulated with dull gi-eenish and sprinkled with black ; first line curved, second strongly sinuate and dentate, black ; a green blackish discal spot. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, second less sinuate, spot grey. Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, common ; C Europe ; 7. Larva wrinkled, olive-green, variegated with lighter and darker; 5-11 with pairs of slight prominences; 12 with two larger yellow black -tipped prominences; spiracular line sometimes partly blackish : on lichens ; 9-5. 6. Sblidosema, Hh. Face with appressed or shortly projecting scales. Tongue developed. Antennae in cj bipectinated, towards apex simple. Palpi rough -scaled. Thorax sometimes crested posterioi'ly, hairy beneath. Femora nearly glabrous : posterior tibiae in S dilated. Forewings in $ with fovea ; 10 sometimes connected with 9, 11 sometimes out of 10 near base only, or if separate, sometimes anastomosing with 12. A genus of considerable extent, and universally distributed ; derived from Synopsia. 1. Discal mark whitish, dark-margined . 6. cinctaria. ,, ,, Avholly dai'k . . . .2. 2. Forewings whitish . . . .3. not whitish . . . .4. selidosema] SELIDOSEMIDAE 263 3. Median line of fnrewings blackish . 4. angularia. ,, „ „ marked on costa only 3. glahraria. 4. Lines of hindwings obsolete . .1. ericetaria. „ ,, present . . .5. 5. Second line of forewings projecting below middle 1. rejyandata. „ „ „ not projecting belowmiddle 5. gemmaria. 1. S. ericetaria, VilL {j)lumaria, Hb.) 34-36 mm. Head brownish -ochreous, sometimes mixed with whitish. Antennal pectinations very long, 5 or 6 joints simple. Forewings l)rownish- ochreous or whitish -fuscous, sprinkled with dark fuscous, termen suffused with bi'ownish ; first and second lines faint, on costa dark fuscous ; median straight, fuscous, variably distinct ; pi-aesubterminal cloudy, rather dark fuscous ; some- times a dark fuscous discal spot beyond median. Hindwings as forewings," but lines obsolete. Sussex to Dorset, Warwick, Cheshire, Arran, E. and S. Ireland, local ; C. and S. Eui'ope to Syria ; 7, 8. Larva wrinkled, pale grey; dorsal line blackish-brown, double, on 5-12 swollen in middle ; subdorsal pale ; spiracular pale, brown-edged : on Calluna ; 9-4. 2. S. repandata, L. 38-46 mm. Head grey mixed with whitish and fuscous. Forewings light ochreous-brown, sprinkled with black and sometimes with whitish ; fii-st line curved, median twice sinuate, dark fuscous, sometimes partly confluent; second dark fuscous, roundly projecting above and below middle; subterminal waved, pale or whitish, partially dark-margined ; a blackish discal spot before median. Hindwings as forewings, but lines less marked, regular, discal dot beyond median. Britain to the Hebrides, N. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. and C. Asia to N. India and Japan ; 7. Larva pale greenish-ochreous, brown-marked, sometimes suffused with dark grey, dusted with yellow ; dorsal line brown or dark grey, distinct on 2-4, often obsolete elsewhere; 5-12 sometimes with pale dorsal diamonds : on oak, birch, blackthorn, etc ; 9-4. 3. S. glabraria, Hb. 26-29 mm. Head ochreous-white, fore- head dotted with black. Forewings ochreous-white, sprinkled with black ; first and second lines grey, black-dotted, forming- black costal spots, second twice sinuate ; subterminal waved, partially thickly margined with blackish-grey ; an oval black discal spot, joined with a blackish costal spot. Hindwings with 264 NOTODONTINA [selidosema ground as in forewings ; a blackish-grey discal dot and curved second line. Surrey to Wilts and Devon, Leicester, Lake District, local ; C. Europe ; 7, 8. Larva pale blue-green, back more whitish ; a dorsal series of black spots ; a subdorsal series of black dashes ; some small lateral black marks : on lichens ; 5, 6. 4. S. angularia, Thnb. (viduaria, Bkh.) 31-32 mm. Head whitish, mixed with black. Forewings ochreous-white strigu- lated with black, base mixed with light brownish ; lines blackish, first curved, median thick, second subserrate, sinuate, followed by a light brownish shade, praesubterminal waved ; a black discal mark beyond median. Hindwings brown-whitish, strigulated with gi'ey ; three dorsal marks and a discal dot blackish. Sussex, Hants, scarce ; C. Europe ; 6. Larva on oak ; SO)- 5. S. gemmaria, £7'h. (rhomhoidaria, Hb. ; perfumaria, Newm.) 34-40 mm. Head fuscous, face with darker pale-edged bar. Forewings bi'ownish, veins light ochreous, strigulated with dark fuscous ; first, median, and second lines fuscous or dark fuscous, curved above, second black-dotted, stronger on dorsum ; subterminal obscurely whitish, waved ; a blackish discal mark before median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, median straight, discal dot beyond it. Britain to Caledonian Canal, very common (unfrequent in Scotland) ; C. and S. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7. Larva from reddish-brown to dark slaty-grey, dusted with darker and lighter, sometimes forming irregular lines, an interrupted dorsal line, or indistinct diamonds : on oak, blackthorn, birch, etc. ; 9-5. 6. S. cinctaria, ScMff. 30-35 mm. Head fuscous mixed with whitish, face with black bar. Forewings brownish, variably mixed with whitish and sprinkled with black ; first line curved, black, preceded by a dark brown shade ; median ochreous, sinuate ; second black, serrate, sinuate, followed Iw an ochreous- brown shade ; subterminal whitish, waved ; a whitish dark- margined discal mark on median. Hindwings as forewings, but first line and shade absent, median straight, discal mark beyond it. Sussex to Oxford and Dorset, Argyll, S. Ireland, local ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva light green, with sevei-al fine paler lines; dorsal and lateral lines bluish- green ; subdorsal whitish : on Erica and birch ; 6-8. BUPALUS] SELIDOSEMIDAE 265 7. BuPALUS, Lch. Face roughly or loosely haired. Tongue developed. An- tennae in S bipectinated, apex simple. Palpi roughly hairy. Thorax hairy beneath. Femora often hairy ; posterior tibiae in S not dilated. Forewings in S with fovea ; 10 often con- nected or anastomosing with 9, 11 usually out of 10, always running into 12 or concealed by anastomosis of 10 with 12 and so apparently absent. A small genus, characteristic of Europe ; correlated with Selidosema. 1. Forewings with distinct transverse lines . . 2. ,, without distinct lines . . 3. 2. Median and second lines of forewings approximated dor sally 2. atomarius. ,, ,, ,, ,, parallel 3. carbonarius. 3. Forewings with large dark triangular apical patch 1. piniarius. „ without such patch . . 4. limharius. 1. B. piniarius, L. 32-35 mm. d 8 unusually short, 7 rising above middle of 9, 10 out of 9. Thei'e is only one species ; it is correlated to the two preceding genera. 1. 0. advenaria, Hb. 26-29 mm. Head whitish -yellow, mixed with fuscous. Forewings ochreous - whitish, much sprinkled with fuscous ; costa yellowish ; first line curved, second sinuate or subangulated, fuscous ; praesubterminal suft'usedly darker ; a fuscous discal mark. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent, discal dot blackish. S. England to Stafford and Cambridge, local ; C. Eui'ope, WC. and N. Asia, Japan ; 6. Larva dark brown, marked with pale ochreous ; a double series of black spots ; 5-8 with pale heart-shaped blotches : on Salix, Vaccinium, Rubus ; 7, 8. 25. CoLOTOis, Hb. Face roughly hairy, with a tuft from beneath antennae across eye to middle. Tongue short. Antennae in c? very strongly bipectinated to apex. Palpi very short, rough-haired. Thorax densely hairy above and beneath. Femora densely hairy ; posterior tibiae in <$ not dilated, spurs short. Fore- wings in ^ without fovea ; 10 sometimes anastomosing or con- nected with 9, 11 anastomosing or counectcd with 12 and 10. Also confined to a single species. coLOTOis] SELIDOSEMIDAE 285 1. C. pennaria, L. 38-46 mm. Head reddish -ochreous. Forewings reddish -ochreous sprinkled with fuscous; first Hne somewhat curved, second nearly straight, dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; a very small whitish or dark grey subapical spot. Hindwings as in forewings, but paler basally, no first line or subapical spot, praesubterminal sometimes fuscous, curved. Britain to Ross, N. Ireland, common \ C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia; 10, 11. Larva pale grey or reddish-brown, darker- marked ; 3-11 sometimes with pale diamonds, and series of pale yellow dots; 12 with two reddish projections; head reddish- brown : on oak, beech, etc. ; 5, 6. 26. Ennomos, Tr. Face with dense projecting scales. Tongue developed or rudimentary. Antennae in c? bipectinated to apex. Palpi rough - scaled. Thorax densely hairy above and beneath. Femora densely hairy ; posterior tibiae with middle-spurs very short or absent, in $ not dilated. Forewings in $ without fovea; 6 sometimes out of 9, 10 rarely out of 9, sometimes anastomosing or connected with 9, 11 often out of 10, anasto- mosing or connected with 12 and sometimes with 10 also, rarely running into 12 or absent. Hindwings : 6 and 7 rarely stalked. A chai'acteristically European genus of limited size, strag- gling into North America. In all the species the termen of both forewings and hindwings forms a triangular projection on vein 4. 1. Posterior tibiae with middle-spui's . . 2. „ „ without middle-spurs . . 3. 2. Head orange ... 5. autumnaria. ,, pale ochreous . . .4. quercinaria. 3. Head and thorax clear yellow . . 3. alniaria. ,, ,, ochreous . . .4. 4. Terminal area of forewings pale fuscous 2. fuscantaria. ,, „ ,, not fuscous 1. erosaria. 1. E. erosaria, Bkh. 35-38 mm. Head orange -ochreous. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs. Forewings ochreous ; first line curved, second hardly curved, fuscous. Hindwings ochreous. England, Renfrew, E. Ireland, rather common ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva pale ochreous, brown - mai-ked ; 3, 6, 9, 12 with rather large prominences, 8 with a small one, 7 with two : on oak and birch ; 6, 7. 286 NOTODONTINA [ennomos 2. E. fuscantaria, Hiv. 33-38 mm. Head light ochreous or brownish. Posterior tibiae without middle -spurs. Forewings ochreous ; first and second lines hardly curv^ed, fuscous, ap- proximated or meeting dorsally ; tei-minal area beyond second suffused with pale fuscous ; a faint fuscous discal mark. Hindwings dull ochreous. England, rather common ; N. France to Prussia ; 8, 9. Larva pale yellowish-green, white-sprinkled ; spiracular line conspicuously paler ; 7 and 1 3 with pairs of small tubercles : on ash ; 6, 7. 3. E. alniaria, L. {tiliaria, Bkh.) 34-37 mm. Head and thorax clear yellow. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs. Forewings yellow -ochreous strigulated with fuscous; first and second lines curved, dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous discal mark. Hindwings yellow -ochreous, posteriorly strigulated with dark fuscous ; median line straight, grey, often faint ; a grey discal spot touching it. Britain to Caledonian Canal, common ; C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva pale brown; 6, 9 with transverse ridges; 7, 8, 12 with pairs of small tubercles ; 13 with two points : on oak, birch, etc. ; 6, 7. 4. E. quercinaria, Hufn. {angularia, Bkh.) 35-43 nnn. Head pale ochreous. Posterior tibiae with middle -spurs. Forewings light ochreous, sometimes partially reddish-ochreous, strigulated with dark fuscous ; first and second lines curved, dark fuscous, second sometimes followed by a fuscous suffusion ; a fuscous discal dot. Hindwings pale ochreous, more reddish- ochreous posterioi'ly ; median line curved, grey, indistinct ; sometimes a discal dot on it. England to York, Lanark, common; C. Europe; 8-10. Larva ashy-grey, dark-marked ; subdorsal line pale on 2-6 ; 6 with three yellowish-tipped projections, central largest, 8, 10 with four each, 12 with two: on beech, birch, etc. ; 5-8. 5. E. autumnaria, Wemh. {alniaria, Esp.) 42-48 mm. Head orange. Posterior tibiae with middle- spurs. Forewings light orange-ochreous, deeper towai-ds apex, coarsely strigulated with dai-k grey ; first and second lines thick, curved, dark grey ; a dark grey discal spot. Hindwings pale orange-ochreous, deeper terminally, sometimes partly strigulated with dark grey. Kent to Devon, York, scarce, hardly native ; N. and C. Europe ; 8, 9. Larva light brown, marked with darker and paler (rarely green, white -sprinkled) ; subdorsal line pale ENNOMOs] SELIDOSEMIDAE 287 ochreoiis ; a dark blotch on 5 ; 6 witli transverse prominence and two tubercles, 7 and 12 with pairs of tubercles, 9 with a prominence : on sycamore, birch, etc. ; 7, 8. 27. GONODONTIS, Hb. Face with dense projecting scales. Tongue developed or obsolete. Antennae in S bipectinated to apex. Palpi rough- scaled. Thorax densely hairy above and beneath, tending to be slightly crested anteriorly. Femora densely hairy ; posterior tibiae in $ not dilated. Forewings in $ without fovea : 10 often connected or anastomosing with 9, occasionally with 11. Includes only a few European species ; it is derived from the ancestral Prosopolopha group. Termen of forewings strongly dentate . 1. hidentata. ,, ,, not strongly dentate . 2. elinguaria. 1. Gr. bidentata, CI. 40-48 mm. Head light fuscous. Forewings brown, strigulated with blackish ; first and second lines nearly straight, serrate, blackish -grey, marked with whitish dots ; praesubterminal sometimes sufFusedly darker ; a grey black-edged discal spot ; termen strongly and irregularly dentate. Hindwings as forewings, but paler, first line absent, termen not dentate. Britain to the Hebrides, Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva with rudimentary prolegs on 8 and 9 ; ashy-grey or brown, sometimes with darker dorsal diamonds or lateral line ; or blackish, irregularly marked with pale green; a semicircular plate on 12: on hazel, birch, etc.; 7-9. 2. G. elinguaria, L. 34-37 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Forewings whitish-ochreous, sometimes sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first line nearh- straight, second sinuate, dark fuscous, included space usually light brown ; a blackish sometimes pale- centred discal spot ; termen waved. Hindwings whitish- ochreous ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; sometimes an indistinct curved fuscous median line. Britain to Sutherland, N. and W. Ireland, common ; N. and C. Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 7, 8. Larva ochreous- brown or pale ochi-eous, darker-marked ; dorsal line greyish, expanded on incisions, partially edged with dark fuscous and marked with small V-shaped marks: a semicircular plate on 12 : on hazel, blackthorn, etc. ; 5, 6. 288 NOTODONTINA 6. POLYPLOCIDAE. Head densely rough -haii-ed. Ocelli present. Tongue de- veloped. Labial pal}n moderately long, subascending, rough- scaled, terminal joint cylindrical. Thorax densely hairy beneath. Femora and tibiae densely hairy, spurs rather short. Forewings : lb sometimes simple, 10 connected by bar with 9. Hindwings : 5 fully developed, 6 from angle, 7 from upper margin at |, 8 closely approximated to 7 beyond cell. Only a small group, nor is there any evidence that it has ever been much more extensive ; it is mainly restricted to the northern hemisphere. The imagos have mostly stout bodies and elongate -triangular forewings, and have some superficial resemblance in form with the Garadrinidae, with which how- ever there is absolutely no relationship. The similarity of the neuration of the hindwings to that of some Lasiocampina is probably reversional. Ovum spheroidal above, flattened beneath, surface finely reticulated and sometimes ribbed. Larva moderately stout, with all prolegs developed. Pupa in a rather slight cocoon usually amongst leaves. Occasionally in the forewings, by obsolescence of a small connecting portion of the vein, 9 appears to rise out of 10 and have no connection with 8 ; or possibly this may be its true original structure. The phylogeny of the genera, which are all nearly related togethei", is probably fairly indicated by the arrangement. Tabulation of Genera. 1. Eyes hairy . . . .4. Polyploca. „ glabrous . . . . .2. 2. Hindwings with .5 parallel to 4 . 3. Palimpsestis. ,, ,, approximated to 4 at base . 3. 3. Antennae in S ciliated with fascicles . 2. Thyatira. „ „ simple . . .1. Habrosyne. 1. Habrosyne, Hb. Eyes glabrous. Antennae in $ filiform, simple. Thox'ax ti'ansversely crested. Abdomen with small dorsal crest. Fore- wings : 6 out of 9. Hindwings : 5 approximated to 4 at base. A small genus, distributed throughout the nortliern hemi- sphere. habrosyne] POLYPLOCIDAE 289 1. H. derasa, L. 35-39 mm. Forewings light brown; an oblique white raised streak iu disc near base ; a white streak from \ of costa to f of dorsum, followed by a ferruginous fascia blackish - striated on costa ; an elongate white patch along median portion of costa, marked in middle with three ferruginous lines, and edged with ferruginous suffusion ; orbicular and discal spots outlined with dark ferruginous ; second line quadruple, strongly dentate, dark fuscous, visible in disc only ; a white subterminal streak from apex to tornus. Hindwings fuscous, darker posteriorly. Britain to the Clyde, Ireland, common; C. Europe, WC. and Neuvation of iia!,/osy;icd«msa. N. Asia; 7. Larva reddish -brown, sides more ochreous ; a lateral series of indistinct oblique darker marks ; a white lateral spot on 4, sometimes also on 5 and 6 ; head brown : on Ruhus fruticosus ; 8, 9. 2. Thtatira, 0. Eyes glabrous. Antennae in orcelhis. 3. Hind wings with bkxck subterminal fascia . . 4. ,, without such fascia . . 2. eliyenor. 4. Fore wings with anterior edge of pale band straight 5. lineata. „ „ ^ „ „ irregular 5. 5. Edge of dark postmedian band reaching middle of dorsum . 6. PAqihorhiae. „ „ „ ,, reaching dorsum before middle 7. galii. 6. Forewings light brown , .3. celerio. ,, olive-green ... 4. tierii. 1. D. porcellus, L. 44-52 mm. Forewings deep yellow- ochreous, more brownish towards base and costa ; first, median, and second lines brownish ; costa broadly suftused with purple-rosy towards middle ; sometimes a rosy- whitish discal mark ; an irregular dull rosy -purplish terminal fascia. Hindwings deep yellow - ochreous, costal and basal areas broadly black- ish ; terminal fascia as in forewings ; termen waved. Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, common ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva brown or green, blackish-freckled ; 2-6 pinky- whitish above ; 2 and 3 retractile into 4 ; 5 and 6 swollen, with round lilac brown-centred blackish-edged lateral spots ; no anal horn, but a slight tubercle : on Galium ; 7, 8. 2. D. elpenor, L. 58-66 mm, Forewings deep olive-ochreous ; second line darker ; costa rosy ; dorsal edge white, near base blackish ; lower half of median band purplish-rosy ; sometimes a white discal dot; a straight streak from beyond middle of dorsum to costa before apex, and a terminal fascia light rosy- purple. Hindwings rosy, basal half black ; cilia white. Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. and E. Ireland, common, infrequent in Scotland ; Europe, WC. and N. Asia ; 6. Larva brown or green, blackish-freckled except on 2-4 ; subdorsal line pale on 2-4 ; 2 and 3 retractile into 4 ; 5 and 6 swollen, with blackish lateral blotches enclosing reniform lilac brown-centred spots ; horn short, black : on Galium, Epilohium, Fuchsia, etc. : 7, 8. Neuration of Deilephila porcellus. 296 NOTODONTINA [deilephila 3. D. celerio, L. 74-80 mm. Forewings light brown, partly suffused with ochreous-brown, indistinctly streaked in disc with blackish and whitish ; a black discal dot ; a narrow pale dark- striated rather curved fascia from before middle of dorsum to apex, anterior edge and dorsal extremity white ; a straight whitish subterminal streak, preceded ai:id followed by blackish striae. Hindwings dull rosy, paler posteriorly ; a transverse blackish median blotch ; a terminal brown fascia, including a black streak, connected with blotch by black veins. Britain to Caledonian Canal, N. Ireland, scarce, occasional immigrants only ; WC. and S. Europe, S. Asia, Africa, Australia; 9, 10. Larva green or brown ; subdorsal line paler ; 2 and 3 I'etractile ; 5 and 6 with black yellowish-dotted yellow-circled lateral spots, that on 5 larger ; horn brown : on grape-vine ; 8, 9. 4. D. nerii, L. 72-112 mm. Forewings deep olive-green; a pale ochreous basal spot with dark green centre ; lines cloudy, triple, ochreous- whitish, first sti'ongly curved, rosy-suftused towards dorsum, second strongly I'ounded-angulated, below angle obscured by a large purple-brownish blotch ; median shade broad, straight, whitish-ochreous, rosy-sufFused on lower half; an oblique ochreous-whitish ajjical streak, preceded by a pale suffusion. Hindwings piirplish- fuscous, more greenish posteriorly ; second line whitish-ochreous, sinuate, followed by a darker green shade. Britain to Perth, a rare immigrant only ; C. and S. Europe, Asia Minor to Syria, N. Africa ; 9, 10. Larva green or yellowish ; subdorsal line whitish ; 2 and 3 retractile ; 4 with dark pale-circled lateral spot; 6-12 white-dotted; horn orange: on Nerium oleander ; 8, 9. 5. D. lineata, F. (livornica, Esp.) 82-86 mm. Forewings ochreous-brown, disc blackish-mixed, veins in disc white ; some- times a whitish discal spot containing a black dot; a nearly straight pale ochreous fascia from before middle of dorsum to apex ; a light brown dark-edged terminal fascia. Hindwings light rosy, towards dorsum whitish ; basal area black ; a brown terminal streak, preceded by a black fascia. Britain to Perth, E. Ireland, occasional, not a permanent resident ; WC. and S. Europe, C. Asia, N. Africa ; 8, 9. Larva dark green or black, irrorated with yellow, sometimes dai-k- banded ; dorsal line yellow; subdorsal yellow, on 4-12 usually with a series of round yellow black-edged spots, marked with rosy or blackish ; subspirac\ilar whitish, sometimes rosy-spotted ; deilephila] SPHINGIDAE 297 horn slightly curved, reddish; head reddish or blackish: on Galium, Fiic/ixia, Rumex, etc. ; 6, 7. 6. D. euphorbiae, L. 58-64 mm. Forewings grey-brown ; basal area dark olive-brown, dorsally blackish, edge strongly curved, base whitish ; a large roundish dark olive-brown discal spot ; a dark olive-brown fascia from apex, upper half slender, lower irregularly much dilated, anterior edge running to middle of dorsum, preceded in disc by a pale ochreous suffusion. Hind- wings rosy, towards dorsum wiiite ; basal area black : a narrow black subterminal fascia. England, Lanark, on coast sandhills, local and probably only an occasional resident ; C. and S. Europe, N. Africa, WC. Asia to the Himalayas ; 6. Larva bronzy-green or blackish-bronze, iiTorated with yellow or white, usually black-banded ; dorsal line red ; subdorsal and lateral series of yellowish spots on the black bands, former sometimes connected by a reddish or yellowish line ; subspiracular red or yellowish; horn red; head red, sometimes black-spotted : on Euphorhia jxxralias and E. cyparissias ; 8, 9. 7. D. galii, Rott. 62-75 mm. Foi-ewings dark olive-brown ; base whitish, followed on dorsum by a blackish suffusion ; a rather broad pale brownish fascia suffused with pale ochreous from immediately before apex to dorsum markedly before middle, anterior edge with three well-marked projections; a liglit brownish terminal fascia. Hindwings rosy, partly whitish- sutfused, towards dorsum whitish ; basal area black ; a narrow- brownish terminal fascia, preceded by a black fascia. Britain to Caledonian Canal, E. Ireland, usually non-resident, but at rare intervals breeds here rather freely and generally ; Europe, N. and C. Asia, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva olive-green, pale iDrown, reddish-brown, or black, sometimes yellow-dotted ; a subdorsal series of yellow black-edged spots, rarely obsolete ; horn red ; head reddish : on Galium ; 8, 9. 4. Sphinx, L. Characters oi Deilephila, but thorax with low double posterior tuft. A moderately large genus, ranging over the whole world, but principally characteristic of America. Imago flying at dusk, feeding on the wing. 1. Hindwings with ti'ansvei'se lines . . .2. ,, without transverse lines . \. pinastri. 2. Hindwings rosy-tinged . . .2. ligustri. „ not rosy-tinged . . 3. convolvuli. 298 NOTODONTIXA [sphinx 1. S. pinastri, L. 70-75 mm. Forewings dark grey, closely irrorated witli white, and sprinkled with black ; three or four black dashes in disc ; median and second lines broad, darker, often very indistinct, strongly curved ; sometimes a white discal dot ; an oblique black apical line ; cilia white, blackish-barred. Hind wings dark grey, more blackish-grey terminally ; cilia as in forewings. Kent to Edinburgh, a scarce casual only, but apparently naturalised in Suffolk ; N. and C. Europe, N. America ; 6, 7. Larva green ; dorsal line red-brown, irregular, edged by whitish or yellowish lines ; lateral white ; spiracular series of white blotches, spiracles orange-red ; subspiracular yellowish ; horn black - dotted : on Pi?ius abies and P. sylvestris ; 8, 9. This species is sometimes very destructive to pine -forests on the Continent. 2. S. ligustri, L. 90-110 mm. Forewings light brown, whitish-sprinkled ; veins in disc finely black, with three stronger black interneural streaks ; first, median, and second lines obscurely darker, angulated above middle ; lower half of median band suffused with dark brown, connected by a narrower suffusion with an oblique black apical streak, above which is a whitish suffusion ; three whitish subterminal striae, and a blackish line after first. Hindwings pale whitish-rosy, termen brownish ; three black fasciae. England, Lanark, common ; C. and S. Europe, WC. and N. Asia; 6. Larva green; on 5-11 a series of oblique lateral stripes, white below and purple above ; spiracles yellow ; horn black, beneath yellow : on Ligustrum, ash, holly, etc. ; 8, 9. 3. S. convolvuli, L. 95-118 mm. Forewings dark grey, whitish-sprinkled, with darker dentate striae ; two black inter- neural streaks in disc ; an irregular black oblique apical line. Hindwings grey, whitish-sprinkled, darker terminally; base, anterior and subterminal fasciae, and two cloudy subconfluent postmcdian lines blackish. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, uncommon, probably not usually resident ; Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, America (varying slightly geographically) ; 8, 9. Larva green or brown, lighter or darker, sometimes closely streaked or i-eticulated ; often two dorsal blackish lines or series of spots ; on 5-11 often a series of oblique lateral white, dark, or blackish stripes ; sometimes a spiracular series of blackish spots ; sub- spiracular line sometimes whitish; horn blackish or ferruginous ; head usually ochreous or ferruginous : on Convolvulus ; 7. A.CHERONTIA] SPHINGIDAE 299 5. ACHERONTIA, 0. Tongue short. Antennae less than ^, gradually thickened to near apex, then pointed, apex slender, hooked. Abdomen broad, obtuse, densely haired. Tibiae with dense appressed bail's. An Asiatic genus of few species, one of which ranges into Europe and Africa. The imago possesses the power of uttering a curious squeaking sound, and is said sometimes to invade bee-hives in pursuit of honey. 1. A. atropos, L. 102-132 mm. Thorax blackish, with a light ochreous blotch resembling a skull and crossbones. Fore- wings blackish, whitish -sprinkled, with waved black striae; margins of median band suffused with whitish -ochreous on costal half, posterior followed by a ferruginous suffusion ; median and submedian ferruginous longitudinal streaks ; a whitish discal dot ; veins terminally ferruginous. Hindwings light ochreous - orange ; veins posteriorly more or less black ; a narrow postmedian and broader subterminal fascia black. Britain to the Shetlands, Ireland, not common ; Eui'ope, C. Asia, Japan, N. Africa; 7, 9, 10. Larva green, purplish- speckled, or brownish, white-speckled ; 2-4 sometimes whitish ; on 5-1 1 a series of purple or dark brown oblique lateral stripes ; spiracles black ; horn curved downwards and then upwards, speckled with yellow-whitish : on potato and other Solanaceae ; 7,8. 6. Smerinthus, Latr. Tongue short, imperfect. Antennae less than \, stout, thickest towards middle, in $ deeply incised so as to form thick lamellae. Abdomen more or less stout, with appi-essed hairs or scales, in 5 pointed. Tibiae with appressed scales, posterior pair without middle-spurs. Hindwings with frenulum sometimes rudimentary. A small but nearly cosmopolitan genus. Hindwings with large bluish eye-spot . 2. ocellatus. ,, without such spot . . 1. populi. 1. S. populi, L. 68-88 mm. Forewings brown, irrorated and partly suffused with ashy - whitish ; veins pale ochreous; about six dai'ker striae, posteriorly waved ; lower part of median band, and upper part of termen suffusedly darker ; a white discal spot ; termen waved. Hindwings as foi'ewings, but a large dull red dorsal l:)lotch from base to near tornus ; no discal spot. Britain to Ross, Ireland, common ; Europe, N. and WC. 300 NOTODONTINA [smkrinthus Asia; 5, 6. Larva green, yellow -dotted ; on 5-11 a series of yellow oblique lateral stripes ; spiracles red ; sometimes a subdorsal series of red spots ; horn yellow : on poplar and Salix; 7-9. 2. S. ocellatus, L. 70-88 mm. Thorax with very dark brown central blotch. Forewings pale rosy-brownish, with cloudy brown striae ; first line darker brown, angulated below middle ; discal spot outlined with brown ; lower half of median band, and a large terminal subapical blotch dark brown ; termen somewhat prominent on 3. Hindwings rosy, pos- teriorly light ochreous- brownish ; a round black blotch above tornus, enclosing a dark grey spot encircled with pale bluish. England, common ; Europe, N. and WC. Asia ; 5, 6. Larva green, white-dotted; on 5-11 a series of white oblique lateral stripes; spiracles red -circled ; sometimes a subdorsal series of red spots ; horn light blue : on apple, Salix, and poplar ; 7-9. 7. DiLiNA, Balm. Tongue short, imperfect. Antennae less than \, stout, thickest towards middle, not lamellated. Abdomen stout, with appresscd scales, pointed. Tibiae with appressed scales, all spurs present. Besides the single European species there are perhaps one or two others in Asia. 1. D. tiliae, L. 66-75 mm. Forewings flesh-colour, greyish- tinged ; two subbasal and second lines very obscurely greenisli- grey ; a dark olive-green central fascia, interrupted below middle, with strong posterior median projection ; a yellowish- olive-green terminal band, including a whitish costal suffusion ; termen irregularly excavated in middle and above tornus. Hindwings yellow-ochreous or dull greenish, disc greyer ; basal area blackish-mixed ; a cloudy blackish subterminal fascia. England to York, common ; Europe, N. Asia r 5, 6. Larva green, yellow-dotted; on 5-11 a series of yellow oblique lateral stripes, marked with red above ; spiracles red ; horn blue above, red and yellow beneath : on lime {Tilia) and elm ; 7-9. The imago appears to have a protective resemblance to a pair of half-expanded lime-leaves. 8. NOTODONTIDAE. Head densely rough - haired. Ocelli present. Tongue usually developed. Tliorax densely hairy beneath. Femora NOTODONTIDAE 301 and tibiae densely hairy, spurs short. Forewings : lb furcate. Hindwings : 3 and 4 closely approximated or connate, 5 weak, imperfect, from middle of transverse vein, parallel to 4, 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 8 connected with cell towards middle, diverging or approximated to end of cell. A rather moderate family of pretty general distribution except in New Zealand. Imago with moderate or rather stout bodies, forewings rather elongate-triangular ; the species are all strictly nocturnal in habit, and comparatively seldom met with except in the larval stage. Ovum rounded or obtusely subconical above, flattish beneath, surface smooth or minutely pitted. Larva moderately stout, sometimes without prolegs on 13. Pupa usually sub- terranean. Phylogeny of Notodontidae, Pygaera 1 Notodonta Glupliisia Stauropus 1 1 Drymonia 1 Ptilopliora 1 Pterostoma 1 1 Odontosia Hierophanta 1 Cerura 1 Phalera Tabulation of Genera. 1. Forewings with 10 rising separate, connected with 9 2. ,, ,, out of 9, not otherwise con- nected . . .6. 2. Palpi very long ... 7. Pterostoma. ,, rather short . . . .3. 3. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs . 10. Cerura. ,, ,, with middle-spurs . . 4. 4. Antennae in $ bipectinated . 9. Hierophanta. ,, ,, not pectinated . . .5. 5. Forewings with strong dorsal scale-tooth 8. Odontosia. ,, without dorsal scale-tooth . 11. Phalera. 6. Eyes hairy, at least in part . . .7. „ glabrous . . . . .8. 302 NOTODONTINA 7. Forewiugs with dorsal scale-tooth . 2. Notodonta. „ without dorsal scale-tooth 1. Pygaera. 8. Posterior tibiae without middle-spurs . . 9. „ ,, with middle-spurs . 3. Drymonia. 9. Antennae of